1848-1914

*Agricultural Revolution Came First. 1. Great Britain led the Way 2. Migration from Rural to Urban (Poor Living

Conditions) 3. Proletarianization of the Workforce (Poor

Working Conditions) 4. Transportation Revolution (Railroads) 5. Chartism = First Large-scale European

Working Class Political Movement

The Industrial Revolution In Pictures

Thomas Malthus- “Population grows faster than food supply,” and thus we are doomed to cyclical periods of famine, war, and poverty.

David Ricardo-”Iron Law of Wages,” Populations goes up and wages down, population down and wages up.

JEREMY BENTHAM JOHN STUART MILL

“The Greatest Good for the Greatest Number”

SAINT-SIMON

CHARLES FOURIER

ROBERT OWEN

LOUIS BLANC

AUGUSTE BLANQUI (VIOLENT)

JOSEPH PROUDHON (PEACEFUL)

Karl Marx Quotes of the

Communist Manifesto 1. “The history of the

world is the history of class struggles.” (Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat )

2. “From each according to his ability to each according to his need.”

3. “Religion is the opium of the masses.”

"The Soldier and the Diplomat“

After the Congress of Vienna (1815), Most of Italy was Under Foreign Rule Austria - North Spain - South France - in Rome

The Kingdom of Sardinia would Lead the Struggle for Unification

King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia Appointed Count Camillo Cavour as Prime Minister in 1852

Cavour did the most to Unify Italy and he Coined the term Risorgimento

Cavour Arranged for French Help (Napoleon III) to Drive Austria out of Northern Italy

Sardinia Entered the Crimean War on France's Side (1853 - 1856) against Russia

Cavour Provoked Austria to Attack Sardinia, and then France Drove Austria out of Northern Italy

In 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi and his Red Shirts (1,000) drove the Spanish Rulers out of Sicily and all of Southern Italy

In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was Crowned King of a Unified Italy

1. Economic Division between the North (Industry) and South (Agriculture)

2. Tension between the Pope and the New Government

3. Republicans Demanded more Liberal Changes in the Government as only 1 in 30 Italian Men had the Right to Vote

4 Million Italians Emigrated to the U.S. from 1860 to 1910

BARRIERS TO GERMAN UNIFICATION:

1. Other Countries feared and opposed German Unity, especially Austria

2. Many German States wanted to maintain their Customs and Independence, especially the Catholics in the South

1. Strong Military - Militarism = Glorification of War

2. Organized Government – Same Ruling Family for 250 Years

3. Economic Strength – Third Largest Economy in the World by 1862

“I never Smile. Too much work

to be done.”

In 1862, King William I of Prussia appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister

"Real Politik" = Politics of Reality

Nicknamed the "Iron Chancellor“

Bismarck Believed in Uniting Germany through "Blood and Iron“ (“Blute en Izen!!”)

1. Prussia and Austria vs. Denmark = 7 Days War (1864)

2. Prussia vs. Austria = 7 Weeks War (1866)

3. Franco - Prussian War = 7 Months War (1870 – 1871)

Bismarck Edits the Ems Dispatch to Start the War

At the Battle of Sedan, Napoleon III and 100,000 French Troops were Captured

William I declared Kaiser The New German Empire was

called The Second Reich

1. Uniform Legal System 2. Uniform Currency 3. Railroads, Mail and Telegraph Services were

all Coordinated

Bismarck Passes Laws to Give the Workers of Germany Accident, Health and Old Age Insurance (1880’s)

William II became Kaiser in 1888 and in 1890 Bismarck Resigned

William II Pursued an Aggressive Foreign Policy to Acquire Overseas Colonies

Russia was Predominantly an Agriculture Economy based on Serfdom

Serfs were over 80% of the Population

What is a Serf???

Russia was an Autocracy =

Place where the Ruler has Unlimited Power (Czar)

In 1825, the Decembrists Revolt tried to Establish a Constitutional Limited Monarchy in Russia

Nicholas I Crushed the Decembrists Revolt and Ruled Russia with an Iron Hand Crushed Peasant Revolts

Formed Czar’s Secret Police

No Freedom of Speech or Press

1. Emancipated the Serfs (1861)

2. Allowed Freedom of Speech and Freedom of the Press

3. Allowed Locally Elected Assemblies called Zemstovs (More Schools)

Alexander II was Assassinated by

Radicals (Anarchists) in 1881

After his Father's Death, Alexander III Returned to a Repressive Policy

Instituted a Policy of Russification = All People in Russia have to speak the Russian Language and adopt the Russian Orthodox Religion

Pogroms = Murderous Raids on Jewish Communities

Last Czar of Russia In 1894, Nicholas II becomes Czar and Continues

a Policy of Repression Russia starts to Industrialize under Nicholas II's

Rule In 1905, Russia was Beaten by Japan in the

Russo-Japanese War The Revolution of 1905 broke out in response to

Russia's Defeat by Japan 1,000 Workers are Killed on Bloody Sunday

(January 22, 1905) To Stop the Uprising, Czar Nicholas II created a

National Assembly called the Duma

“OPEN FIRE!”

The Austrian Empire

After Austria was Defeated by Prussia they were forced to Compromise with the Hungarians over Autonomy = Self Government

Hungarians are the Second Largest Group in Austria

Francis Joseph: Created the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary (1867)

1. Emperor of Austria would also be the King of Hungary

2. Acted Together in Foreign Affairs

3. Each has their Own Constitution and Parliament

Nationalism was still a Problem in Austria-Hungary as other Nationalities wanted Autonomy

“THE SICK MAN OF EUROPE” – As they were Expected to Collapse at Any Time

Nationalist Revolts were Breaking out on the Balkan Peninsula

Russia helped the Slavic Peoples and Threatened to Dominate the Balkan Peninsula

The Congress of Berlin (1878) was held to Settle Disputed in the Balkans

1. Created independent Nations of Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro and Romania as Buffer States

2. Ottoman Empire received some Land Back 3. Austria-Hungary was given Bosnia as a

Mandate for 30 Years

4. Hostilities Arise between Austria-Hungary and Russia over the Balkan Peninsula

Russia got Zilch, Zippo, Nada!!!