17.41 s18 lecture 22: wmd proliferation...asphyxiants: chlorine gas blistering agents: mustard gas...

13
WMD 1

Upload: others

Post on 27-Jun-2020

6 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: 17.41 S18 Lecture 22: WMD Proliferation...Asphyxiants: Chlorine gas Blistering agents: Mustard gas Blood agents: Cyanide Nerve agents: Sarin, VX Riot control: Tear gas (CS) • •

WMD

1

Page 2: 17.41 S18 Lecture 22: WMD Proliferation...Asphyxiants: Chlorine gas Blistering agents: Mustard gas Blood agents: Cyanide Nerve agents: Sarin, VX Riot control: Tear gas (CS) • •

© International Herald Tribune. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/. 2

Page 3: 17.41 S18 Lecture 22: WMD Proliferation...Asphyxiants: Chlorine gas Blistering agents: Mustard gas Blood agents: Cyanide Nerve agents: Sarin, VX Riot control: Tear gas (CS) • •

PEER DISCUSSION

• Does it really make sense to talk about WMD?

3

Page 4: 17.41 S18 Lecture 22: WMD Proliferation...Asphyxiants: Chlorine gas Blistering agents: Mustard gas Blood agents: Cyanide Nerve agents: Sarin, VX Riot control: Tear gas (CS) • •

NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION

• In order to understand nuclear proliferation, you must understand the nature of nuclear technology and the ways we try to control it.

Nuclear Energy Nuclear Weapons NPT and systems of control

4

Page 5: 17.41 S18 Lecture 22: WMD Proliferation...Asphyxiants: Chlorine gas Blistering agents: Mustard gas Blood agents: Cyanide Nerve agents: Sarin, VX Riot control: Tear gas (CS) • •

CASE STUDY: IRAN AND JOINT COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF ACTION

• After years of negotiations, in 2015 US, UK, Russia, China, France, EU (P5+1) and Iran signed the JPCOA.

• Iran:

• limits centrifuges and phases out a specific type

• limits uranium enrichment (no accumulation above 3.67%, and only 300 kg or less)

• redesign and rebuild a heavy water reaction at Arak, transition to light water reactors

• Accedes to NPT Additional Protocol and IAEA monitoring 5

Page 6: 17.41 S18 Lecture 22: WMD Proliferation...Asphyxiants: Chlorine gas Blistering agents: Mustard gas Blood agents: Cyanide Nerve agents: Sarin, VX Riot control: Tear gas (CS) • •

CASE STUDY: IRAN AND JOINT COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF ACTION

• P5+1

• Lift all UNSC, multilateral and national nuclear-related sanctions

• Dispute resolution

• If Iran or P5+1 think the other side is not in compliance, complaint is referred to Joint Commission

• If Joint Commission fails to resolve after 15 days, complaint referred to Ministers of Foreign Affairs, which can consider for 15 days. Possibility of a non-binding opinion from Advisory Board.

• If still no resolution, the UNSC must vote on a resolution to continue the lifting of sanctions. If any P5 member vetos, sanctions ‘snap back’

6

Page 7: 17.41 S18 Lecture 22: WMD Proliferation...Asphyxiants: Chlorine gas Blistering agents: Mustard gas Blood agents: Cyanide Nerve agents: Sarin, VX Riot control: Tear gas (CS) • •

CHEMICAL WEAPONS

• Multiple classes of weapons

Asphyxiants: Chlorine gas

Blistering agents: Mustard gas

Blood agents: Cyanide

Nerve agents: Sarin, VX

Riot control: Tear gas (CS)

7

Page 8: 17.41 S18 Lecture 22: WMD Proliferation...Asphyxiants: Chlorine gas Blistering agents: Mustard gas Blood agents: Cyanide Nerve agents: Sarin, VX Riot control: Tear gas (CS) • •

CHEMICAL WEAPONS

• Area effect

• Difficult to weaponize for non-state actors (Aum Shinryko tried)

• Not legal under Chemical Weapons Convention (1993/1997)

• Monitoring and non-proliferation managed by Organization for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

• Dual use is still a problem!

• Syria and the red line?

8

Page 9: 17.41 S18 Lecture 22: WMD Proliferation...Asphyxiants: Chlorine gas Blistering agents: Mustard gas Blood agents: Cyanide Nerve agents: Sarin, VX Riot control: Tear gas (CS) • •

CWC

© Source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.

9

Page 10: 17.41 S18 Lecture 22: WMD Proliferation...Asphyxiants: Chlorine gas Blistering agents: Mustard gas Blood agents: Cyanide Nerve agents: Sarin, VX Riot control: Tear gas (CS) • •

BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS

• Ancient: flinging bodies of plague victims over walls

• Types

• Bacterial agents: Anthrax

• Viral: Smallpox, hemorrhagic fevers

• Toxins: Ricin, Botulinum

10

Page 11: 17.41 S18 Lecture 22: WMD Proliferation...Asphyxiants: Chlorine gas Blistering agents: Mustard gas Blood agents: Cyanide Nerve agents: Sarin, VX Riot control: Tear gas (CS) • •

BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS

Not area effect: potential to boomerang

Not legal under Biological Weapons Convention (1972/1975)

Problem: How to enforce?

• Soviets signed BWC, then cheated (Biopreparat)

11

Page 12: 17.41 S18 Lecture 22: WMD Proliferation...Asphyxiants: Chlorine gas Blistering agents: Mustard gas Blood agents: Cyanide Nerve agents: Sarin, VX Riot control: Tear gas (CS) • •

BWC

© Source unknown. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.

12

Page 13: 17.41 S18 Lecture 22: WMD Proliferation...Asphyxiants: Chlorine gas Blistering agents: Mustard gas Blood agents: Cyanide Nerve agents: Sarin, VX Riot control: Tear gas (CS) • •

MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu/

17.41 Introduction to International Relations Spring 2018

For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: https://ocw.mit.edu/terms.