18 IEA Executive Committee on Advanced Fuel Cells 5 Annex VI Meeting on MCFC under Real Operating Conditions

1999. 4. 26.

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I. 18 IEA ExCo on Advanced Fuel Cell

II. 5 Annex VI 1. Subtask A on Lifetime of MCFC 2. Subtask B on Post-test & Standardization 3. Subtask C on BOP Development

( e-mail .)

thlim@kistmail.kist.re.kr

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I. 18 IEA ExCo on Advanced Fuel Cell

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2. 1998 Annex

Annex I MCFC BOP Analysis

Annex II SOFC Modeling & Evaluation

Annex III MCFC Materials & Electrochemistry

Annex IV PEMFC

3. Annex

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II. 5 IEA Annex VI

1.1999 4 121999 4 15-16

2.Julich

ECN

3.: : M. Bischoff(MTU)

: S.B. Molen, B. Rietveld, R.C. Makkus(ECN) E.W. Sloetjes(Stork): F. Passlaqua(Ansaldo), A. Moreno(ENEA)

( ) : Nakayama, Ochi(NEDO), Jinno, Sugiyama(MCFCRA)

4. Annex VI - MCFC under real operating conditionIEA 'Advanced Fuel Cell Programme' 6 Annex VI

1 2 . OECD 2 1998

. Annex equal basis

. , 97

Annex V Fuel Cells : System Analysis

Annex VI MCFC Under Real Operating Condition

Annex VII SOFC Under Real Operating Condition

Annex VIII Collaborative Research on PEMFC

Annex IX Fuel Cell Systems for Stationary Application

Annex X Fuel Cell Systems for Transportation Application

Annex XI PEMFC 1999-2003

Annex XII Fuel Cells for Stationary Application 1999-2003

Annex XIII SOFC 1999-2003

Annex XIV MCFC 2000-2003

. Annex VI 'MCFC under real operating condition'

, 3 subtask .

5.5 Annex VI Subtask A C

, Subtask B( agenda ). .

a. Subtask A

Subtask A : Life time issues on MCFC Subtask B : Test Procedure & Standardization Subtask C : BOP Development

: Lifetime estimation of MCFC stack - target : decay rate of 0.25%/1000h lifetime : 40,000h - factors of degradation and countermeasures corrosion on metallic parts, decrease of contact area with electrolyte particle growth of matrix, adoption of α-LiAlO2 Ni deposition in matrix, addition of MgO, adoption of Li/Na increase of matrix thickness anode creep adoption of Ni-Al alloy crack at matrix reinforcement of matrix by fiber - contents of R & D single cell tests for lifetime estimation equation corrosion by electrolyte creepage of electrolyte Ni shorting by NiO dissolution

: Start-up procedure and operation of MCFC stack - the importance of start-up procedure and its control air flow to both electrode up to 410℃ to complete burn-out initial oxidation of anode for better affinity with electrolyte precise atmosphere control for reduction of impact from change - stack degradation internal catalyst poisoning hardware corrosion active component shrinkage electrolyte loss, the most critical local hot spots due to gas crossover cell shorting by Ni deposition

: MCFC endurance issues - anode : Ni/10%Cr thickness reduction depending on compaction pressure not on time endurance > 40,000h - matrix : 90% γ-LiAlO2 + 10% α-Al2O3 grain growth (15%) after 6,000h pore size increase by conversion from γtoα lifetime limitation : not critical

- cathode : NiO depending on CO2 pressure Li/K > Li/Na/K > Li/Na shorting of cell when Ni > 0.65g/cm3 importance of matrix thickness

b. Subtask B

endurance > 40,000h - electrolyte initial loss by chemical reactions and creep and corrosion long term loss by evaporation endurance > 40,000h when using Li/Na - bipolar plate Ni coating anode side < 10,000h cathode side : AISI 316L/310S > 40,000h aluminised wet seal area > 40,000h

: MCFC stack 'typical for the technology and the application' of Ansaldo - Ni shorting < 11,000h - electrolyte migration at bottom cells < 11,000h - adoption of new technology solving above problems in progress

: Lifetime issues in MCFC technology - how to determine the most critical factors single cell experiments with reference electrode cathode degradation : the most critical - observation of electrolyte migration during the operation effect of gas treatment on performance increase - addition of electrolyte during the operation positive effect on performance, IR and OCV - how to prevent cathode decay addition of NiO dissolution retarding material by coating decrease of Ni in matrix by at least half after 1,000h operation

Anode- comparison and determination of analysis method for each item anode raw material : particle size distribution

particle shape analysis powder composition

green anode : thickness composition shrinkage during the sintering

sintered anode : pore size distribution morphology thickness distribution

used anode : electrolyte fill level electrolyte composition morphology thickness change during the operation pore size distribution

- comparison of analysis result from each participant Matrix

- comparison and determination of analysis method for each item matrix raw material : particle size distribution

surface area measurement powder composition bulk density

green matrix : integrity thickness burn out test

used matrix : pore size distribution

electrolyte fill level

c. Subtask C

6. Pre-meeting for new annex for MCFC after 1999

electrolyte composition morphology thickness change during the operation

: Development of control system for MCFC plant - MCFC plant system - model development for MCFC system steady state mode using HYSYS dynamic model by Matlab and PDE - open-loop test identification of MV's, CV's and DV's step response - closed-loop test interaction analysis by RGA optimal tuning for multi-loop PI control - MPC development multi-variable control method non-linearity

: Survey of plant control - 1,000kW plant (Kawagoe, external reforming) operation mode : 5 modes from cold start to full power operation

start-up procedure : BOP and stack control diagram of 1,000kW plant condition of PAC test details of simulation of PAC test - 200kW stack test (Amagasaki, internal reforming) operation modes : 11 modes from cold start to emergency stop operation conditions plant control diagram - Experience of PAC test at 1000 and 200kW in Japan details about procedure of PAC test

: Survey of plant control - design of DIR MCFC systems steady state model by ASPEN and spreadsheet - dynamic aspects transient behavior - approach single point models for system components line models for stacks using Fortran implementation of algorithm in TRAX

: Control systems for MCFC stacks - integration of individual system components into a function unit interface to operator setting and control of system parameters failure mode control - 10 operation modes from off to manual operation when needed network of each operation mode - control structure of MTU Hot-Module

- suggested items of the new MCFC theme MCFC plant development and test experience MCFC test procedures and standardization MCFC stack and new material technology for longer reliability, higher performance and lower cost - participant countries : 6 countries as before - reduction of number of meetings/year due to burden of travel expense 2 meetings to 1 meeting but with longer period - continuation of Japan as operating agent

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1. Report from the IEA secretariat on ExCo implementing agreement on advanced fuel cell. 2. The technolpogy response to climate change - A call for action. 3. Draft for fuel cells for stationary applications - demonstratio and implementation. 4. Workshops and working groups for joint workshops between annexes. 5. Papers for 18th IEA advanced fuel cells WxCo meeting on 13-14 April 1999 6. Final report of annex VII on SOFC under real operating conditions. 7. EU report on European Commission Directorate General for Energy DGXVII. 8. European Commision Program : THERMIE 9. European Commision Program : JOULE

10. Annual report 1998 : IEA advanced fuel cells implementing agreement. 11. Report on Japanese car company activities on fuel cells. 12. Brochure for Rheinbraun open-cast mining 13. MCFC Japan manufacturer's material list. 14. Reports from 5 countries on lifetime issues in MCFC 15. Condensed report on test procedure and standardization by 6 countries. 16. Reports from 4 countries on survey of control of MCFC plant.

- subtask leaders : no change subtask A : the Netherlands subtask B : Germany subtask C : Japan