1788-1800

Focus Question: • Which points in Hamilton’s economic

program were most controversial and why?

Big Picture: The New Republic• National Elections• Branches of government success• Congress & State amending Bill of

Rights• Hamilton becomes head of Treasury.

Fall 1788—First Congressional ElectionFederalist control CongressWashington (p) & Adams (vp)New York temporary capital

Outline of the Executive BranchCongress creates Presidential CabinetPresident can make & carry out policiesSeparate Exe & Leg branch for more

equality

The Judiciary Branch Court Confusion: State did not want

Supreme Court changing their own state procedures.

Judiciary Act of 1789—each state had their own state Supreme Court that operated by state traditions, but Federal Supreme Court had final say in federal issues.

Ex post facto laws Bills of attainder

Bill of Rights—Ratified in Dec. 1791

Prepare to fund a war with Europe Avoid borrowing $ = debt Convince states to support a Nat’l

Government Plans supported rich speculators,

merchants, and those in debtDebt 54 million (646 million today)Debt in bonds—citizens buy certificates and

government promises to pay back with interest

Summary

Arguments Against

U.S would pay the state’s Revolutionary War debt.

South had already paidMove the capital to NYC to Washington

Summary

Arguments Against

National bank deposit governments money

TJ thought it was unconstitutionalBank was established

Summary

Arguments Against

•Tax on imported goods•Raise money for government and protect manufacturers

Southerners opposed because it would helpthe north *Did not pass!

What were some of the precedents set for the new government?

Do you think they are on the right track?

The belief that the central government can make laws or pass acts to add to its powers

The Elastic Clause

The belief that the central government only has the powers specifically given to it in the U.S. Constitution

The 10th Amendment

Imagine This:Alexander Hamilton has proposed a new tax on the production of whiskey. Congress has passed the tax. This is the first direct tax the new federal government has placed on its citizens. A group of farmers in western Pennsylvania feel this tax violates their rights, have refused to pay it, and have begun tarring and feathering local tax collectors.

What was Washington’s justification for using force?

Was Washington really justified in sending the militia to deal with the problem of the “whiskey rebels”?

Was Hamilton justified in asking the Whiskey Tax to be passed?

Did the “Whiskey rebels” have a legitimate justice claim?

 

Focus Question What was the impact of the French

Revolution on American Politics?

The BIG Picture: New Republic Should the US invest in overseas

trading? French Revolution will cause world

conflict. Political divisions over foreign policy.

1762 granted Louisiana from French Continued to set up presidios & missions

Texas, New Mexico, California Tried to compete with Europeans in

AmericaControlled Pacific NorthwestCreated Alta California—encouraged

Mexican settlement to gain control of regionSpreads diseases versus tradingMajor resistance in French territory

Tension from Tennessee to Alabama with Creeks Washington attempts to keep peace

1789—gain trade in New Orleans for 15% tax Gov’t officials tempted by Spain & Britain to smuggle Vermont, Tennessee, and Kentucky admitted

Dealing with Creeks 1790—Treaty of New York—Allowed Americans to

live in Georgia (Creek Territory) in exchange for land Attempt to weaken Creek alliance with Spain SOW: Knox—chases out Ohio Indians, forcing Creeks

to back off of American alliance

1793—citizens launch a “reign of terror” against monarchy Over taxation leads to storming and killing

leaders Reps: Support French (TJ) Feds: Support Britain (JA)—same thing might

happen in Britain! GW: Stay neutral!

1793—Major slave revolt in Saint Domingue North: “We trade Britain, so we should ally

with them” South: “Should trade with France and

support them with Slave revolt”

Britain & France are mad b/c we aren’t taking sidesBritain in the West

Refuse to leave their forts & arm natives with weapons Anthony Wayne leads the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) Forces NA to sign Treaty of Greenville (1795) US gains Ohio Territory

Britain in the Water Began to seize our ships and blockade ports “impressment” Jays Treaty: doesn’t address impressment!

Spain “gets it”Treaty of San Lorenzo 1796—Spain grants rights to NO

Focus Question: What principle issues divided Federalists

and Republicans in the election of 1800?

Big Picture: The New Republic Dividing factors of the Federalists &

Republicans. The Election of 1800

The French Revolution changed perspectives Democratic Republicans:

Power/voting should be given to property owning, educated, white males

Few Southerners agreed & wanted to end slavery Federalists:

Feared revolution, elected officials know the best interest of American (ppl were unreliable)

Democratic societies formed Jefferson resigned from SOS Seaboard cities organized against

Federalists

Washington sided with the FederalistsLeft office in 1796 after two termsFarewell Address written by HamiltonTwo precedents: avoid political parties &

foreign affairs Election preparation

DR’s had majority in HOR1/5 subscribed to newspapers (propaganda)Fed’s said: DR’s planning a “reign of terror”DR’s said: Fed’s favor aristocracy

Jefferson vs Adams Immigrants target audience for votesDR gained votes due to demo societies

Electoral VotesDR hoped for Southern votesFed hoped for NE, NJ, & SCSwing states: PA & NY (immigrants)

Outcome Jefferson lost by 3 EC votes

1796 Election Results (16 states in the Union)1796 Election Results

(16 states in the Union)John Adams Massachusett

sFederalist 71 51.4%

Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican

68 49.3%

Thomas Pinckney South Carolina

Federalist 59 42.8%

Aaron Burr New York Democratic-Republican

30 21.7%

Samuel Adams Massachusetts

Federalist 15 10.9%

Oliver Ellsworth Connecticut Federalist 11 8.0%

George Clinton New York Democratic-Republican

7 5.1%

Other - - 15 10.9%

Total Number of Electors13

8

Total Electoral Votes Cast27

6

Number of Votes for a Majority

70

1796 Election Results

1796 Election Results

AdamsAdams

JeffersonJefferson

The French thought Jay’s Treaty = BR allianceBegan to seize ships and blockade ports

Adam’s ReactsSent 3 person mission to FranceFrance sent agents X, Y, & Z to negotiate:

$250,000 and a loan for 12 million

Adam’s ResponseAsked Congress (DR dominated) for militaryCongress said, noAngered Americans “millions for defense and

not one cent for tribute”Discredited the DR

The Alien and Sedition Acts The Kentucky and Virginia

Resolutions

Interests: Interests:

Beliefs: Beliefs:

Identities: Identities:

Emotions: Emotions:

Focus Question: On what basis were some Americans

denied full equality by 1800?

Big Picture: The New Republic Constitution expanded economy,

politics, and lives. White males in full control of country,

minimal rights for females, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Patriarchal families—father head of familyOthers living with families: apprenticesHouseholds: 8+ kids, produced own foodWomen: “Dairy Maids” & producers of clothing

Business & ManufacturingMerchants invested in shipping/building =

NYSESamuel Slater introduces “mills” in NEHamilton: manufacturing = jobs, immigration,

technology Jefferson: Farming = prosperity

VotingNJ gave voting rights1796 election—votes went to Feds

Wanted less kids & choose husbands Judith Sargent Murray—male & female

equality“Republican Motherhood”

Indian Trade & Intercourse Act 1790-1796Prohibit land trade with NA (states) without

Congress’s authorityTraders must be licensed to trade with NA

WHY?

African American Struggles No equality for slaves

Reforms passed to improve slavery End of Atlantic Slave Trade Punishment for murdering slaves 3 of 16 states allowed Black voting

rights Naturalization Act—limited eligibility for US

citizen status to “free whites”—blacks lose rights.

Fugitive Slave Act Gabriel’s Rebellion Slaves poor & Uneducated—helped build

the capital.