18Making Foreign and Defense Policy

Video: The Big Picture 18

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18.3

18.4

Outline the structure of the foreign policy and defense bureaucracy

Evaluate the options for achieving foreign policy and defense goals

Learning Objectives

Video: The Basics

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I. Understanding Foreign Policy and Defense

Lesson Objective: Analyze the questions and responses that shape approaches to U.S. foreign policy and defense

There are different ways in which foreign policy experts view the world. The viewpoints come from our past history, present relationships, and future goals.

18.1

A. Realism Versus Idealism1. Viewpoints like realism and idealism attempt to determine other countries’ intentions and motivations

a. Realism: other nations are interested in their own advancement/ Aggressive self-interest

b. Idealism: nations work together to solve global issues

2. Presidential viewpoints often vary with the individual

18.1

B. Isolationism Versus Internationalism

1. Are America’s best interests are

served by becoming more – or less

– involved? Isolationism v

internationalisma. Human rights

b. Global hunger

c. War on terrorism

18.1

C. Unilateralism Versus Multilateralism

Should the U.S. act unilaterally or multilaterally?1.Military dominance allows us to act unilaterally 2.2. Advantages to multilateralism

1. Global good will2. Military strategy

3. United Nations1. U.S. action within UN gives it international legitimacy

18.1

Food Aid 18.1

1. Pre-emption/Bush Doctrine/Iraq

2. U.S. responses to provocationa. Pearl Harborb. Gulf of Tonkin

18.1D. Pre-emption Versus Provocation

1. Hard powera. Military actionb. Economic sanctions such as cutting off aid and trade

2. Soft powera. Diplomacyb. Foreign Aidc. Influence among nations

18.1E. Hard Power Versus Soft Power

18.1 Which of the following suggests that nations will most often act in their own self-interest?

18.1

a. Isolationism

b. Unilateralism

c. Idealism

d. Realism

18.1 Which of the following suggests that nations will most often act in their own self-interest?

18.1

a. Isolationism

b. Unilateralism

c. Idealism

d. Realism

Video: In Context 18.1

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Learning Objective: Assess the status of each of the issues that currently dominate the foreign policy and defense agenda

Foreign policy has evolved due to globalization and terrorism. Plus, the rise of China and India as global economic powers, and ongoing trouble in the Middle East, Iran and North Korea.

18.2II. The Foreign Policy and Defense Agenda

18.2Camp David

A. Addressing Global Climate Change

1. Kyoto Protocola. correlation between global warming and greenhouse gasesb. Ratified by most industrial nations

2. The U.S. positiona. Balked at fossil-fuel burning restrictionsb. Perceived unfair disadvantage to U.S. economyc. Did not ratify Kyoto Protocol

18.2

B. Controlling Weapons of Mass Destruction

1. Nuclear non-proliferation since end of Cold Wara. Russia and US agreed in 1989 to reduce to 1500b. 2012 US attempted to reduce by another 1500c. Iran and North Korea are the biggest focus

2. Biological and chemical threatsa. Concern regarding rogue nations, non-state actors because

there is no deterrence

18.2

Iran’s nuclear program 18.2

1. Terrorism remains the main threat to national

security.

a. Highly specialized bureaus and agencies within U.S.

departmentsb. Intelligence-gatheringc. Multi-national cooperation

2. Global spread of terrorist activity. London,

Madrid, Moscow, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia.

Its spread is such that it often necessitates a truly

international response, although often headed by U.S.

efforts

18.2C. Fighting Terrorism

Osama Bin Laden 18.2

D. Negotiating Peace in the Middle East

1. U.S. has attempted to broker peace for decades. 2. Oil dependence3. Least developed in terms of democracy, freedom, women’s rights, and education4. Autocratic regimes and economic stagnation fuels Islamic extremism5. Arab Spring has seen the ousting of dictators.

18.2

18.2Peace Corps

E. Promoting Free Trade

1. Nations are increasingly economically dependent

2. US depends on foreign markets there we supports global free-trade efforts. For example, NAFTA

3. Trade with China has been complicateda. human rights abuses

b. cyber attacksc. intellectual property violations

d. US debt purchased from China

18.2

E. Strengthening Democracy and International Understanding1. The geo-strategy of democracy

a. Cold War containmentb. Current role in global security

2. Humanitarianism or stabilization to regimes friendly to the US’s access to raw

materials and markets.3. Foreign Aid

a. grants, loans, loan forgiveness

b. military assistance c. technological modernization assistance

18.2

18.2 Which of the following best illustrates the U.S. commitment to free-trade?

18.2

a. The Kyoto protocol

b. The NAFTA agreement

c. The SALT and START treaties

d. The Peace Corps

18.2 Which of the following best illustrates the U.S. commitment to free-trade?

18.2

a. The Kyoto protocol

b. The NAFTA agreement

c. The SALT and START treaties

d. The Peace Corps

Video: In the Real World

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18.2

III. The Foreign Policy and Defense Bureaucracy

-Because the President is Head of State most foreign and defense policy emanates from Executive Branch.

18.3

A. The National Security Council

1. closely advises president at highest level of foreign policy

2. integrates foreign, military, and economic policies

3. Created by National Security Act 1947

4. Inclusion of V.P., Secretaries of Defense & State, National Security advisor

18.3

1. Overseas all aspects of Global Policiesa. negotiates treaties

b. protect US citizensc. promote commercial interestd. involved with homeland security

2. Embassies/consulates staffed by member of the Foreign Servicea. carry out foreign policy

b. gather economic, political, and intelligence datac. cultivate friendly relations with host government

B. The State Department 18.3

9/11 Commission 18.3

C. Intelligence Agencies

1.CIAa. Provides vital information on which policy decisions are made

b. Reporting (based on close and rigorous observation), analysis (attempt to detect meaningful patterns), and dissemination (getting the right information to the right

people at the right time)

2. The Broader Intelligence Community/12 a.

a. Each agency created for a particular type of intelligence and in order to provide information to an unique client.

b. After 9/11 Congress created the Office of the Director of National Intelligence which coordinates movement of information

18.3

I. Implements defense policyII. Management of the armed forces is headquartered at the PentagonIII. Joint Chiefs of Staff (committee) are heads of the respective Armed forces plus a chair and vice chair

a. chair and vice chair are civilians and act as advisors to the military

IV. Military was conscription based until 1970s. V. Reduction of personnel due to changing nature of warV. Weapons and military contracts are a major US industry. “Military Industrial Complex” as a way to protect jobs

18.3D. The Department of Defense

18.3 Which of the following are the respective heads of the Armed Forces?

18.3

a. The Central Intelligence Agency

b. The Joint Chiefs of Staff

c. The Foreign Service

d. The National Security Council

18.3 Which of the following are the respective heads of the Armed Forces?

18.3

a. The Central Intelligence Agency

b. The Joint Chiefs of Staff

c. The Foreign Service

d. The National Security Council

Explore Foreign and Defense Policy: How Much Does America Spend on Defense?

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18.3

IV. Foreign Policy and Defense Options

Military dominance has not been sufficient in achieving US foreign policy goals. US must rely on soft power alternative.

18.4

Video: Thinking Like a Political Scientist

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18.4

18.4Voting in Egypt

A. Conventional Diplomacy (Soft Power)

1. Maintenance of formal communications between States

a. Embassies, ambassadors, and officials of stateb. “Breaking” diplomatic relations signals an impasse short of military action

2. The United Nations (UN) created to permanently establish a diplomatic forum

a. The UN Security Council consist of US, Russia, France, England, China

18.4

B. Public Diplomacy (Soft Power)

1. Public diplomacy synonymous with public relations2. U.S. seeks to improves its global image with the use of different types of media and “brand marketing”3. U.S. propaganda efforts

a. Voice of America, WWIIb. Campaign for Truth, Cold War4. Office of Global Communication

a. response to 9/11

18.4

C. Foreign Aid (Soft Power)

1.Provides the U.S. another foreign policy options in strategic parts of the world.2. Almost all rich countries provide aid for

both humanitarian and security reasons2. Foreign aid is politically unpopular at home

a. About 1% of federal budget used on foreign aidb. Most aid subsidizes U.S. businesses

18.4

D. Economic Sanctions (Soft Power)

1. Deny exports, imports, aid, or financial relations to targeted country in an effort to change policy

2. Sanctions yield mixed resultsa. South Africa/ apartheid, Libya/nuclear programCuba/embargo, Iran/nuclear program, Ukraine

3. Sanctions affect all economies and be costly to US business while intensifying

US anti-sentiment

18.4

E. Military Action (Hard Power)

1. Reflects the breakdown of soft power2. U.S. has used military action regularly since 17893. U.S. military role as superpower

a. Lessons of Vietnam

4. Tactical considerationsa. Able to deploy troops swiftly and overwhelmingly due to conventional superiorityb. Covert Ops better suited to non-conventional warfare of the 21st century to deal with hot-spots.

18.4

TABLE 18.1: Costs of War 18.4

18.4 About how much of the U.S. federal budget is spent on foreign aid?

18.4

a. 1%

b. 5%

c. 12%

d. 29%

18.4 About how much of the U.S. federal budget is spent on foreign aid?

18.4

a. 1%

b. 5%

c. 12%

d. 29%

Explore the Simulation: You Are the President of the United States During a Foreign Policy Crisis

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18.4

Discussion Question

Is U.S. foreign policy headed in the right direction? Why? Why not?

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Video: So What?

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Further Review: On MyPoliSciLab

Listen to the Chapter Study and Review the Flashcards Study and Review the Practice Tests

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