18. forum: dan energije u hrvatskoj 18 forum: energy … · 20.11.2009 · integralni pokazatelji...

HRVATSKO ENERGETSKO DRUŠTVOCROATIAN ENERGY ASSOCIATION

18. FORUM: DAN ENERGIJE U HRVATSKOJ18th FORUM: ENERGY DAY IN CROATIA

20. Studeni 2009. / November 20th, 2009

Mala dvorana “Vatroslav Lisinski” /Small Concert Hall “Vatroslav Lisinski”

Trg Stjepana Radića 410000 ZAGREB

IMPRESSUMU radu je razmotrena primjena novog goriva na bazi vodika kao ekološki doprin

Izdavač / Publisher:Hrvatsko energetsko društvoZagreb, Savska cesta 163

Priredili / Edit by:dr.sc. Goran Granić i dr.sc. Branka Jelavić

Glavna i odgovorna urednica / Editor:dr.sc. Branka Jelavić

Pomoćnici glavne urednice / Assistants of the Editor:Mr. sc. Sandra Antešević Maričić Sara Vukman, dipl.oec.Marko Karan, dipl.oec.

Grafički dizajn naslovnice/ Design:Martina Komerički Košarić, dipl.ing.

Priprema za tisak/Prepress:Lovorka Rački

Lektura / Language editing:Prof. Anita Filipović

Engleska lektura i prijevodi / English translation and editing:Davorka Zmijarević

Tisak / Press:AZP-Grafis-Samobor, Franjina 7

Autorska prava / Copyright:Hrvatsko energetsko društvoSavska cesta 163, Zagreb

Za sve navode u člancima odgovorni su isključivo autori. / Authors are responsible for all statements made in their articles.

Naklada / Edition:250 primjeraka

ISBN 978-953-7096-07-6

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QUO VADIS – ENERGIJA U VREMENU KLIMATSKIH PROMJENA / QUO VADIS – ENERGY IN TIME OF CIMATE CHANGES

Goran Granić 13Đani Brečević 15Robert N. Schock 16Goran Krajačić 17Aleksandar Kovačević 18Herbert Lechner 19Niko Malbaša 20Nigel Jollands 21Neven Duić 22Vladimir Potočnik 23Drago Ćosić 24Stephen Thomas 25Vadim Strijov 26Vangelis Tzimas 27Gunnar Lundberg 28Natko Urli 29

18. FORUM: QUO VADIS – ENERGIJA U VREMENU KLIMATSKIH PROMJENA18th FORUM: QUO VADIS – ENERGY

IN TIME OF CIMATE CHANGES

Kazalo / Contents

Sažetci referata / Paper Abstracts: 29

Predgovor / Foreword 6

Lista referata / List of Papers 8

Životopisi predavača / Presenters’ Curriculum Vitae 11

1. Goran Granić i suradnici - EIHP: Kako odgovoriti na izazove očuvanja klime / How to Face the Challenges of the Climate Preservation - HRVATSKA / CROATIA 31

2. Robert N Schock - World Energy Council, London: Energija, ekonomija i okoliš: potreba za novim promišljanjem / Energy, the Economy and the Environment: The Need for New Thinking - ENGLESKA / UK 32

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18. FORUM - Dan energije u Hrvatskoj / Energy Day in Croatia

3. Ulreich Stefan - E.ON Energy Trading SE WEC Europe: Europska klimatskapolitika nakon 2012 / European Climate Change Policy Beyond 2012 - NJEMAČKA / GERMANY 33

4. Gunnar Lundberg - WEC Europe: Plan za kompetitivno tržište energije / Roadmap Towards a Competitive Energy Market - ŠVEDSKA / SWEDEN 35

5. Thomas Stephen - University of Greenwich: Ekonomija nuklearne energije: je li nuklearna energija ekonomično rješenje za klimatske promjene? / The Economics of Nuclear Power: Is Nuclear Power a Cost-effective Way to Tackle Climate Change? - ENGLESKA / UK 38

6. Florian Schmidt - EuPD Research: Razvoj globalnog tržišta fotonaponskih sustava / Global PV market development - NJEMAČKA / GERMANY 41

7. Lechner Herbert - AUSTRIAN ENERGY AGENCY: Energetske perspektive u Austriji / Austria´s Energy Perspectives - AUSTRIJA / AUSTRIA 43

8. Đani Brečević - IREET: Nacrt za postizanje ciljnog udjela energije iz obnov-ljivih izvora u finalnoj potrošnji energije u Sloveniji do 2020.godine / Guideline for Achieving a Target Share of Renewable Energy in Final Energy Consumption in Slovenia Until 2020 - SLOVENIJA / SLOVENIA 44

9. Strijov Vadim, G.Granić, Ž. Jurić, B. Jelavić, S. Antešević Maričić - COMPUTING CENTER OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, EIHP: Integralni pokazatelji ekološkog učinka na okoliš za hrvatske termoelektrane / Integral Indicator of Ecological Footprint for Croatian Thermal Power Plants - RUSIJA, HRVATSKA / RUSSIA, CROATIA 46

10. Potočnik Vladimir - UMIROVLJENIK / RETIRED EXPERT: Rang energetske sigurnosti / The Level of Energy Security - HRVATSKA / CROATIA 47

11. Goran Krajačić, Neven Duić, Brian Vad Mathiesen, Maria Da Graça Carvalho - FSB, Instituto Superior Técnico, Aalborg University / University of Zagreb, Instituto Superior Técnico, Aalborg University: Uloga skladištenja energije u energetski neovisnoj Hrvatskoj / The Role of Energy Storages in Energy Independent Croatia - HRVATSKA, PORTUGAL, DANSKA / CROATIA, PORTUGAL, DENMARK 48

12. Malbaša Niko - EKONERG: Analiza mogućih problema pri implementaciji ciljeva EU u vezi s obnovljivim izvorima energije / Analysis of Possible Challenges in Implementation of EU Goals in Relation to Renewable Energy Sources - HRVATSKA / CROATIA 50

13. Urli Natko - CERES: Kako Europa planira svoju energetsku budućnost, a kako je to pokušala Hrvatska / How Europe Plans its Energy Future and How Croatia Tries to Do it - HRVATSKA / CROATIA 52

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14. Kirac Mislav, Goran Krajačić, Neven Duić - FSB / University of Zagreb: Planiranje razvoja energetskog sustava u sektoru poljoprivrede u Hrvatskoj prema smjernicama europske energetske politike „20-20-20“ / Planning Energy Sector Development in the Croatian Agro Sector Following the Guidelines of the European Energy Policy 20-20-20 - HRVATSKA / CROATIA 54

15. Ćosić Drago - ALFA TRADE Ltd: Vodonično gorivo kao ekološki doprinos funkcionisanju postojećih termoelektrana na ugalj / Hydrogen fuel as ecological contribution to operation of the existing coal-fired thermal power plants - BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA / BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 56

Sponzori 18. Foruma / 18th Forum Sposnorship 57

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PREDGOVOR

18. Forum Hrvatskog energetskog društva, pod nazivom QUO VADIS ENERGIJA U VREMENU KLIMATSKIH PROMJENA, posvećen je analizama i razmišljanjima o razvoju energetskog sektora u uvjetima radikalnih redukcija emisija CO2 i ostalih stakleničkih plinova, i u predvečerje skupa u Kopenhagenu. Prihvaćanje obveza radikalnih smanjenja CO2 mijenja pristup planiranju i razvoju energetskog sektora. S velikom vjerojatnošću se za 20-30 godina može očekivati druga tehnološka plat-forma u cijelom ciklusu od proizvodnje do potrošnje energije. Očekuju se iskoraci prema čistijim i učinkovitijim tehnologijama, ali sa znatno višom razinom cijena. Promjene u energetskom sektoru dotaknut će sve sudionike: od građana do tvrtki kupaca energije, a najviše naravno sve tvrtke iz energetskog sektora.

Promjene u energetskom sektoru, koje trebaju doprinijeti očuvanju klime, su realan i ostvariv cilj, ali imaju svoju cijenu. Očekuje se dvostruko veća cijena energije, nar-avno ne u neposrednoj budućnosti, nego tijekom vremena velikih i nužnih promjena u cijelom energetskom sektoru.

Za ostvarenje promjena potrebna je velika politička odlučnost na međunarodnom planu, pravedna rješenja koja će omogućiti razvoj nerazvijenih i manje razvijenih zemalja i snažna potpora tehnološkom razvoju. Očuvanje klime može biti snažan generator međunarodne suradnje, posebno u sinergiji s tehnološkim razvojem.

Najveći adut u rješavanju problema očuvanja klime može biti tehnološki razvoj, nar-avno pod pretpostavkom da se povećaju sredstva za istraživanja i ujedine razvijene zemlje u korištenju znanja uz nediskriminirajući transfer znanja na nerazvijene zemlje.

Hrvatska će dijeliti sudbinu Europske unije, ali i manje razvijenih zemalja. Neizbježna posljedica toga je povećanje cijene energije. O sposobnosti državnih i znanstvenih institucija te institucija iz gospodarstva ovisit će hoće li se participirati tehnološki razvoj i koristi koje će donijeti nove tehnologije. Najlošija varijanta je da Hrvatska ostane samo kupac novih tehnologija te da plaća visoku cijenu energije.

U Zagrebu, 20. studeni 2009.

Predsjednik HED-a

Dr.sc. Goran Granić

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FOREWORD

The 18th Forum of the Croatian Energy Society, titled QUO VADIS ENERGY IN TIMES OF CLIMATE CHANGE, is focused on analysis and thinking about energy sector development in the conditions of dramatically reducing the CO2 and greenhouse gases emissions and in the eve of the Copenhagen Climate Summit. The commitments to radically downsize CO2 emissions will change the approach to planning and development of the energy sector. There is high probability that in the timeframe of 20 to 30 years a new technology platform will have been introduced through the whole technological cycle, from generation to con-sumption of energy. It is expected that breakthroughs will be made towards clean and more efficient technologies, but with significantly higher price levels. The changes in the energy sector will affect everyone, from general public to energy buying companies, and most of all it will affect the companies in the energy sector.

The changes in the energy sector, which are to contribute to climate preservation, are a realistic and achievable goal, but they come with a price. We can expect to see the doubling of the prices, not in the near future of course, but undoubtedly in the times of great changes in the energy sector.

The realisation of these changes requires a great deal of political determination in the inter-national context, as well as fair solutions which will enable the advancement of the under-developed and less developed nations. Also, a strong support to the technological develop-ment is needed. The climate preservation can be a powerful generator of the international cooperation, especially as a synergy in the technological development.

Technological development can be the most important asset in solving the problems of cli-mate preservation, with the condition, of course, that the resources for research are increased and that the developed countries join efforts in using the knowledge they have, and that a non-discriminatory transfer of knowledge to the underdeveloped countries takes place.

Croatia will share the destiny of the European Union, as well as that of the less developed countries, with inevitable consequence of the price rise. Its participation in the technologi-cal development and the benefits the emerging technologies should bring will depend on the abilities of the state and scientific institutions as well as on its economy. The worst case scenario would be that Croatia continues to be only the buyer of the new technologies and pays high price for energy.

Zagreb, 20 November 2009

Chairman of the Croatian Energy Society

Goran Granić, PhD

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18. FORUM: QUO VADIS – ENERGIJA U VREMENU KLIMATSKIH PROMJENA18th FORUM: QUO VADIS – ENERGY

IN TIME OF CIMATE CHANGES

Lista referata / List of Papers

Autori / Authors Tvrtka / Company Naslov referata / Title Zemlja / Country

1. Goran Granić i suradnici

EIHP Kako odgovoriti na izazove očuvanja klime /How to Face the Challenges of the Climate Preservation

HRVATSKACROATIA

2. Robert N Schock

World Energy Council, London

Energija, ekonomija i okoliš: potreba za novim promišljanjem /Energy, the Economy and the Environment: The Need for New Thinking

ENGLESKAUK

3. Nigel Jollands

IEA FRANCUSKAFRANCE

4. Ulreich Stefan E.ON Energy Trading SE WEC Europe

Europska klimatskapolitika nakon 2012 /European Climate Change Policy Beyond 2012

NJEMAČKAGERMANY

5. Gunnar Lundberg

WEC Europe Plan za kompetitivno tržište energije / Roadmap Towards a Competitive Energy Market

ŠVEDSKASWEDEN

6. Vangelis Tzimas

European Commission

Mapiranje niskougljeničnih tehnologija i analiza njihovog utjecaja na ciljeve europskih politika /Mapping low carbon tech-nologies and analysing their impact on the European policy goals

NIZOZEMSKANETHERLANDS

7. Kovačević Aleksandar

OXFORD INSTITUTE

Odgovor energetskih politika zemalja zapadnog balkana na klimatske promjene /The Western Balkans En-ergy Policy Response to the Climate Change

UJEDINJENO KRALJEVSTVOUK

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8. Thomas Stephen

University of Greenwich

Ekonomija nuklearne en-ergije: je li nuklearna energija ekonomično rješenje za klimatske promjene? /The Economics of Nuclear Power: Is Nuclear Power a Cost-effective Way to Tackle Climate Change?

ENGLESKAUK

9. Florian Schmidt

EuPD Research Razvoj globalnog tržišta fotonaponskih sustava / Global PV market development

NJEMAČKAGERMANY

10. Lechner Herbert

AUSTRIAN ENERGY AGENCY

Energetske perspektive u Austriji / Austria´s Energy Perspectives

AUSTRIJAAUSTRIA

11. Đani Brečević IREET Nacrt za postizanje ciljnog udjela energije iz obnovljivih izvora u finalnoj potrošnji energije u Sloveniji do 2020.godine /Guideline for Achieving a Target Share of Renew-able Energy in Final Energy Consumption in Slovenia Until 2020

SLOVENIJASLOVENIA

12. Strijov Vadim, G.Granić, Ž. Jurić, B. Jelavić, S. Antešević Maričić

COMPUTING CENTER OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, EIHP

Integralni pokazatelji ekološkog učinka na okoliš za hrvatske termoelektrane /Integral Indicator of Eco-logical Footprint for Croatian Thermal Power Plants

RUSIJA,HRVATSKARUSSIA, CROATIA

13. Goran Krajačić, Neven Duić, Brian Vad Mathiesen, Maria Da Graça Carvalho

FSB, Instituto Superior Técnico, Aalborg Uni-versityUniversity of Zagreb, Instituto Superior Técnico, Aalborg Uni-versity

Uloga skladištenja energije u energetski neovisnoj Hrvatskoj /The Role of Energy Storages in Energy Independent Croatia

HRVATSKA, PORTUGAL, DANSKACROATIA, PORTUGAL, DENMARK

14. Potočnik Vladimir

UMIROVLJENIKRETIRED EXPERT

Rang energetske sigurnosti /The Level of Energy Security

HRVATSKACROATIA

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15. Malbaša Niko EKONERG Analiza mogućih problema pri implementaciji ciljeva EU u vezi s obnovljivim izvorima energije /Analysis of Possible Challenges in Implementation of EU Goals in Relation to Renewable Energy Sources

HRVATSKACROATIA

16. Urli Natko CERES Kako Europa planira svoju energetsku budućnost, a kako je to pokušala Hrvatska / How Europe Plans its Energy Future and How Croatia Tries to Do it

HRVATSKACROATIA

17. Kirac Mislav, Goran Krajačić, Neven Duić

FSB,University of Zagreb

Planiranje razvoja energetskog sustava u sektoru poljoprivrede u Hrvatskoj prema smjernicama europske energetske politike „20-20-20“ /Planning Energy Sector Development in the Croatian Agro Sector Following the Guidelines of the European Energy Policy 20-20-20

HRVATSKACROATIA

18. Ćosić Drago ALFA TRADE d.o.o.ALFA TRADE Ltd

Vodonično gorivo kao ekološki doprinos funkcionisanju postojećih termoelektrana na ugalj / Hydrogen fuel as ecological contribution to operation of the existing coal-fired thermal power plants

BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

ŽIVOTOPISI PREDAVAČA / PRESENTERS CURRICULUM

VITAE

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CURRICULUM VITAE

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Goran Granić

Goran Granic, Ph.D., Docent, (born: 18 April 1950 in Baska Voda, Republic of Croatia)

Education: B.Sc. (Eng.) in 1972, M.Sc. (Eng.) in 1976 and Ph.D. in 1979; Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Univ. of Zagreb.

Employment:Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar, Director (1994 – 2000 and 2004 – present),

Government of the Republic of Croatia, Deputy Prime Minister (2000 – 2003).

Croatian Electric Utility Company, General Manager (1990 – 1991),

Union of Croatian Electric Utilities, Member of the Management Board (1987 – 1990),

Institute for the Electric Industry (1973 – 1987 and 1991 – 1994),

Other:Member of Parliament of the Republic of Croatia since 1992, Vice-President of Parliament (1995);

More than 160 publications in the field of energy sector planning;

President of the Croatian Energy Society and Member of the other expert organizations.

Associate member and Secretary-General of the HATZ (Croatian Technical Academy)

Energy Institute Hrvoje PozarSavska cesta 163, Zagreb,Croatiatel: ++385 1 60 40 588e-mail: [email protected]

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Đani Brečević

Mr. Djani Brečevič graduated from the Faculty of Electro engineering of the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia in 1982 and four years later he successfully obtained the Master of Science degree. At the same year he started his employment with the Electric Power Research Institute Milan Vidmar, at the Energy Department. During this time he also worked as a Teaching Assistant at the University in the field of electric power systems.

In 1986 he started the post-graduated studies of the business administration and business organisation at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Ljubljana, which he successfully completed three years later. In the period from 1992 to 1996 he was Head of the Energy Department of the Electric Power Research Institute Milan Vidmar.

From 1998 he is director of the Energy, Ecology and Technology Research Institute (IREET), Ljubljana.

Mr. Djani Brečevič is author of more then 140 studies in the field of energy sector development in Slovenia and in the Southeast European countries. He also participated at a large number of conferences in Slovenia and abroad, contributing with more than 80 different papers on energy and ecological issues.

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Robert Schock is Director of Studies for the World Energy Council (WEC) in London (www.worldenergy.org). At WEC he is engaged in the study of energy policies worldwide and the practices they foster.

He is also a Senior Fellow in the Center for Global Security Research in the U.S. and has studied the application of technology to global policy issues.

He was a Coordinating Lead Author (Energy Sources) for the 2007 4th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

For its work the IPCC was awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. Dr. Schock holds a BSc degree in geology, and an MSc degree in geology and geochemistry and a PhD in geophysics.

Robert N. Schock

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Goran Krajačić

Goran Krajacic, dipl. Ing., is researcher at Department of Energy, Power Engineering and Environment at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb www.depee.fsb.hr. He graduated at FSB-UZ (2004) with final thesis “Energy planning of Mljet Island with condition of maximized penetration of renewable energy”.

Since 2002 he has been member of Local organising committee of Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of energy, water and environment systems and since 2004 he has been working on many EU projects: ADEG, WEB-ENV, WEB-MOB, STORIES, GERONIMO, SMART, BIOSIRE as well as on national project Smart Energy Storage for Sustainable Development of Energy Systems and project for development of H2RES programme.

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Aleksandar Kovačević

Aleksandar Kovacevic is the Senior Visiting Research Fellow with the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies and author of the energy – poverty analyses (“Stuck in the Past”, UNDP, 2004), co-author of the Western Balkans energy policy survey (IEA / UNDP, 2008) and the PEIR for Serbia and Montenegro (World Bank, 2003) and a number of papers and lectures.

Over 20 years he provides strategic advice, complex energy efficiency solutions and emergency situation assistance to major institutional and private clients including assistance to UN OCHA to coordinate rapid reconstruction of Serbia energy infrastructure after 1999 war.

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Herbert Lechner

Herbert Lechner studied economics and is a senior energy policy adviser and the Deputy Director at the Austrian Energy Agency based in Vienna. Before joining the Agency he served in the Energy Division of the Federal Ministry for Economy and Labour and the Austrian Institute for Economic Research. As an energy advisor for the Austrian Federal and Provincial Governments he is involved in the restructuring of the Austrian energy market. This includes the design of strategies to improve the role of renewables and energy efficiency, and the implementation of framework conditions and measures

Austria’s Energy Perspectives

During the last decade Austria has made remarkable progress in developing renewable energy sources. But at the same time energy demand has steadily increased so that the share of renewables in the energy mix has remained stable over the years. Rising energy demand and import dependence is also forecasted in a business-as-usual scenario for the future. If Austria is to fulfil the EU obligatory target to increase the share of renewables up to 34% in 2020 (recently 24%) it will have to decrease energy consumption or at least stabilise it at the level of 2005. This requires considerable efforts to boost energy efficiency, especially in the building and transport sector.

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Niko Malbaša

EKONERG, Ltd.Position: Advisor, Research and Development in Energy and Environmental Protection

Telephone:++385-1-6000-126, 098-231-112Fax: ++385-1-6171-560E-mail:[email protected]:Koranska 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

Main experience:

Power plant site selection studies and investigations

Energy systems optimization

Environmental reports and environmental impact assessment studies

Licensing activities

Thermal pollution and air pollution

Waste management

Health and environmental risk analyses

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Nigel Jollands

Current jobInternational Energy Agency, Paris, FranceHead of Energy Efficiency Unit

This role includes leading the IEA’s energy efficiency policy analysis, co-ordinating the IEA’s energy efficiency advice to the G8 under the Gleneagles Plan of Action, co-ordinating the Agency’s Energy Efficiency Working Party and participating in In-depth Reviews of member country energy policies. Nigel is currently also leading the IEA’s work on energy in cities and a project on energy efficiency and governance.

Academic Background

Ph.D.Thesis Title: “An ecological economics of eco-efficiency: theory, indicators and techniques” Master of Science (Natural Resource Management) (Hons), Lincoln University, 1992

Bachelor of Commerce (Agricultural Economics), Lincoln University, 1989

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Neven Duić

Head of Power Engineering and Energy Management Chair at the Department of Energy, Power Engineering and Environment, FSB, University of Zagreb

Since 04 Head of Power Engineering and Energy Management Chair at the Department of Energy, Power Engineering and Environment, FSB, University of Zagreb.

Project co-ordinator at the Department of Energy, Power Engineering and Environment, FSB, University of Zagreb

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FSB)University of Zagreb

Lučićeva 5HR-10000 Zagreb+385 91 5285443, +385 1 6168126 email: [email protected]

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Vladimir Potočnik

Born in Travnik in 1936. In 1960 graduated from the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture in Zagreb, where he won a master’s degree in 1975. He speaks English, German, French and Russian language.

From 1960 to 2001 he was employed with Elektroprojekt Zagreb, and participated in and lead more than one hundred projects in Croatia (waste-fired CHP Plant Zagreb, Combined Thermal Power Plant Jertovac, CHP Zagreb, Nuclear Power Plant Prevlaka, etc.) and abroad (Diesel-operated power plant Lesvos Greece, Thermal Power Plant Kandla India, Hydro Power Plant Martinsville USA, Thermal Power Plant Al Shemal Iraq, Nuclear Power Plant Krško Slovenia, etc.). He initiated a number of projects in Croatia (revitalisation of thermal power plants, cogenerations, renewable energy sources, etc.).He participates in defining waste management strategy and legislation in Croatia, drawing up the National Energy Program BIOEN and the First National Communication of the Republic of Croatia to the UNFCCC. He is active in the Committee for Environmental Impact Assessment appointed by the of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical Planning.

Published more than 70 papers in professional publications and proceedings of the meetings.

Author of two books:

• Obrada komunalnog otpada – Svjetska iskustva, 1997. (Municipal Waste Treatment – Global Experience) • Obnovljivi izvori energije i zaštita okoliša u Hrvatskoj, 2002. (Renewable Energy Sources and Environmental Protection in Croatia)

Translated the book: J. Skitt, 1000 Terms of Waste Management, 1995.

Address: D. Golika 38, Zagreb, CroatiaTel. ++385 (0)1 3665 205e-mail: [email protected]

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Drago Ćosić

My scietific and research works started 25 years ago. My main subject matters were building or concrete THERMO ISOLATIONS in building area. That serching was in Kikinda, Tuzla an Germany at Istitute for brick searching – Essen city. My serching program was always about isolation of walls , inside and outside walls, as floor and roof constructions. My program lie arround analysis of producing processes in brick factories, making project documents and manufacturing needs tools.

That program has protected since 1995. in all of europian countries in the name of ‘’EKOTERM-MEGATERM SYSTEM’’. Every days those solutions more and more perfecting and modulating to type of raw mterial what we use for brick block producing.Geometrical relief is changing and has big influence to physical and chemical characteristics of finished product.

As an inventor of this system I has got too many internatinal laurels and medals, and in the last three years here in my country, from the time of starting this pilot project in brick factory IGM Visoko.The main medals are the next: Paris, Strazbur, Seul, and too many gratulations compliments, laurels and medals from too many fairs.I want to note one of the main medal which is especialy dearly for me. It is medal Konkur Lepen, because this medal is giving for innovators for special merit, and this medal is from 1990. year.

There is a big interest for this system in this time,expect Europe there is a big ineterest in Asia (Jeda town in Saudi Arabia), Africa: Libya, Sudan and Tunisia.The height of new patent published on 10.March 2005 as BAP 052007A is BAP072521“HIDROGEN EKOTERM“ one of 60 well-known and legalized patents from EKOTERM-MEGATERM systems.

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Stephen Thomas

Stephen Thomas is Professor of Energy Policy at the Business School of the University of Greenwich, London, where he has led the energy research since 2001. He has worked as an independent energy policy researcher for more than 30 years.

From 1979-2000, he was a member of the Energy Policy Programme at SPRU, University of Sussex and in 2001, he spent 10 months as a visiting researcher in the Energy Planning Programme at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.

He has published extensively on economics and policy on nuclear power including a book co-edited by him, International Perspectives on Energy Policy and the Role of Nuclear Power’ in 2009.

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Vadim Strijov

Dr. Vadim STRIJOV, research scientist of the Computing Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He obtained his Ph.D. in Physics and Mathematics in 2002 with a thesis on Mathematical Modelling and Data Analysis.

He is the author of the Integral Indicators Construction Technique and Expert Estimations Concordance Theory. For several years he has been delivered lectures on Machine Learning and Model Selection at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.

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Vangelis Tzimas

Dr. Vangelis Tzimas has a Diploma degree from the National Technical University of Athens, Greece (1992) and a Ph.D. in materials engineering from Drexel University in Philadelphia, USA (1997).

Since 1998, he has been working at the Institute for Energy of the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. Currently he leads the ‘Assessment of Energy Technologies and Systems’ Action, which provides scientific and technical information and techno-economic analyses on energy technologies and infrastructures in the areas of resource exploitation and transformation, power and heat generation, resource and power delivery and end-use in industrial applications. His work focuses on the provision of scientific policy support in energy related Commission initiatives with a special emphasis on the Information System of the Strategic Energy Technology Plan and the development and deployment of carbon capture and storage technologies.

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CURRICULUM VITAE

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Gunnar Lundberg

Education:

MSc of Electrical Engineering 20 p Economy, University of Stockholm 20 p Law, University of Stockholm

Employment and Positions:

1976-1979 Engineer Production planning, Vattenfall

1979-1982 Ministry of Industry 1982-1985 Sales Manager, Vattenfall 1985-1990 Marketing Manager, Vattenfall 1990-1994 Director Vattenfall Eastern

Sweden 1994-1997 Managing Director Vattenfall

Regionnät AB 1998-1999 Vice President Vattenfall

Europé, Distribution 1999-2001 Vice President Electrical

Networks Vattenfall AB 2001-2002 Vice President Corporate

markets, Vattenfall AB 2002-2004 Prokurist/Vice President

Network Strategy, Vattenfall Europe 2004 Vice President Regulatory Affairs,

Vattenfall ABIn the beginning of the 90:ths I was a member of the government committee which draw up the proposals for the deregulation of the Electricity Market in Sweden and the new Electricity Act.

Besides the work as Vice President Regulatory Affairs I am member of the board of Distribution Sweden. In Eurelectric I am the chairman of working group Wholesale Markets and Trading and since 2005 I am a member of the advisory group to the Energy Policy Research Group at Cambridge University.

Between 1998 and 2000 I was a member of the Supervisory Board of the Czech Distribution Company VCE and the Lihuanian Power Company.

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CURRICULUM VITAE

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Natko Urli

Natko Urli, PhD and B.Sc. Eng, was born in Zagreb in 1937. He graduated in experimental physics at the Faculty of Life Sciences in Zagreb, and obtained Master of Science degree in nuclear engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA in 1963. He was awarded the PhD degree by the University of Zagreb in 1966.

He is the senior research scientist at the Rudjer Bošković Institute and the Chairman of the CERES Association.

He is author of more than 200 scientific and expert papers and of 11 patents. He received a number of national awards for science and technical achievements in the field of solar energy use, electronic technology and nuclear energy engineering.

He coordinated all researches in the area of new renewable energy sources in Croatia in the period from 1977 to 1985.

He also headed the international projects of the UNDP/UNEP and the World Bank, with DOE, Washington as well as the national delegation of government’s experts within the Mediterranean Cooperation Program.

He is member of the ISES, IEEE, Croatian Energy Society, Croatian Physical Society, Croatian Solar Energy Association, and Croatian Nuclear Society.

SAŽECI REFERATA / PAPER ABSTRACTS

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Dr.sc. Goran GranićDr.sc. Helena BožićMr.sc. Damir Pešut, dipl.ing.Marko Karan, dipl.oec. Energetski institut Hrvoje Požar

KAKO ODGOVORITI NA IZAZOVE OČUVANJA KLIME

Sažetak

U radu je obrađena problematika dugoročnog planiranja energetskog sustava Republike Hrvatske gdje se osim energetsko-tehnološko-lokacijskih ograničenja nameće dodatno ograničenje na smanjenje emisija CO2. U svrhu ostvarenja zadanih ograničenja provedene su analize dodatnih scenarija energetske potrošnje u kojima je razmatrano korištenje mjera energetske učinkovitosti i novih tehnologija za grijanje, potrošnu toplu vodu, hlađenje i netoplinske namjene u kućanstvima. Na temelju zaključaka analize postavljene su smjernice za ostvarivanje ciljane energetske politike i politike očuvanja klime u Republici Hrvatskoj.

HOW TO ADDRESS THE CHALLANGES OF THE CLIMATE PRESERVATION

Abstract

This paper deals with the long term planning of the energy system of the Republic of Croatia. In addition to energy-technological-siting limitations, there is also an additional limitation deriving from the CO2 emission mitigation target. In order to work out the ways to achieve the set targets, the analysis of the additional energy consumption scenarios was performed. The analysis considers the energy efficiency measures and new technologies for heating, hot water preparation, cooling and non-heat use of energy by households. On the basis of the conclusions, the guidelines for attaining the goals of the energy policy and climate preservation policies in Croatia are given.

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Robert N. SchockWorld Energy CouncilLondon, United Kingdom

WEC ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY AND CLIMATE POLICY 2009:THE NEED FOR NEW THINKING

Abstract

The complex interactions between the global economy, energy systems, social priorities, and the environment are little appreciated, much less understood. Arguably, in trying to deal with just one of these systems, the situation is often made worse for all. Energy is in fact the glue that holds the entire system together; yet, it is usually treated as a response, not as an integral part. A new dynamic is called for involving unprecedented levels of cooperation and integration between governments, between businesses, and between both—demanding energy policies that hasten the achievement of social, economic, environmental, and national security goals. The energy resources are available, but do we have the collective will to make the necessary changes in thinking? The answer must be positive, international, loud, and spoken soon. The WEC Assessment aims to accelerate the achievement of this new dynamic by assisting countries in sharing information and practices.

PROCJENA WEC-A O ENERGETSKOJ I KLIMATSKOJ POLITICI U 2009. GODINI: POTREBA ZA NOVIM PROMIŠLJANJEM

Sažetak

Danas se malo pozornosti posvećuje složenim interakcijama između globalnog gospodarstva, energetskih sustava, društvenih prioriteta i okoliša, a još se manje trudimo razumjeti ih. Zbog toga je vidljivo da i kada pokušavamo rješavati probleme u samo jednom od ovih sustava, stanje se pogorša u svakom od njih. Energija je zapravo kohezivni čimbenik koji drži na okupu cjelokupni sustav. Ipak, obično se na nju gleda kao na reakciju a ne kao na integralnu sastavnicu sustava. Sve je više zahtjeva za novom dinamikom koja podrazumijeva suradnju i integraciju među vladama, gospodarskim entitetima te između jednih i drugih i to na do sada neviđenoj razini. Potrebne su takve energetske politike koje će ubrzati ostvarenje socijalnih, ekonomskih, ekoloških i sigurnosnih ciljeva. Energetski resursi postoje, ali jesmo li svi zajedno spremni promijeniti način na koji ih promišljamo? Odgovor mora biti potvrdan, glasan, međunarodni i mora se uskoro čuti. Procjena WEC-a ima za cilj ubrzati postizanje ove nove dinamike tako što će pomoći zemljama da međusobno dijele informacije i iskustva iz prakse.

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Stefan UlreichWorld Energy Council

EUROPEAN CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY BEYOND 2012

Abstract

Europe sees itself on the forefront to combat climate change. Consequently, the European Union has adopted in 2003 a Directive on Emissions Trading and since then, focuses more and more on effective methods to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. So far, there is little knowledge about the further development of Climate Change Policy in Europe after 2012. The EU has already started a review process to define the new legislation starting in 2013. Furthermore, negotiations take place to develop a successor of the Kyoto protocol. The European energy sector can deliver valuable input to the discussion about the coming climate goals and how to achieve them, by addressing the importance of new climate-friendly technologies. Furthermore, the impact of climate change goals on the current investment decisions in the energy sector has to be stressed.Europe will certainly not solve the climate problem on its own, but can help to deliver abatement technologies and to prove, that climate change can be reconciled with economic growth – provided a long-term framework is established that is in line with other goals like security of supply and affordable energy.

EUROPSKA KLIMATSKA POLITIKA NAKON 2012. GODINE

Sažetak

Europa vidi sebe kao predvodnika u borbi protiv klimatskih promjena. Sukladno takvom stavu, Europska unija je 2003. godine usvojila Direktivu o trgovanju emisijama i od tada ulaže sve više napora za pronalaženje učinkovitih metoda za smanjenje emisija stakleničkih plinova. Za sada se vrlo malo zna o tome kako će se razvijati europska klimatska politika poslije 2012. godine. Europska unija je već započela sa razmatranjem ovog procesa radi definiranja novog zakonodavnog okvira koji bi stupio na snagu 2013. godine. Osim toga, u tijeku su i razgovori o tome što će zamijeniti Protokol iz Kyota. Europski energetski sektor može dati vrijedan prilog raspravi o ciljevima buduće klimatske politike i načinima ostvarenja tih ciljeva, tako što će istaknuti značaj novih

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tehnologija koje nemaju negativan utjecaj na klimu. Pored toga, potrebno je naglasiti i utjecaj koji na promjenu klimatskih uvjeta imaju postojeće investicijske odluke u enegetskom sektoru. Izvjesno je da Europa neće sama riješiti probleme klimatskih promjena, ali može doprinijeti razvoju tehnologija koje ublažavaju klimatske promjene te pokazati da klimatska politika i gospodarski razvoj ne moraju biti međusobno suprotstavljeni – pod uvjetom da se uspostavi dugoročni okvir koji bi bio usklađen s ostalim ciljevima, kao što su sigurnost opskrbe i povoljna cijena energije.

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Gunnar Lundberg, WEC Europe, Sweeden

WEC EUROPEROADMAP TOWARDS A COMPETITIVE ENERGY MARKET

Abstract

Mr. G. Lundberg, the chair of regional task force presented the final draft report. The main conclusions and recommendations that the study has provided may be resumed as follows:

- The creation of single European electricity market should be initiated with the formation of a core-European market by merging at first, two of the existing more advanced markets, in term of liberalization and effective operation, namely the Nordic & the Central Western European one. Thus, it will include 10 countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden) representing more than 50% of the EU-29 (plus Norway + Switzerland) electricity generation. Then, it would likely become attractive for joining by other currently fragmented European markets. The formation of the new core-European market should start immediately despite the current recession and it should be designed in a flexible frame, in order to ease the accommodation of the remaining markets;

- The so-created core-European initial market will undoubtedly requires a set of common regional rules, to be elaborated in compliance with the 3rd package provisions & the guidelines/market codes following the 3rd package approval. Thus, it will provide a model for the remaining isolated markets, to be subsequently integrated. In this regulatory process, all the stakeholders (power industry, TSO, regulators, consumers, related national and EU-bodies) must be involved, with a purpose to providing a practical input and thus, to minimize potential frictions, during the implementation phase;

- The grid development in Europe is the key challenge to promote more competition and in particular, to accommodate the targeted 20% of electricity increases from renewable energy sources, by 2020. For this purpose, what ENTSO is preparing for the grid development and extension by 2020 is of primary importance. Crucial for the success of this plan will be how efficient would be the sector in ensuring

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the public acceptance of the new transmission lines. The investments to grid development will be a cornerstone, to decide about power plant investments taking the price expectations, in the new regions;

- The European power industry as a key player should be involved in all-related discussion processes, concerning the integration of markets into single European market and intermediate phases as well. In this respect, professional associations and operational bodies such as EURELECTRIC, ENTSO, EUROPEX, EFET should play important role, under the umbrella of ERGEG coordination;

- Specific recommendation to South East European Market: As the latter is of a higher level of vulnerability, it requires therefore to prioritise urgently investments needed in both, generation and transmission infrastructure and that to avoid supply disruption in a few of these countries. Liberalisation should not be only national concerns as it is the case now, the governments and companies from this region should focus their efforts on strengthening further the regional market;

- Specific recommendation to Central Eastern Market: Stronger political will and commitments from governments of Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Slovenia, to achieve regional market improvements.

PLAN ZA KOMPETITIVNO TRŽIŠTE ENERGIJE

Sažetak

G. Gunnar Lundberg, predsjednik regionalne radne skupine, je predstavio konačni nacrt izvješća. Glavni zaključci i preporuke koje su rezultat istraživanja mogu se sažeti na sljedeći način:

- Stvaranje jedinstvenog europskog tržišta električne energije trebalo bi započeti formiranjem glavnog europskog tržišta na način da se prvo spoje dva ili više tržišta koja su već visoko razvijena u smislu stupnja liberalizacije i operativne učinkovitosti. Tu spadaju tržište nordijskih zemalja i tržište zemalja srednje i zapadne Europe. Na taj način bi ovo tržište obuhvaćalo 10 zemalja (Austrija, Belgija, Danska, Finska, Francuska, Njemačka, Luksemburg, Nizozemska, Norveška, i Švedska) koje predstavljaju preko 50 posto proizvodnje električne energije u EU-29 (zemlje EU-a plus Norveška i Švicarska). Takvom tržištu će se vjerojatno kasnije priključiti i druga dosad rascjepkana europska tržišta. Formiranje novog glavnog europskog tržišta trebalo bi započeti bez odlaganja

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unatoč recesiji koja je u tijeku, a njegov bi okvir trebao biti osmišljen na fleksibilan način kako bi se olakšala prilagodba ostalim tržištima

- Na taj način formirano glavno europsko tržište nedvojbeno će trebati skup općih regionalnih pravila, koja bi se trebala razraditi u skladu s Trećim paketom te s propisima i smjernicama tržišnih pravila koja su donesena nakon usvajanja Trećeg paketa. Na taj način stvorit će se model za ostala izolirana tržišta koja bi bila integrirana naknadno. U ovom regulatornom procesu trebaju učestvovati svi relevantni sudionici (proizvođači električne energije, operatori prijenosnog sustava, regulatori, potrošači, državna tijela i tijela Europske unije) radi davanja praktičnog doprinosa i time svođenja mogućih neslaganja, tijekom faze provedbe, na najmanju moguću mjeru

- Razvoj mreže u Europi je ključno pitanje kada se radi o promicanju veće konkurencije i osobito ostvarenju cilja 20-postotnog udjela električne energije iz obnovljivih izvora do 2020. godine. U tom je cilju od primarne je važnosti ono što ENTSO priprema za razvoj i izgradnju mreže do 2020. godine. Za uspjeh ovog plana ključno je pitanje: koliko će uspješan biti energetski sektor u osiguranju cilja da novi prijenosni putovi budu široko prihvaćeni. Ulaganje u razvoj mreže će biti osnovni čimbenik koji će u novim regijama odrediti odluke o ulaganjima u elektrane, uzimajući u obzir očekivanja budućih cijena

- Europska industrija električne energije kao ključni sudionik mora biti uključena u sve rasprave i procese koji se tiču integracije pojedinačnih tržišta u jedinstveno europsko tržište, kao i u njegove intermedijarne faze. U tome značajnu ulogu moraju imati stručna udruženja i operativna tijela kao što su EURELECTRIC, ENTSO, EUROPEX, EFET, pri čemu bi ERGEG bio odgovoran za krovnu koordinaciju

- Posebne preporuke za tržište jugoistočne Europe: Kako je ovo tržište posebno ranjivo, potrebno je što prije definirati prioritetna ulaganja kako u proizvodnu i prijenosnu infrastrukturu tako i ona kojima će se izbjeći prekidi isporuke u ovim zemljama. Liberalizacija ne bi trebala biti samo pitanje za pojedine zemlje kao što je sada slučaj, već bi vlade i tvrtke iz ove regije trebale usmjeriti svoje napore na dalje jačanje regionalnog tržišta

- Posebne preporuke za tržište srednjoistočne Europe: Snažnija politička volja i zalaganje od strane vlada Poljske, Republike Češke, Slovačke, Mađarske i Slovenije radi unapređivanja regionalnog tržišta.

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Steve ThomasProfesor energetikeBusiness School, University of Greenwich

EKONOMIJA NUKLEARNE ENERGIJE: JE LI NUKLEARNA ENERGIJA ISPLATIVO RJEŠENJE ZA KLIMATSKE PROMJENE?

Sažetak:

QUO VADIS ENERGIJA U VREMENU KLIMATSKIH PROMJENA?Uloga nuklearne energije u borbi protiv klimatskih promjena ograničena je njenom nevelikom ulogom u sektoru transporta, kao jednog od dva najveća izvora emisije stakleničkih plinova. Međutim, nuklearna energija se često predstavlja kao jedno od potencijalno najznačajnijih rješenja za smanjenje emisija kad govorimo o drugom najvećem izvoru stakleničkih plinova - proizvodnji električne energije. Gotovo cijelo ovo desetljeće govori se o “nuklearnoj renesansi”, a u sklopu te diskusije spominje se nova generacija nuklearnih elektrana, ili Generacija III+. Od ovog novog dizajna nuklearki očekuje se revitalizacija tržišta putem novih narudžbi, naročito u Europi i Sjevernoj Americi, gdje novih narudžbi nije bilo od osamdesetih godina prošlog stoljeća ili čak i ranije. Renesansa i potencijalna uloga nuklearne energije u borbi protiv klimatskih promjena otvara niz pitanja, među kojim se ističu sljedeća:• Je li nuklearna energija najekonomičnija zamjena za fosilna goriva u proizvodnji

električne energije?• Mogu li se problemi koje sa sobom nosi nuklearna energija, uključujući utjecaj

na okoliš, pitanja sigurnosti, odlaganja otpada i proliferacije oružja, rješavati dovoljno učinkovito tako da ne budu prepreka njenoj primjeni?

• Jesu li izvori urana dostatni za primjenu nuklearne energije u obujmu koji bi značajnije doprinosio smanjenju emisije stakleničkih plinova uz korištenje postojećih tehnologija ili bi bilo potrebno uvesti još nepotvrđene ili čak kontroverznije tehnologije koje racionalnije koriste prirodni uran, kao što su brzi reaktori?

U ovom radu se razmatra prvo od navedenih pitanja a osobito se istražuje stoje li iza izostanka dugoročne ‘nuklearne renesanse’ u Europi i Sjevernoj Americi ekonomski čimbenici. Razmotreni su čimbenici kao što su: veliko povećanje troškova izgradnje nuklearnih elektrana, problemi financiranja i troškova kapitala, financijska kriza 2008/2009. godine, sporost u dobivanju regulatornih odobrenja za nove dizajne te nedostatak odgovarajućih vještina i spreme.

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Zaključeno je se da su glavni čimbenici koji dovode do odlaganja novih narudžbi sljedeći:• Nedostatno iskustvo u izgradnji, s obzirom na samo dvije nove narudžbe u

Europi i Sjevernoj Americi• Teškoće u pristupu isplativim izvorima financiranja a bez prohibitivno visokog

angažiranja javnih sredstava u vidu subvencija i jamstava• Eskalacija troškova izgradnje i• Ozbiljni tehnički problemi koji se moraju riješiti prije no što regulatori budu

spremni dati opće odobrenje za nove dizajne.

THE ECONOMICS OF NUCLEAR POWER: IS NUCLEAR POWER A COST-EFFECTIVE WAY TO TACKLE CLIMATE CHANGE?

Abstract

QUO VADIS ENERGY IN TIMES OF CLIMATE CHANGE?The role nuclear power can play in combating climate change is limited by the fact that nuclear can have little role in the transport sector, one of the two major emitters of greenhouse gases. However, nuclear power is often portrayed as the most important potential measure to reduce emissions in the other major emitter of greenhouse gases, the power generation sector. For nearly a decade, there has been talk of a ‘nuclear renaissance’. Under this, a new generation of nuclear power plants, so called generation III+ designs, would revitalize ordering in markets, especially Europe and North America, that had seen no orders since the 1980s or earlier.This renaissance and the potential role of nuclear power in combating climate change raise a number of issues, including:• Is nuclear power the most cost-effective way to replace fossil fuel power

generation?• Can the issues that nuclear power brings with it, including environmental impact,

safety, waste disposal and weapons proliferation be dealt with effectively enough that they will not be a barrier to the use of nuclear power?

• Are uranium resources sufficient to allow deployment of nuclear power on the scale necessary to have a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions with existing technologies or would unproven and even more controversial technologies that use natural uranium more sparingly, such as fast reactors, be required?

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This paper focuses on the first question and in particular, it examines whether economic factors are behind the failure of the long-forecast ‘nuclear renaissance’ to materialize in Europe and North America. It examines factors such as the construction cost escalation, difficulties of finance and the cost of capital, the financial crisis of 2008/09, the delays in getting regulatory approval for the new designs, and skills and equipment shortages.It concludes that the main factors behind the delays in new orders are:• Poor construction experience with the only two new orders placed in Europe or

North America;• The difficulty of getting affordable finance without prohibitively expensive public

subsidies and guarantees;• Rapidly escalating construction costs; and• Serious technical issues that must be overcome before regulators are prepared

to give the new designs generic approval.

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Florian Schmidt – Head Product ManagementEuPD ResearchBonn, Germany

GLOBAL PV MARKET DEVELOPMENT

Abstract

The dawn of 2009 saw several events which caused major turbulence in the global photovoltaic industry. In 2008 the Spanish PV market grew beyond all expectations and even outranked Germany as the world’s number one market. However, the promotion scheme was modified and a market cap was introduced in 2009, cutting back the maximum capacity to be installed to about the level of 2007. In addition, the industry is facing an oversupply of PV modules and a harsh recession which is significantly affecting the traditionally strong PV markets. International photovoltaic companies are challenged by a changing market situation: all of a sudden, competition has increased significantly, pushing the customer to the fore. As a result, a consolidation process is expected within the PV industry worldwide. However, the story is not all negative. In the U.S., the election of Barack Obama may be seen as the starting signal for a massive expansion in PV, likely to bring the country to first place globally within the next five years. Furthermore, different markets and market segments are being opened up – especially in Europe – thanks to the gradual arrival of generation parity and new PV support mechanisms. EuPD Research has observed and studied international PV markets since its foundation. The information included in the presentation is based on a wide range of quantitative and qualitative studies that EuPD Research has conducted in the key markets since 2002. Florian Schmidt, EuPD Research’s Head of Product Management, will give an overview of the global PV market and how it is developing in this crucial year 2009. Aspects such as technology development, production capacities and the demand side will be included, with a special emphasis on the European PV markets.o far Chinese PV companies have often benefited from the booming PV markets in Europe, above all Germany and Spain. Due to the lack of domestic market, the Chinese industry strongly depends on the export and is particularly affected by the current overcapacity. Up to now, China has failed to develop an efficient concept that could stimulate the domestic demand. The surprising promotion scheme made public by the government in March 2009 is probably nothing more than a first attempt to walk into the direction of long-term PV promotion. A premise is that the plant is installed on or in a building. Thus the focus

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of the promotion is set on building integrated photovoltaics. In fact, an additional tariff for open space plants is currently being discussed but a final decision is still to be made. Moreover, the program is restricted to installations in 2009. Next year the government wants to decide on further promotion schemes. Until then, market players hope that the program represents the starting signal for long-term PV promotion and the establishment of a domestic market in China.

RAZVOJ GLOBALNOG TRŽIŠTA FOTONAPONSKIH SUSTAVA

Sažetak

Početak 2009. godine obilježilo je nekoliko događaja koji su izazvali velike promjene u svjetskoj fotonaponskoj industriji. Španjolsko tržište fotonaponskih sustava zabilježilo je rast koji je bio iznad svih očekivanja, premašivši veličinom čak i njemačko, do tada najveće tržište fotonaponske opreme u svijetu. Međutim, u 2009. godini promijenjen je sustav poticaja za ovu tehnolgiju i uvedena je gornja tržišna kvota, kojom se maksimalna ugradnja kapaciteta smanjuje na razinu one iz 2007. Osim toga, industrija se suočava s prekomjernom proizvodnjom fotonaponskih (FN) modula u odnosu na potražnju i oštrom recesijom koja teško pogađa tradicionalno velika tržišta fotonaponske tehnologije. Međunarodne tvrtke u fotonaponskoj industriji stoje pred izazovom tržišnih promjena: konkurencija je iznenada značajno povećana, što kupca stavlja u povoljniju poziciju. Kao posljedica ove situacije, realno je očekivati, doći će do procesa konsolidacije u globalnoj industriji fotonaponskih sustava. Međutim, situacija nije u potpunosti nepovoljna. Izbor Baracka Obame, u SAD-u, se može smatrati znakom početka velike ekspanzije fotonaponske tehnologije, koja bi u sljedećih nekoliko godina ovu zemlju mogla dovesti do vodeće pozicije na svjetskom tržištu. Štoviše, otvaraju se različita tržišta i tržišni segmenti – osobito u Europi – zahvaljujući postupnom uvođenju pariteta proizvodnje električne energije i novih mehanizama potpore fotonaponskoj tehnologiji. EuPD Research je pratio i proučavao međunarodna tržišta fotonaponske tehnologije od njihovog osnivanja. Podaci koje sadrži ovaj rad potječu iz širokog raspona kvantitativnih i kvalitativnih istraživanja koje EUPD Research provodi na najvažnijim tržištima još od 2002. godine. Florian Schmidt, voditelj Odjela za proizvode EuPD Researcha prikazat će pregled globalnog tržišta fotonaponske tehnologije i njegovog razvoja u ključnoj 2009. godini. Prezentacija će obuhvatiti različite aspekte, kao što su tehnološki razvoj, proizvodni kapaciteti i potražnja, s posebnim osvrtom na europska fotonaponska tržišta.

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Herbert LechnerAustrian Energy AgencyVienna, Austria

AUSTRIA’S ENERGY PERSPECTIVES - IT’S THE DEMAND SIDE, STUPID!

Abstract

During the last decade Austria made remarkable progress in developing renewable energy sources. But at the same time energy demand has steadily increased so that the share of renewables in the energy mix has remained more or less stable over the years. Rising energy demand and import dependence is also forecast in a business-as-usual scenario for the future. If Austria is to fulfil the EU obligatory target to increase the share of renewables up to 34% in 2020 (recently 25%) and to move on a sustainable, low-carbon track it will have to decrease energy consumption or at least stabilise it at the level of 2005. This requires considerable efforts to boost energy efficiency, especially in the building and transport sector.

ENERGETSKE PERSPEKTIVE U AUSTRIJI – RADI SE O POTROŠNJI, GLUPANE!

Sažetak

Tijekom proteklog desetljeća Austrija je postigla zamjetan napredak u razvoju obnovljivih izvora energije. U isto vrijeme je neprestano rasla i energetska potrošnja pa se udio obnovljivih izvora u ukupnoj kombinaciji energetskih proizvoda (energy mix) tijekom godina nije značajnije mijenjao. Projekcija rasta potrošnje energije i uvozne ovisnosti prikazana je u srednjem scenariju za budući razvoj. Ukoliko Austrija želi ispuniti svoje obveze u pogledu ciljeva zadanih od strane Europske unije o povećanju udjela obnovljivih izvora do 34 posto u 2020. godini (nedavno 25%) i smanji emisiju ugljikovog dioksida, morat će smanjiti potrošnju energije ili je barem stabilizirati na razini iz 2005. godine. To će zahtijevati značajne napore na povećanju energetske učinkovitosti, osobito u sektoru zgradarstva i prometa.

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Mag.ekon.,mag.el. Đani Brečevič, univ.dipl.inž.IREET Inštitut za raziskave v energetiki, ekologiji in tehnologijiLjubljana, Slovenija

GUIDELINE FOR ACHIEVING A TARGET SHARE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN SLOVENIA UNTIL 2020

Abstract

European parliament’s and Council for energy usage from renewable sources promotion’s directive proposal determines acceptation of National action plan for every member state. General national goal for renewable energy share in final consumption in year 2020, defined in proposal, is 25 % energy from renewable sources in final energy consumption. Paper presents plan for renewable energy sources usage in electricity production and activities, which will be necessary to be held by organizations, which are carriers of energy activities, for building new capacities or rebuilding existing ones for electricity production from renewable energy sources. Purpose of plan is additional 3.000 GWh electricity production in year 2020 in comparison with today’s electricity production from renewable energy sources. Accepted goal will be obligatory for organizations as carriers of energy activities for their social responsibility for obligations fulfilment and determined goals achievement. Report represents necessary steps that state has to make to reach bigger interest of investors for renewable energy investments and special attention is stressed on completion of regulation with goal to create suitable platform for future investors.

NACRT ZA POSTIZANJE CILJANOG UDJELA ENERGIJE IZ OBNOVLJIVIH IZVORA U FINALNOJ POTROŠNJI ENERGIJE U SLOVENIJI DO 2020.

GODINE

Sažetak

Prijedlog direktive Eurpopskog paralamenta i Savjeta o promoviranju upotrebe energije iz obnovljivih izvora određuje da svaka država članica prihvati Nacinalni

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akcioni plan. Nacionalni opći cilj za udio energije iz obnovljivioh izvora u konačnoj potrošnji energije u 2020. godini je u prijedlogu direktive određen u visini 25% energije iz obnobljivih izvora u finalnoj potrošnji energije. U referatu će biti predstavljen nacrt upotrebe obnovljivih izvora u proizvodnji električne energije odnosno aktivnosti s kojima bi organizacije kao nosioci energetskih djelatnosti izgradili nove ili dogradili postojeće energetske objekte za proizvodnju električne energije iskorištavnjem obnovljivih izvora. Dakle, cilj izrade nacrta je da se u 2020. godini dodatno proizvede 3000 GWh električne energije s obzirom na sadašnji nivo proizvodnje električne energije iz obnovljivih izvora energije.Prihvaćeni cilj će biti obaveza organizacija kao nosioca energetskih djelatnosti za prihvaćanje njihove društvene odgovornosti za ispunjavanjem obaveza i postizanju zadanih ciljeva.

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Vadim Strijov Computing Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Goran Granić, Željko Jurić, Branka Jelavić, Sandra Antešević Maričić Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar, Zagreb, Croatia

INTEGRAL INDICATOR OF ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT FOR CROATIAN POWER PLANTS

AbstractThe main goal of this paper is to present the methodology of construction of the Integral Indicator for Croatian Thermal Power Plants and Combined Heat and Power Plants. The Integral Indicator is necessary to compare Power Plants selected according to a certain criterion. The criterion of the Ecological Footprint is chosen. The following features of the Power Plants are used: generated electricity and heat; consumed coal and liquid fuel; sulphur content in fuel; emitted CO2, SO2, NOx and particles. To construct the Integral Indicator the linear model is used. The model parameters are tuned by the Principal Component Analysis algorithm. The constructed Integral Indicator is compared with several others, such as Pareto-Optimal Slicing Indicator and Metric Indicator. The Integral Indicator keeps as much information about features of the Power Plants as possible; it is simple and robust.

INTEGRALNI POKAZATELJ UČINKA NA OKOLIŠ ZA HRVATSKE ELEKTRANE

SažetakGlavni cilj ovog rada je predstaviti metodologiju izrade integralnog pokazatelja za hrvatske termoelektrane i toplane centralnog grijanja. Integralni pokazatelj je potreban radi usporedbe elektrana izabranih prema određenom kriteriju. Ovdje je odabran kriterij učinka na okoliš. U radu su razmotrene sljedeće karakteristike elektrana: proizvedena električna i toplinska energija; potrošnja ugljena i tekućih goriva; razina sumpora u gorivu; emisija CO2, SO2, NOx i čestica. U izradi integralnog pokazatelja korišten je linearni model. Parametri modela podešeni su u skladu s algoritmom analize svojstvenih komponenti. Definirani integralni pokazatelj uspoređuje se s nekoliko drugih pokazatelja, kao što su pokazatelj po Paretovoj analizi ili metrički pokazatelj. Integralni pokazatelj, koji je jednostavan i robustan, sadrži najveći mogući broj podataka o osobinama elektrana.

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Mr.sc Vladimir PotočnikZagreb, Republika Hrvatska

RANG ENERGETSKE SIGURNOSTI

Sažetak

Energetska sigurnost je važna sastavnica nacionalne sigurnosti. U radu se predlaže definicija energetske sigurnosti države na bazi višekriterijalne analize, koja sadrži: kriterije energetske neovisnosti, statičko trajanje rezervi fosilnih goriva, udio obnovljivih izvora energije (OIE), energetsku učinkovitost, međunarodne energetske veze i opasnosti od incidenata. Osim toga u radu je dan i pregled glavnih izvoznika energenata u svijetu.

RANK OF ENERGY SECURITY

Abstract

Energy security is an important component of the national security. Definition of the energy security is proposed in the paper, based on the multicriteria analyses, containing criteria of energy independence, static duration of the fossil reserves, renewable energy participation, energy efficiency, international energy connections and incidents threats. Review of the main energy exporters is included, as well.

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Goran Krajačić1, Brian Vad Mathiesen1,2, Neven Duić1,3, Maria Da Graça Carvalho3

1Department of Energy, Power Engineering and Environment; 2Department of Development and Planning; 3Department of Mechanical Engineering 1University of Zagreb-FSB; 2Aalborg University; 3Instituto Superior Técnico 1Zagreb, CROATIA; 2Aalborg, DENMARK; 3Lisbon, PORTUGAL

ULOGA SKLADIŠTENJA ENERGIJE U ENERGETSKI NEOVISNOJ HRVATSKOJ

Sažetak

U radu je analizirana integracija električne energije iz vjetroelektrana u energetski sustav Republike Hrvatske uz pomoć dostupnih tehnologija. Bazna godina za razmatranje modela hrvatskog energetskog sustava je 2007. Provedena je opsežna satna analiza cjelovitog hrvatskog energetskog sustava uz zadovoljavanje potrošnje električne energije, daljinske topline i goriva u sektoru transporta, uključujući i obnovljive izvore energije, termoelektrane i kogeneracijska postrojenja. Koristeći se modelom energetskog sustava iz 2007. godine povećan je udio električne energije iz vjetroelektrana primjenom dvije metode skladištenja energije: reverzibilne/crpne hidroelektrane te dizalice topline u kombinaciji sa skladištenjem toplinske energije. Rezultatima je prikazano da obje opcije omogućavaju povećanje penetracije energije iz vjetroelektrana. Koristeći postojeće reverzibilne/crpne hidroelektrane moguće je ostvariti povećanje penetracije energije iz vjetroelektrana od 0,5 TWh, no za veće penetracije od 6 TWh, potrebno je ipak izgraditi nova revirzibilna/crpna postrojenja. Koristeći velike dizalice topline s velikim akumulatorima topline u kombinaciji s posebnom regulacijom elektroenergetskog sustava moguće je dodatno povećati penetraciju za 0,37 TWh. Vezano uz to, oko 10 posto električne energije iz vjetroelektrana može biti prihvaćeno bez promjena u sustavu te bez izvoza električne energije u elektroenergetske sustave susjednih zemalja. Za veće udjele energije vjetra potrebne su tehnologije za integraciju te posebno vođenje sustava. Za dobivanje što točnijih rezultata u budućim analizama potrebno je verificirati podatke o brzinama vjetra te proizvodnji vjetroelektrana i hidroelektrana. Ukoliko se želi postići vrlo velika integracija električne energije iz vjetroelektrana, nove tehnologije moraju biti primijenjene i u ostalim dijelovima hrvatskog energetskog sustava.

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THE ROLE OF ENERGY STORAGES IN ENERGY INDEPENDENT CROATIA

Abstract

In this paper integration of wind power generation into the Croatian electricity supply is analysed using available technologies. The starting point is a model of the energy system in Croatia in 2007. Comprehensive hour-by-hour energy system analyses are conducted of a complete system meeting electricity, heat and transport demands, and including renewable energy, power plants, and combined heat and power production (CHP) for district heating. Using the 2007 energy system the wind power share is increased by two energy storage options: Pumped Hydro and Heat Pumps in combination with Heat Storages. The results show that such options can enable an increased penetration of wind power. Using pumped hydro storage (PHS) may increase wind power penetration from 0.5 TWh, for existing PHS installations and up to 6 TWh for very large installations. Using large heat pumps and heat storages in combination with specific regulation of power system could additionally increase wind penetration for 0.37 TWh. Hence, with the current technologies installed in the Croatian energy system the installed pumped hydro-plant may facilitate more than 10% wind power in the electricity system. In future research more precise assessments can be made of whether to increase the storage size or whether to expand capacities in turbines and pumps. Using heat pumps also shows good the results in combination with CHP, in this paper and future research can give more precise results about such possibilities. With more wind, power integration technologies and system regulation are required. Additional confirmation of wind power data and hydropower production in Croatia is required to have more accurate results in future analyses. Large-scale integration of wind power in the Croatian energy systems requires new technologies in other parts of the energy system.

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Dr.sc. Niko Malbaša, dipl. ing.Ekonerg d.o.o.Zagreb, Republika Hrvatska

ANALIZA MOGUĆIH PROBLEMA PRI IMPLEMENTACIJI CILJEVA EUROPSKE UNIJE U VEZI S OBNOVLJIVIM IZVORIMA ENERGIJE

Sažetak

Energetika je u europskim državama tradicionalno tretirana kao djelatnost od posebnog nacionalnog interesa. Ulaskom u EU zemlje članice zadržale su dotadašnji način planiranja energetskog razvoja pa je energetska politika EU-a postala suma energetskih politika zemalja članica. Suma energetskih politika raznih zemalja nikako nije bila i optimalna politika ako se EU promatra kao cjelina. Pored toga neki novi izazovi koji se nameću pred EU u području energetike ne mogu se riješiti bez cjelovite europske energetske strategije.Kao osnovna poluga u realizaciji glavnih ciljeva zajedničke europske energetske budućnosti postavljeni su obnovljivi izvori energije. Povećana upotreba obnovljivih izvora energije jedna je od ključnih pretpostavki održivog razvoja EU-a u području energije te ispunjenja zahtjeva s obzirom na smanjenje emisije stakleničkih plinova u atmosferu. I Hrvatska je u svojoj energetskoj strategiji prihvatila osnovne smjernice EU-a u tom području i spremna je pridonijeti zajedničkoj europskoj inicijativi.U svemu, međutim, postoji još niz neriješenih i problematičnih pojedinosti koje se odnose na tehničke, ekonomske pa i ekološke parametre u vezi s budućim razvojem te koje mogu dovesti u pitanje racionalnost i izvedivost postavljenih ciljeva.U radu su prezentirani ciljevi EU-a s obzirom na iskorištenje obnovljivih izvora energije te se elaborirani mogući problemi u ispunjenju tih ciljeva. Posebno su razmotrene preuzete i deklarirane obveze RH te njene mogućnosti i perspektive u realizaciji postavljene zadaće.

ANALYSIS OF POSSIBLE CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION OFEU GOALS IN RELATION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Abstract

Energy is in all European countries traditionally treated as an activity of special national interest. By entering the EU, the member states have retained the earlier method of energy planning, making in this way the EU energy policy only a sum

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of energy policies of the member states. The sum of energy policies has in no way been the best policy if the EU is observed as a whole. In addition, some new challenges that the EU is faced with in the field of energy cannot be solved without a comprehensive European energy strategy. Increased use of renewable energy sources is one of the key assumptions of sustainable development in the EU energy sector and in fulfilling the request for decreasing greenhouse gases emissions. In its energy strategy the Republic of Croatia has also accepted the basic EU guidelines in this area and declared its readiness to contribute to that European initiative.There are still some unanswered and challenging details related to technical, economic and environmental parameters in connection with the future development that may question the feasibility and reliability of certain goals.This article presents EU goals related to the use of renewable sources of energy and elaborate the possible challenges in the realization of the whole project. The commitments of the Republic of Croatia and its possibilities and perspectives in realization of the set goals are also presented.

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Natko UrliCentar za obnovljive izvore energije CERES, ZaprešićCentre for Renewable Energy Sources (CERES), Zaprešić

KAKO EUROPA PLANIRA SVOJU ENERGETSKU BUDUĆNOST, A KAKO TO POKUŠAVA HRVATSKA

Sažetak

Premda je planiranje i investiranje u pojedine izvore energije u ingerenciji pojedinih zemalja, ipak je Europska unija (EU) dosad donijela čitav niz preporuka, direktiva, pa i pravnih obvezujućih dokumenata, kojih se moraju pridržavati sve postojeće članice pa i one koje će to postati u slijedećem razdoblju. Tako su u prosincu 2008. godine EU parlament i Europska komisija (EC) donijele tzv. 20% - 20% - 20% dokument, u kojem se traži da se do 2020. godine smanji emisija stakleničkih plinova, postignu uštede u potrošnji energije putem energetske učinkovitosti i ostvari odgovarajuće učešće obnovljivih izvora energije u ukupnoj potrošnji (sve u gore navedenim postocima).Do 2020. godine 60 posto generirane električne energije trebalo bi biti dobiveno u jednakom omjeru od nuklearne energije i obnovljivih izvora, a preostali dio od plinskih elektrana i elektrana na ugljen (uz uvjet da se ostvari i dokaže tehnologija hvatanja i sekvestracije emitiranog CO2 u podzemne spremnike). Nafta će i nadalje pokrivati 40-50 posto primarnih energetskih potreba i to pretežno u sektoru transporta, a Europa i dalje ostaje energetski ovisna o uvozu nafte i plina.Hrvatska je počela planirati svoju novu energetsku strategiju tijekom 2008. godine, kao zamjenu za strategiju iz 2002. godine. Prvi nacrt nove strategije objavljen je u studenom 2008. s javnom raspravom koja je trajala mjesec dana. U javnoj raspravi je bilo podnijeto više konstruktivnih prijedloga za poboljšanje sadržaja strategije. Međutim, nakon toga je prošlo više od pet mjeseci bez bilo kakve reakcije na iznesene prijedloge, da bi zatim u lipnju 2009., pod jakim utjecajem ugljenarskog i naftnog lobija, u potaji izrađen konačan tekst nove strategije. Sabor je strategiju u takvom obliku i usvojio. Ovakav tekst strategije potpuno zanemaruje moguće značajne energetske uštede u graditeljstvu kao i nove velike rezultate u razvoju tehnologije fotonaponske konverzije sunčeve energije u električnu, ignorirajući energetsku politiku i zahtjeve EU-a te dovodeći do značajnog pogoršanja platne bilance zemlje i pogoršanog utjecaja na klimatske promjene.

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HOW EUROPE PLANS ITS ENERGY FUTURE AND HOW CROATIA TRIES TO DO IT

Abstract

Although each country is independent in planning its energy development and investment in energy sources, up to now, EU has put forward a great number of recommendations, directives, and legally binding documents for its member states and for the new countries joining EU in a near future. In December 2008, the EU Parliament and the European Commission declared the so-called 20%/20%/20% legally binding document, requesting, up to 2020, a decrease in emission of greenhouse gases, a decrease in energy consumption by increasing energy efficiency, and an adequate contribution of renewable energy sources in the total energy consumption (all in cited percentages).60 percent of generated electricity should be provided by „low carbon“ technologies, i.e. in approximately equal shares between nuclear and renewable energy sources. The rest will be provided by gas and coal (under condition of development of capturing and underground storage of emitted CO2. ). Oil would still cover 40 to 50 percent of primary energy demand predominating in transport sector, and Europe will still be very dependent on oil and gas import.In 2008, Croatia started to plan its new energy strategy with the aim to replace the strategy adopted in 2002. In November 2008, the first draft of the new strategy was announced and available for open public discussion for duration of one month. There have been a number of constructive proposals improving the first draft. However, this period was followed by a silence and no answer to the proposals up to the June 2009 when a completely new final text of the strategy document was drafted under strong influence of the coal and oil lobbies, to be offered for acceptance by the Croatian Parliament, which finally accepted the strategy in the form proposed. In this final version, great savings potentials in civil engineering and construction industry were totally neglected as well as new revolutionary development in solar photovoltaic conversion technologies, ignoring the EU policy and requirements, and in this way significantly worsening financial balance of the country and increasing pollution to the environment.

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Mislav Kirac, Goran Krajačić, Neven DuićFakultet strojarstva i brodogradnje, Sveučilište u ZagrebuIvana Lučića 5, 10 000 Zagreb, Hrvatska

PLANIRANJE RAZVOJA ENERGETSKOG SUSTAVA U SEKTORU POLJOPRIVREDE U HRVATSKOJ PREMA SMJERNICAMA

EUROPSKE ENERGETSKE POLITIKE „20% - 20% - 20%”

Sažetak

Planiranje energetskog sustava jedan je od najvažnijih zadataka svake društvene zajednice. Stabilan energetski sustav stvara temelje za daljnji gospodarski razvitak, povećanje životnog standarda te općenito prosperitet društva. Poljoprivreda predstavlja izuzetno važan čimbenik u cjelokupnom hrvatskom gospodarstvu, stoga i planiranje energetskog sustava ovog sektora predstavlja važnu zadaću. Predvidjeti kretanje potrošnje i sukladno tome osigurati dobavu potrebnih energenata na ekonomski opravdan način predstavlja proces kojeg je potrebno kontinuirano optimirati kako bi planirani scenarij bio u skladu s realnim stanjem. Poljoprivreda, zahvaljujući prirodnim resursima, značajkama zemljišta i prirodno-klimatskim pogodnostima, predstavlja vrlo važnu gospodarsku granu. Ova djelatnost ima i važan utjecaj na druga područja npr. prehrambeno-prerađivačku industriju, trgovinu, turizam, promet, kemijsku industriju i dr. Važnost poljoprivrede se ogleda i u broju zaposlenih kojima je ona osnovni prihod, u pogledu buduće zaposlenosti te vanjsko-trgovinske bilance. Prema brojnim parametrima, poljoprivredna djelatnost u Republici Hrvatskoj zaostaje za zemljama EU-a. Njezin velik potencijal nalazi se i u smanjenju energetske intenzivnosti i povećanju produktivnosti.

PLANNING ENERGY SECTOR DEVELOPMENT IN CROATIAN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR FOLLOWING GUIDELINES

OF THE EUROPEAN ENERGY POLICY “20-20-20”

Abstract

Energy system planning is among the most important tasks of any society. A stable energy system is a foundation for economic growth, growing living standard and general prosperity of the society. Agriculture represents an important factor in overall Croatian economy; therefore, planning of the agriculture’s energy system is a major task. To foresee the trend of consumption and to ensure reasonable

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economic energy supply in accordance with this trend is a process which should be continuously optimised so that the planned scenario could reflect actual situation. The agriculture, thanks to natural resources, land features and climate advantages represents a major economic sector. This activity has significant impact on food industry, trade, tourism, transport, chemical industry, etc. The relevance of agriculture is also visible in the present number of employees, future potential for employment and foreign trade balance. According to numerous parameters, agricultural activities in Croatia lag behind the EU countries. Great potential can be achieved by implementation of measures for energy intensity reduction and productivity increase.

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Drago Ćosić, dipl.ing, tehnolog inovator, vlasnik patentaDoboj, BiH

VODIKOVO GORIVO KAO EKOLOŠKI DOPRINOSFUNKCIONIRANJU POSTOJEĆIH TERMOELEKTRANA NA UGLJEN

Sažetak

U radu je razmotrena primjena novog goriva na bazi vodika kao ekološki doprinos funkcioniranju postojećih termoelektrana na ugljen. Činjenica da se takve elektrane tretiraju kao najveći zagađivači okoliša u svijetu, inicirala je ideju da se novo gorivo na bazi vodika - HIDROGEN EKOTERM – upotrijebi kao gorivo u kotlovima termoelektrana zamjenjujući 10 – 30 posto lignita. Pozitivan utjecaj primjene ovog goriva daleko nadmašuje zamijenjenu količinu lignita. Cilj ovog rada je potaknuti potencijalne investitore u stvaranju uvjeta za industrijsku primjenu novog goriva, ali i za investiranje u njegovu industrijsku proizvodnju.

Abstract

The analysis is carried out of the application of a new hydrogen based alternative fuel as ecological contribution of the coal thermal power plants operation. Given the fact that coal thermal power plants are seen as the largest producers, not only of CO2, but of all others harmful gases, the idea is initiated to use the new alternative fuel as an additive to the coal which would result in much better perfromance of the coal power plants from an ecological point of view. It is possible to use such a fuel in relation of 10-30% of former coal use. The positive influence of such an application is much bigger than relative used quantity. This lecture has a goal to incite potential investors to create conditions for industrial testing of the new fuel. It will be very interesting to animate investors for large-scale production of the new fuel, too.

18. forum: dan energije u hrvatskoj 18 forum: energy … · 20.11.2009 · integralni pokazatelji...

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