1820 - 1861. definition: the idea that expansion across the american continent was both justified...
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PRE-CIVIL WAR1820 - 1861
Manifest DestinyDefinition:
The idea that expansion across the American continent was both justified and inevitable.
By the 1840’s the United States had a booming economy and population. America looked West to what they saw as a vast wilderness, ready to be taken.
Manifest Destiny
Some people believed it was America’s Manifest Destiny to settle the land all the way to the Pacific Ocean in order to spread democracy.
Manifest Destiny
“The American claim is by right of our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and our democratic government entrusted to us. It is a right such as that of the tree to the space of air and earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth…”•John O’Sullivan – reporter for the NY Morning News, Dec. 27, 1845
“Washington D.C. is not a place to live in. The rents are high, the food is bad, the dust is disgusting and the morals are deplorable. Go West, young man, go West and grow up with the country”
By: Horace Greeley Editor of NY Tribune Nov. 15, 1871
“American Progress” by John Gast 1872
The push across the continent would bring conflict between two sides.
Those who opposed slavery, and those who were for it.
Slavery
Slavery Slavery has been a part of many
human civilizations throughout history.
Slavery first came to the America’s when the Spanish enslaved the Native Americans in the Caribbean.
The first few slaves arrived in America around 1620.
They were brought to Jamestown along with many indentured servants.
Slavery
Indentured servants were homeless people, criminals, or the unwanted people in English society.
Slavery
This continued for the next several decades.
Eventually the use of indentured servants came to an end and they were replaced by slaves.
Slavery
Slaves were brought over to America from Africa on slave ships.
They were captured by rival tribes in Africa and then sold to slave traders.
Slavery
This was not racism at first. They were chosen because they were immune to diseases and they were good farmers.
Over time racism began to be part of slavery.
Slavery
The first official slave owner in America was an African American named Anthony Johnson. This was in 1655.
Most slave owners were white, but there were free African American slave owners as well.
Slavery
During the time of slavery, slaves lived very harsh lives. They worked long days, were beaten, whipped, and even killed. They were treated badly in many other ways as well.
Life As A Slave
Slaves were treated as property, rather than people.
Many arguments, compromises, and decisions made about slavery tore the United States apart and divided the country.
Life As A Slave
Between 1820 and 1860 more northerners began to realize the horrors and injustices of slavery.
(They did not want social and political equality for blacks, but they wanted to end slavery)
Life As A Slave
Early Emancipation in the NorthEarly Emancipation in the North
Sectionalism With these divisions Americans began
to feel an exaggerated loyalty to the region in which they lived.
This exaggerated loyalty is known as sectionalism.
States Rights The South was especially vocal with the
idea of states rights.
This is the idea that the states should have more power than the federal government, and should be able
to decide things for themselves.
(ex: deciding on whether to have slavery or not)
North & South Differences The differences between the North
and South in climate and geography eventually led to different life styles and arguments over slavery.
North & South Differences
The North’s land and weather was not very good to grow cash crops.
This led the North to evolve into an area where the economy was based on manufacturing.
North & South Differences
The South had rich soil and favorable weather to grow cash crops.
This led the South to evolve into an area where the economy was based on agriculture.
North• No slavery (for the
most part)
• Had a manufacturing economy
• Wanted to be a whole nation
• 22 states
North & South Differences
South
• Had slavery
• Had an agrarian economy
• Wanted to be its own nation
• 11 states
North & South Differences
The first major compromise happened when Missouri and Maine applied for statehood.
At the time there were 11 free states and 11 slave states.
A senator named Henry Clay worked out a compromise.
Missouri Compromise 1820
Missouri Compromise 1820
The Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave
state and Maine as a free state.
It also banned slavery in the north part of the Louisiana Territory.
This compromise kept the amount of slave and free states equal at 12.
No slavery above this
line.
Missouri Compromise 1820
This compromise was a series of five separate bills.
It was hoped to be the “final settlement” between the North and the South to avoid war.
Compromise of 1850
Compromise of 1850
1. California would be admitted as a free state.
2. New Mexico would have no restrictions on slavery.
3. The New Mexico/Texas border dispute would be decided in favor of New Mexico.
4. The slave trade would be abolished in the District of Columbia.
Compromise of 1850
5. Fugitive Slave ActThis required all citizens from the North and South to help catch
runaway slaves.
This compromise ended the balance of free states(16) and slave states (15).
Compromise of 1850
Kansas – Nebraska Act 1854
Popular Sovereignty is when people get to choose whether to have something or not.
This act allowed Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether or not to have slavery by using popular sovereignty.
It also repealed part of the Missouri Compromise, and now allowed slavery in the northern Louisiana Territory.
Slavery now allowed
above this line.
Kansas – Nebraska Act 1854
Kansas – Nebraska Act 1854
This act created a situation called “Bleeding Kansas”, or when pro and anti- slavery forces fought each other.
“Tragic Prelude” By: John Steuart Curry
Kansas – Nebraska Act 1854
The Republican Party was also created because of
opposition to this act.
They believed slavery should not be legal
anywhere.
By: John L. Magee 1856 – “Forcing Slavery Down the Throat of a
Freesoiler”
Abolitionist Movement Abolitionists were
people in the early 1800’s that wanted to abolish or end slavery in America.
Their efforts to end slavery became known as the Abolitionist Movement.
The Underground Railroad was a system that helped slaves follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North.
It was not a real railroad, and it was not really underground.
Underground Railroad
Underground Railroad
Those who helped the slaves along the routes were known as “conductors”.
Underground Railroad
Harriet Tubman was an African-American
abolitionist.
She was a former slave.
Harriet Tubman
Harriet led over 300 slaves to freedom as a conductor on the Underground
Railroad.
Harriet Tubman
She was also a Union spy during the Civil War.
Harriet Tubman
“There was one of two things I had a right to: liberty or death. If I could not have one, I would take the other, for no man should take me alive. I should fight for liberty as long as my strength lasted.” By: Harriet Tubman
Harriet Tubman
Fredrick was a famous abolitionist.
He was known for his great speeches.
He proved the Southern argument wrong that
slaves could not function as normal citizens.
Fredrick Douglass
“What to the American slave is your Fourth of July? I answer a day that reveals to him more than all other days of the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. To him your celebration is a sham; your boasted liberty an unholy license; your sounds of rejoicing are empty and heartless. There is not a nation of the earth guilty of practices more shocking and bloody than are the people of these United States at this very hour.”
-Frederick Douglass (Fourth of July Speech 1852)
Sojourner was also a famous abolitionist and women’s rights’ activist.
She was the first black woman to sue a white man and win.
She did this to get her son back.
Sojourner Truth
"Well, children, where there is so much racket, there must be something out of kilter. I think that 'twixt the Negroes of the South and the women of the North, all talking about rights, the white men will be in a fix pretty soon.”
-Sojourner Truth (Ain’t I A Woman Speech 1851)
William Lloyd Garrison published the abolitionist newspaper called The Liberator.
His newspaper inspired the abolitionist movement to grow by making Northerners aware of the evils of slavery.
William Lloyd Garrison
“Where there is a human being, I see God-given rights…”
-William Lloyd Garrison
“I am aware that many object to the severity of my language; but is there not cause for severity? I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject, I do not wish to think, or to speak, or write, with moderation. No! No! Tell a man whose house is on fire to give a moderate alarm; – but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest – I will not equivocate – I will not excuse – I will not retreat a single inch – AND I WILL BE HEARD.”
-William Lloyd Garrison (First issue of The Liberator 1831)
Harriet wrote “Uncle Toms Cabin” in 1852.
This book is credited with exposing the cruelty of slavery.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
"The writer (herself), has given only a faint shadow, a dim picture, of the anguish and despair that are, at this very moment, riving thousands of hearts, shattering thousands of families, and driving a helpless and sensitive race to frenzy and despair. There are those living who know the mothers whom this accursed traffic has driven to the murder of their children; and themselves seeking in death a shelter from woes more dreaded than death.”
Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852
Dred Scott was a slave who was taken to live in free states. When Dred returned to Missouri he sued his owner.
His argument was that since he had lived in states that outlawed slavery, then he should have his freedom.
His case reached the Supreme Court in 1857.
Dred Scott Decision 1857
"The question before us is, whether [people of African ancestry]...compose a portion of this people, and are constituent members of this sovereignty? We think they are not, and that they are not included, and were not intended to be included, under the word 'citizens' in the Constitution, and can therefore claim none of the rights and privileges which that instrument provides for and secures to citizens of the United States."Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, presenting the opinion of the Supreme Court in Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857
The Supreme Court ruled that slaves were property, and that no laws could be passed that prohibited slavery.
Dred Scott Decision 1857
Lincoln-Douglas Debates These were a series of debates
between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas.
These debates were held for the 1858 Illinois senate seat.
The debates brought the issue of slavery to national
attention.
Lincoln felt the country could not survive having both free and slave states.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
"A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half-slave and half-free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved - I do not expect the house to fall - but I do expect it will cease to be divided…It will become all one thing or all the other."
Lincoln's 'House-Divided' Speech in Springfield, Illinois, June 16, 1858.
• Douglas was for popular sovereignty.
• Lincoln lost the election, but it gave him national recognition to help him win the presidency in 1860.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Raid on Harpers Ferry 1859
Abolitionist John Brown wanted to start a slave uprising in the South.
In 1859 Brown and his men attacked the federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
He hoped to steal the weapons and give them to slaves to start an uprising.
When federal troops arrived, they killed some of Brown’s men, and captured Brown.
Raid on Harpers Ferry 1859
Brown was convicted of treason and was executed.
Northerner's mourned Brown’s death, while the South rejoiced.
Raid on Harpers Ferry 1859
"I, John Brown, am quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood. I had, as I now think vainly, flattered myself that without very much bloodshed it might be done."- Final written words of radical abolitionist John Brown, recorded on the day of his death by hanging, December 2, 1859
Lincoln was elected president in 1860.
Lincoln being elected was the main cause of the start of the Civil War.
Lincoln Elected President 1860
Confederate States of America
Southerners were outraged at the election of Lincoln.
Many felt they no longer had a voice in the national government and that Lincoln would try to end slavery.
Confederate States of America
Many believed their only choice was to secede, or withdraw from the Union.
South Carolina was the first state to secede on December 20, 1860.
Confederate States of America
Lincoln did not believe that the South had the right to secede.
Before negotiations took place, Confederate military forces seized federal military forts in the South.
On April 12, 1861 Confederate forces fired on Union forces at Fort Sumter in South Carolina.
This marked the beginning of the Civil War.
Confederate States of America
Lincoln Declares War
Lincoln then declared war on the South.
Lincoln’s main goal in the beginning of the war was to keep the Union together.
The original goal was NOT TO END SLAVERY!
