1. DemocracyGovernment by thepeople; citizens holdthe powerCommunismTotalitarian system ofgovernment in whicha single party controlsstate-owned meansof production; asociety without classdistinctions or privatepropertyFree EnterpriseCapitalismIndividuals own most of theresources used and controltheir use; governmentplays very small role in theeconomy.SocialismGovernment owns andcontrols most of theresources;government playsmajor role in theeconomy.

2. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WARWWII Alliance of Britain and U.S. with Soviet Unionwas pragmatic marriage of convenience to defeatGermany1. Lack of trust of Stalin. unified wartime command atomic bomb2. Soviets believed western allies not sharing load3. Soviet mistreatment of eastern Europeansduring WWII 3. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR: WartimeDiplomacyBig Three Allied leaders were consistently unable to resolve their basicdisagreements over the structure of post-war Europe Tehran Conference (November 1943) U.S. and Britainwould open a secondfront within sixmonths Allies would createa post-warinternationalorganizationStalin, Roosevelt & Churchill at Tehran, 1943 4. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR : WartimeDiplomacy Yalta Conference (January-February 1945) Loose set of principles that avoided the most divisive issues. Division of Germany (and Berlin) into four zones of occupation;Reunification of Germany at a future date; process not specified Soviets would enter Pacific warwithin 3 months after Germanyhad been defeated United Nations Poland free elections at someunspecified date after the warChurchill, Roosevelt and Stalin at Yalta, February 1945 5. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR : WartimeDiplomacy United Nations Formed (April 1945) Security Council 11 members Permanent seats with veto power for U.S., Britain,France, China and USSR General Assembly Secretariat Secretary-General International Court of Justice 6. Trumans Fair Deal programcalled for improved housingfull employmenta higher minimum wagebetter farm price supportsNew Tennessee Valley Administrations extension of Social Security.Point Four Programfinancial support of poor, underdeveloped landskeep underprivileged peoples from becoming communists.In 1948, President Trumans Executive Order 9981 ordered theintegration of the armed forces shortly after World War II, a majoradvance in civil rights. 7. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR : WartimeDiplomacy Potsdam Conference (July-Aug. 1945) Reparations: Stalin allowed totake 25% of West Germanindustry Nazi leaders: to be tried aswar criminals atNuremberg Poland: Free elections Japan: Unconditionalsurrender Korea: to be temporarilydivided Churchill, Truman and Stalin at Potsdam 8. Iron CurtainSpeech Churchill used phrase March1946 Represents the Soviet-madebarrier splitting Europe intonon-Communist WesternEurope and CommunistEastern Europe Became symbol of the ColdWar 9. NATO 10. President Trumans plan (containment)to aid $$$ and rebuild a war torn EuropeMarshall Plan offered financial aid of$13 billion.U.S. benefited by forming traderelationships with Europe.Left a legacy of European friendship andtrans Atlantic cooperation Stalin thought it was trick Western European economies thrived Helped stop spread of communismmarshallSecretary of StateGeorge C. MarshallHelped to limit communist appeals in Western Europe in the aftermathof WWIICold War PropagandaDemocracy/Capitalism vs. Communism 11. marshallFood, animal feed,fertilizer, fuel, rawmaterials andproduction equipmentwere among some ofthe goods shared 12. Truman Doctrine March 12, 1947 Greece and Turkey indanger of falling tocommunist insurgents Truman requested$400 million fromCongress in aid toboth countries. Successful effort Stalin saw containmentpolicy as encirclementby capitalist world toisolate Soviet Union 13. Truman Doctrine/Marshall Plan 3.59 14. Containment Policy George F. Kennan, Senior State Department official,posted to USSR during war. Containment was a United States policy usingmilitary, economic, and diplomatic strategies to stallthe spread of communism, enhance Americassecurity and influence abroad, and prevent a"domino effect". 15. Berlin Airlift Blockade of Berlinbegan on June 24, 48by Stalin/USSR Was an attempt to takeover the Western ofBerlin From June 1948 to May1949, U.S. and Britishplanes airlift 1.5 milliontons of supplies to theresidents of WestBerlin. After 200,000 flights,the Soviet Union liftsthe blockade. An important STANDby Truman toCONTAIN Communismfrom spreading Domino Theory 16. Berlin Airlift and NATO 5.00 17. 1949 Fall of China In June, Jiang Jieshidefeated by Mao Flee to island of Taiwan Oct 1, Mao proclaimsPeoples Republic ofChina (PRC) Two months later, Maotravels to Moscow, negotiates the Sino-Soviet Treaty ofFriendship, Alliance andMutual Assistance. 18. 1950-1953, North Koreainvades South Korea.North Korea was acommunist nation andSouth Korea was ademocracy.Truman orders U.S. forcesto assist the South KoreansFirst war ofcontainment policy tostop communismPolice Action not adeclared warPresident Truman leadsUnited Nations.General DouglasMacArthur commands USand UN troops.Called forgotten war. 19. 1950s music 20. Nickname: "Ike"Born: Oct. 14,1890, in TexasDied: March 28,1969, inWashington, D.C.Education:Graduate of WestPointWWII: SupremeAlliedCommanderduring WWII- D-Day34th President: Republican, 1953to 1961VP: Richard Nixon 21. On June 22, 1944,President Franklin D.Roosevelt had signedthe "Servicemen'sReadjustment Actof 1944"GI Bill ofRights 22. GOAL:Enhance our nation through a more highlyeducated and productive work forceGI Bill provided 6benefitseducation and trainingLoans for a home, farm, or businessunemployment pay of $20 a week for 52weeksjob-finding assistanceEligible for GI BillBenefitsWWII veteran, served 90 days or more afterSeptember 16, 1940 and a honorabledischarge.Total cost of theWorld War IIProgram ended July 25,1956educationprogram was$14.5 billion.Of the 15,440,000 veterans, some 7.8 millionwere trained. 23. The GI Bill of rights spurred the first substantial expansion of higher education by promisingreturning veterans a chance to attend college. These students enrolling at Harvard University inSeptember 1946, were the greatest enrollment in the university's history to that date: of the11,700 students who registered, veterans constituted nearly 75%, a third of whom weremarried. More than two million veterans attended college under the first GI Bill. 24. GI FORUM Founded byHector P. Garciaand the HispanicAmericanVeterans of WWII 25. AN AFFLUENT SOCIETY: Economic Prosperity Regional Growth: The Sunbelt Warmer climate, lower taxes, lower labor costs Military spending Geographical Migration to the West CoastPopulation Change, 1950-1960 26. The Culture of the CarThe U. S. population was on the move in the1950s.NE & Mid-W ---> S & SW (Sunbelt states) 27. Baby BoomersDuring GreatDepression,birthrate andpopulationdecreased.Post WWII, bothincreaseSchool Enrollment of childrenIt seems to me that every other younghousewife I see is pregnant.British visitor to America, 1958.1957 ------- 1 baby born every7 seconds 28. Suburban LivingLevittown, L. I.: The American Dream1949 William Levitt produced150 houses per week.$7,990 or $60/month with no downpayment. 29. Suburban LivingSHIFTS IN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION,1940-19701940 1950 1960 1970Central Cities 31.6% 32.3% 32.6% 32.0%Suburbs 19.5% 23.8% 30.7% 41.6%Rural Areas/ 48.9% 43.9% 36.7% 26.4%Small TownsU. S. Bureau of the Census. 30. AN AFFLUENT SOCIETY: Growth of SuburbsREASONS FOR THE GROWTH OF SUBURBS Growth of families (baby boom) Home-ownership became more affordable Low-interest mortgage loans govt-backed & interest tax-deductable Mass-produced subdivisions Expressways facilitated commuting Decline in inner city housing stock Also: congestion, pollution Race white flight 31. Suburban LivingThe Typical TV Suburban FamiliesThe DonnaReed Show1958-1966Leave It toBeaver1957-1963Father Knows Best1954-1958The Ozzie & Harriet Show1952-1966 32. ConsumerismAmericans were caught up in the economic boomthat took place after WWII1950 --> Introduction of the Diners Card 33. What were people buying? LIST at least 5 34. Highway Act of 1956by Eisenhower42,000 miles of interstate highways linking majorcitiesImprove national defenseGood for jobs, truckingBad for the poor, public transportation 35. The Culture of the CarCar registrations:1945 --> 25,000,0001960 --> 60,000,0002-family cars doubles from 1951-1958 36. The Culture ofthe Car1959 Chevy Corvette1958 Pink Cadillac 37. Television1946 --> 7,000 TV sets in the U. S.1950 --> 50,000,000 TV sets in the U. S.Television is a vast wasteland --> NewtonMinnow, Chairman of FederalCommunications Commission, 1961RADIO ANDTELEVISIONOWNERSHIP,19401960Mass AudienceTV celebrated traditional American values:Superman-----Truth, Justice, and the American way! 38. TelevisionFamily Shows --> glossy view of mostly middle-classsuburban life.I Love Lucy Alice Kramden,The HoneymoonersWally and theBeav 39. Popular CultureConsumer-driven mass economyAdvertising All media, aggressive Shopping centers, credit cards Change from mom & pop tofranchisesRecords Mass-marketed, inexpensive LPsor 45s Rock and Roll music becomespopular with teenagers 40. Teen Culture developed (freetime, spending money) teenager consumerism By 1956, 13 million teens with $7billion to spend a year. Rock and Roll Elvis Presley James Dean, Rebel without aCause juvenile delinquencyMarlon Brando inThe Wild One(1953)In the 1950s --> the word teenager entered theAmerican language.1956 --> 13 mil. teens with $7 billion to spend a year. 41. Stop after beat generation 1.50 42. Teen CultureThe Beatnik Generation:* Jack Kerouac --> On The Road* Allen Ginsberg --> poem, Howl* Neal Cassady* William S. BurroughsA man is beat whenever he goes for broke and wagersthe sum of his resources on a single number; and theyoung generation has done that continually from earlyyouth------------John Clellan HolmsJack Kerouac is said to have responded:Were a beat generation!Against traditional values of the Great Depressions andWWII generation (their parents)Would influence the counter-culture of the 1960s 43. Well-Defined Gender RolesThe ideal modern woman married, cooked andcared for her family, and kept herself busy byjoining the local PTA and leading a troop of CampfireGirls. She entertained guests in her familyssuburban house and worked out on the trampoline tokeep her size 12 figure.-- Life magazine, 1956TheHousewifeThe ideal 1950s man was the provider, protector,and the boss of the house. -- Life magazine, 19551956 William H. Whyte, Jr. The Organization ManA a middle-class,white suburbanmale is the ideal.FamilyMan 44. CONSENSUS AND CONFORMITY: Organized Labor Taft-Hartley Act (Labor Management Relations Act of 1947) Unions big, powerful and more conservative Merger AFL and CIO in 1955 blue collar workers - enjoying middle-class incomes and benefits Goal: preserve and extend compensationLabor UnionMembership,1920-1992 45. Religious RevivalCONSENSUS AND CONFORMITY: Religion Organized religion expandeddramatically after WW2 church/synagogue membershipsreached highest level in US history 1940 64,000,000; 1960 114,000,000 thousands of new churches andsynagogues built in suburbs Why?? more a means of socialization andbelonging than evidence of interest indoctrine? atmosphere of tolerance stage of life?Billy Graham 46. Progress Through Science1951 -- First IBM (commercial)Mainframe Computer1952 -- Hydrogen Bomb TestENIAC, first mainframe computer, 19451953 -- DNA Structure Discovered1954 -- Polio Vaccine Tested Jonas Salk1957 -- First Commercial U. S. NuclearPower Plant1958 -- NASA Created Automation: 1947-1957 -factory workers decreased by4.3%, eliminating 1.5 millionblue-collar jobs. 47. Social equality vs. legal equality Which way will the scale tip? 48. Sweatt vs. Painter 49. December 1955, Rosa Parks, a 42 yr. oldBlack woman was ordered by aMontgomery bus driver to give up herseat to white passengers.Rosa parksRefused, arrested and fined$10 for sitting in the whitesection.Blacks refused to ridebuses until the law waschanged.Begins the Civil Rights Eraas a national movement tobring about equality forBlack Americans. 50. Montgomery Bus BoycottOn December 5, 1955,through the rain, theAfrican Americans inMontgomery began toboycott the busses.Led by Martin LutherKing, Jr. and RosaParks40,000 Black commuterswalked to work, some asfar as twenty miles.The boycott lasted 382days. ($$$)The bus companiesfinances struggled. Untilthe law that called forsegregation on busses 51. Mont Bus Boycott 3.00 52. MLK: Career As A Leader CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE/Passive Resistance-These included practicing non-violenceand passive resistance (sit-ins, boycotts,freedom rides, etc.) as encouraged by Dr.King. In 1955 he became involved in TheMontgomery Bus Boycott. The Boycottwas the start to his incredible career asthe most famous leader of the Civil Rightsmovement. He went on to deliver numerous powerfulspeeches promoting peace anddesegregation. Before he was assassinated in 1968, hewon the Nobel Peace Prize. 53. Brown vs. Board of Education,Topeka, KansasMay 1954, the Supreme Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and the"separate but equal" doctrine.Segregation of children in public schools on the basis of race wasunconstitutional and discrimination.States ordered to integrate their schools.Brown vs. board 54. A single, dangling light bulb and acoal-burning stove show theconditions at some black schoolsin Jefferson County. Birminghamschools were not integrated untilSeptember 1963.Birmingham News, First Published Feb 2006 55. Civil Rights Act of 1957-1st Civil Rights legislation since Civil WarAmendments-OUTLAWED Segregation in PUBLIC PLACES 56. little rockCentral High School in Little Rock, Arkansas was the first high school inthe South to integrate.1958, President Eisenhower sent Federal troops to accompany the nineblack students attending an all white high school... 57. U.S. paratroopers in full battle dress escort 9 black children -- three boys and six girls -- onSeptember 25, 1957, in Little Rock, Arkansas into Central High School after President Eisenhowerdecided the day before to send federal troops and bring the state under federal control toprotect black children against white demonstrators. The Federal troops kept the children awaywhile a crowd of over 400 white men and women jeered 'Go home, ni*****'. Today, CentralHigh School is an accredited comprehensive public high school and a national historic site. 58. Little Rock Nine 4.45 59. SIT IN1960, Greensboro,NC sit in at aWoolworths lunchcounterBlacks were notallowed to sit at thecounter because ofJim Crow laws. 60. GREENSBORO SIT-INS (1960) 61. Dien Bien Phu, Vietnam After a long siege,Vietnamese communistsunder Ho Chi Minh defeatFrench colonial forces atDien Bien Phu on May 7,1954. In July, the GenevaAccords divide thecountry at the 17thparallel, creating a Northand South Vietnam. The United Statesassumes the chiefresponsibility of providinganti-communist aid toSouth Vietnam. 62. Sputnik 1957 On October 4 the SovietUnion launches Sputnik, thefirst man-made satellite toorbit the Earth. In 1958, the U.S. creates theNational Aeronautics andSpace Administration, and thespace race is in full gear. The Russians have beatenAmerica in spacetheyhave the technologicaledge! 63. 1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK IEffects on theUnited StatesAmericans fear a Sovietattack with missiletechnologyAmericans resolved to regain technologicalsuperiority over the Soviet Union- Man on the MoonIn July 1958, President Eisenhower created NASA orNational Aeronautics and Space Agency1958 --> National Defense Education Act-MATH/SCIENCE 64. Bomb Shelter 65. Duck and CoverGeneration 66. Red scare/HUAC 5.32 67. House Committee forUn-AmericanActivities193875, Congressinvestigated Americanssuspected as communists HUAC committee warned ofcivil rights violations.Witnesses who refused toanswer were cited forcontempt of Congress.State Department official Alger Hiss foundguilty of spying & sentenced to 10 yrs in prisonRichard Nixon, Congressmen from Californiawas part of the HUAC that investigated AlgerHiss. 68. Hollywood TenWalt Disney1947 investigation led to prison sentences forcontempt known as the Hollywood Ten.red scare3Blacklisted: a list of persons who are under suspicion, disfavor, orcensure, or who are not to be hired, served, or otherwise accepted.Walt Disney was questioned before HUAC as well SERIOUSLY?!?!? 69. The project produced some of the mostimportant breakthroughs for westerncounter-intelligence in this period. The project was one of the most sensitivesecrets of United States intelligence. Itremained secret for over a decade after itended and was not officially declassifieduntil 1995.a counter-intelligence programinitiated by the United StatesConfirmed soviet ties ofJulius and Ethel Rosenberg 70. Red Scare was Americans response to thefear of CommunismSenator Joseph McCarthy accused 205 USGovt. officials of being Communist.McCarthyism to destroy or assassinate onescharacter without proof and it ruined thecareers of many Americans.Became a witch hunt that led to Americanspledging a loyalty oath to the United States.USA added IN GOD WE TRUST to money and inthe Pledge of Allegiance to promoteDemocracy/Loyaltyred scare 71. McCarthyism stop at 4.30 72. 1959 - Castro takes power January 1, 1959communist forcesunder Fidel Castrotakeover in CUBA Castro nationalizesthe sugar industryand signs tradeagreements with theSoviet Union. The next year,Castro seizes U.S.assets on the island.