18 organic chemistry

7/27/2019 18 Organic Chemistry

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Organic Chemistry

Functional Groups



Organic Chemistry

Deals with parent molecules which are

formed by C and H atoms and other molecules which are formed or derivatized

from the parent molecule

– Have attached functional groups which act as

reactive sites – Dictate specific chemical reactivities



Functional Groups

Part of an organic molecule that undergoes

chemical reactions – Same functional group, same types of chemical

reactions

– Determine in large measure, the physical

properties of a compound The units by which we divide organic

compounds into families of compounds

Serve as basis for naming organic compound



Alcohols, R-OH

Contain hydroxy group/s attached to sp3 C

ExampleCH3OH

C

H

H

H

OH

Note: Lone pairs are not shown here and in subsequent structures.



Classification of Alcohols

Dependent on number of carbons bonded to

the carbon bearing the –

OH group – Primary (1o)

– Secondary (20)

– Tertiary (3o)



Methanol poisoning

Coconut lambanog vodka

80 proof (40% ethanol)



Amines, R-NH2

Contain amino group/s, -NH2

Example

C N

H

H

H

H

H

CH3NH2



Classification of Amines

Depends on number of carbons bonded to

nitrogen – Primary (1o)

– Secondary (20)

– Tertiary (3o)



Most simple amines have strong odors.

The odor given off by raw fish is due to an aminethat it contains.

Two particularly foul smelling amines are formed

by decaying flesh.

– Cadaverine (1,5-diaminopentane)

– Putresine (1,4-diaminobutane)

Amines –

Strong Odors

Section 14.4



Many amines have medicinal applications.

Amphetamines raise the glucose level in theblood resulting in less fatigue and hunger.

– These synthetic drugs certainly have legitimate

medical uses, but can be addictive and lead to

insomnia, excessive weight loss, and paranoia. Benzedrine is one type of amphetamine.

Amines - Medicinal

Section 14.4



Aldehydes, R-CHO

Contain a terminal carbonyl group, C=O

Example

C C

H

O

H

H

H

CH3CHO



Formaldehyde



Ketones, R-CO-R

Contain a carbonyl group bonded to two

carbon atoms Example CH3COCH3

C C

O

C

H

H

H

H

H

H



Acetone



Carboxylic Acid, R-COOH

Contain a carboxyl (carbonyl + hydroxyl)

group Example CH3COOH

C C

O

O

H

H

H

H



Formic acid is the simplest

carboxylic acid.

– This is the substance that

causes the painful sting of

insect bites.

Carboxylic Acids

Vinegar is a 5% solution

of acetic acid.

Section 14.4



Identify the functional groups

CH

H

C

OH

H

O

C

H

OH

Lactic acid




CH

H

C

H

NH2

O

C

H

OH

Alanine




CH

H

C

H

H

O

C

H

OHC

O

Acetoacetic acid




CHO

H

OH

H

O

C

H

HC

Glyceraldehyde

18 organic chemistry

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