A SANSKRIT-ENGLISHDICTIONARYETYMOLOGICALLY AND PHILOLOGICALLY ARRANGEDWITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TOGREEK, LATIN, GOTHIC, GERMAN, ANGLO-SAXON,AND OTHER COGNATE INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGESBYMONIERWILLIAMS,M.A.BODEN PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.AT THE CLARENDON PRESS.SOLD BY HENRYFROWDE,AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS.WAREHOUSE, 7,PATERNOSTERROW, LONDON;AND BY W. II. ALLEN AND CO.13,WATERLOOPLACE,LONDON.MDCC LXXII.[All rights reserved]PK333IMtPREFACE.AWORKof the kind here submitted to the students of Sanskrit must be left toproveits usefulnessbyactualexperiment.Nevertheless theplanof thepresent Dictionaryis sonovel that I must cravepermissionto introduce it with alonger explanationthanmightotherwise be needed. To conduce togreaterclearness Ipropose distributing my prefatorystatements under thefollowing separateheads:1. Reasons forundertakinga New SanskritDictionary.2. Plan andArrangementof the PresentWork.3. Extent of Sanskrit Literaturecomprehended.4.Alphabet -andSystemof Transliterationemployed.5.PrincipalSources drawnuponin the Process ofCompilation.6. Aids andEncouragementsreceived.7. Defects and Inconsistenciesacknowledged.SECTION 1.Reasonsforunder-takingaNewSanskritDictionary.In the forefront must beplacedthegrowing importance assigned by philologiststo theoldest branch of thegreat Indo-European speech-stem,of whichEnglishis a modern offshoot.Anintricatelanguagedestined tooccupytheforemost rankthroughoutEuropeasan instrumentoflinguistic trainingneedsgreaterfacilities for itsacquisition.Somemaysmile at the idea ofanyOrientallanguage acquiring greaterweightas an instrument oftraining amongOccidentalpeopleswhosevigorousmental facultiesrequirea more suitabledisciplinefor theirdevelopment.Be itremembered,however,that Sanskritis,in onesense,thepropertyofEuropeas well as ofIndia. Itsrelationshiptosomeofourownlanguagesis ascloseastosomeof theHindu dialects.It is abetterguidethaneitherGreekorLatintothestructure,historicalconnection, andcorrelationofthewholeIndo-Europeanfamily.It is amoretrustworthyauthorityin thesolution ofreconditephilological problems.Itsstudyinvolvesamentaldisciplinenottobesurpassed.Not even the mostsuperficialobserver canpossiblybe blind to the educational movementnowspreading everywhere. Perhaps, however,some ofus,trained under the oldsystem,arescarcely yetalive to the forces which are at work forinfusingnewblood(ifImaybe allowedthephrase)into the wholebodyof ourteaching.Notonlymust Greek and Latin betaughtmorethoroughlyandscientifically,iftheyare to hold their own as the best trainers ofthoughtand enforcers ofaccuracy*,but modernlanguagesand modern literaturecannolongerbethrustaside oronly employedto fillupthegapsin oursystemof instruction. All the nations of the*Thoroughnessin ourteachingofGreekandLatinwill never standits connectionwithLatin ineverypartof itsgrammaticalbe effected untilwe lead ourpupilsto look more into theinti- structure. I hail such an excellent work as the'Historicalmateinternalconstitution of theselanguagesin their correlation Grammar of the FrenchTongue by AugusteBrachet,'trans-to each other and to the other members oftheAryan family.latedbythe Rev. G.W.Kitchin,as an evidence that we areTothis end Sanskrit isindispensable.Frenchagainwill neverbeginningto realizethedefects in ourpresentsystemoflinguisticbetaughtas itoughtto be till ourboysare made to under-training.VIPREFACE.civilized world arebeingdrawn into closer intercommunion. Therapidadvance of science inEngland,Germany,France,andItalyhas forced natural scienceuponus as anecessaryelementofall mentalculture,makingalsoaninterchangeofthoughtbetweenthese countriesindispensable.Easternlanguagestoo,both Semitic andAryan,arepressing peremptorilyon the attention ofourUniversities*.HebrewandAramaic must nowbe studiedbyall ouryounger clergy,iftheyaretoholdtheir owninthe conflict oftheological partiesorpresentaboldfronttowardsscepticalassailants. AknowledgeofArabicis essential to aright understandingof theliterature, religion,andsocial institutionsofthemillionsofourMuslimfellow-subjects.Someofthe dialectsofIndiamustbemasteredbyallwho have communicationwiththetensofmillionsofourHindubrethren.Lastly,all thebranches of the twogreatstems ofspeechare nowprovedto be socloselyinter-dependent,andthepermutationsof soundsinpassingthroughthevaryingorgansofvaryingtypesof the humanfamilyareshewntoobeysuchcuriouslydefinitelaws,that a newscience has beenestablishedt-Thisscience has for its field ofinvestigationnotanyoneparticular language,butthewholearea ofhumanspeech,and as itinquiresinto the lawsgoverningtheliving organsofutterance as well as theliving organic growthof the actual soundsthemselves, maybe said totrench notonlyonEthnology,but evenonBiology.This'science oflanguage'mightwith moreproprietybe called'Glossology'thanPhilology.In its method ofinvestigationit has much incommonwiththenaturalsciences,andthoughitsanalogytotheseoughtnottobestrainedbeyonda mereanalogy,yetas averitable sciencedealingwith one of thegrandestdistinctive attributesofhumannature,it can no more be left out ofanymodern educationalprogrammethananyofthe natural sciencesproperlyso called. Withthe'Glossologist'everyspokenword is likeaplantor animal in the hands of aBiologist;itsbirth,growth, transformations,anddecaymust all beaccounted for;its whole structure dissected limbbylimb; every appendagetraced to itsappropriateuse and function;itsdeepestinternal constitutionanalyzed.Will it bedenied,then,that Sanskrit is destined toincreasing cultivation,as the onetypicalscientificlanguagewhose structure is amaster-keyto the structure of alllanguages,whoseverynameimplies 'Synthesis,'and whoseliterature,commencingwith theRig-vedaabout1500 B.C.,extends in a continuous line fornearly 3000 years, throwinga flood oflighton theoperationoflinguisticlaws?InpointoffacttheHindusmay besaidtobetheoriginalinventorsofthe'scienceoflanguage.'LiketheGreeks,theyaretheonlynationwhohaveworkedoutforthemselvesthe laws ofthoughtand ofgrammarindependently.If theirsystemoflogicis inferior to that ofAristotle,theyareunequalledin theirexaminationintotheconstitutionofspeech.The nameVyakarana,whichtheygivetotheirgrammar,implies'decomposition'or'resolutionofacompoundinto itsparts,'justasSanskaranaimpliesthere-compositionor re-construction of the samedecomposedelements.Everysinglewordin their classicallanguageis referred toaDhatuorRoot,which is also a nameforanyconstituentelementarysubstance,whetherof rocks orliving organisms.Inshort,whenwefollowouttheirgrammatical systemin all the detail of its curious subtleties andtechnicalities,weseem to beengaged,like aGeologist,insplittingsolidsubstances, or,like aChemist,in someelaborateprocessofanalysis.tic notesontheSemiticandAryanlanguagesatpp.viii,knownlectures,is toouniversallyacknowledgedtorequirenoticeix ofthisPreface.Cambridgeis at thismomentengagedinesta- here. Iamnot surewhether twelve lectures on theprinciplesblishmgbothaSemitic and IndianlanguagesTripos. AlthoughoflinguisticsciencebyWilliamDwightWhitney,Professor ofoursystemof Schools' at Oxford is somewhatdifferent,yet,SanskritinYaleCollege,arequitesowellknownin thiscountry.Ihope,we shall not be behind the SisterUniversityin our Iftheyare not, I here commend them to all interested in theencouragementoftheselanguages. studyOflanguage,merelyremarkingthat their excellence is tooThedebtwhichweEnglishscholars owetoProfessor Max obvioustorequireanypraisefromme.Mullcr forhavingfirst introduced usto thissciencebyhis well-PREFACE. VllHavingsaid somuchinsupportofaneffort to facilitateandgeneralizethestudyofSanskrit,I have nowto statemyreasons forhavingaddressedmyselfto a task like thepresent.Itmaynot begenerallyknown that the late Professor H. H.Wilson once intended thecompilationof aDictionarynotwhollydissimilar in character andplanto that here offered tothe students of Sanskrit and itscognate languages.This I haveheardfrom himselfwaswhatheintendedbythe last words of the Preface to his secondedition,in which he stated that itwould be his wish as Boden Professor to offer to the cultivators of Sanskrit 'other and betterassistance.'It isperhapsalso not known that heactuallymade someprogressincarryingout thisintention,thougheventuallydebarredfrom itsprosecution byhis other numerousliterarylabours.Hetherefore,about theyear 1852,when I hadcompletedtheprintingof theEnglish-SanskritDictionarycompiled byme for the East-IndiaCompany,made over alarge manuscript volume,containingthe commencement of his newwork,tome,witharequestthat I wouldcontinueit ontheplansketched outbyhimself. At the same timehegenerouslypresentedmewithacopiousselection ofexamplesandquotationsmadebyPandits atCalcutta,under hisdirection,froma considerablerangeof Sanskrit literature. It has becomenecessaryfor me to state thesecircumstancesatthe risk ofbeing chargedwithegotism,because thepublicationof the firstpartofProfessorGoldstiicker'sDictionaryhas madeOrientalists awarethatProfessorWilson entrustedtheprintingofathird editionofhisDictionarytothatlearnedscholar, whoserecentdeathis feltbyall Sanskritiststobeanirreparableloss*. Fromwhat I havenownotified,however,itwill,Itrust,bequiteunderstood that the work committed to mebyone who was firstmy master,andafterwardsmywisestguideand truestfriend,was not a new edition of hisDictionary,but anentireremodellingofhisscheme oflexicography,consistingof are-arrangementof all thewordsunderRoots,accordingtonativeprinciplesofetymology,with addition of theexamplescollectedas above described.Having alreadycompletedtheEnglish-Sanskrit partof aDictionaryofmyown,Inaturallyundertook as asequelthe work thusassigned me,especiallyas theplancom-mended itself tomyownjudgmentandpredilections. Moreover,Iactuallycarriedonthetask foraconsiderableperiodbetween the intervalsof otherundertakings. Soon,however,itbeganto bemanifest that the third edition of Professor Wilson'sDictionarywasassuming,under ProfessorGoldstiicker'seditorship,almost interminableproportions,soastobecomenolongeraneweditionofapreviousLexicon,butratheramany-volumedEncyclopaediaofSanskritlearning, whichnoonescholar,howeverpersistent,couldhopetocarry beyondthe letter A. At the same time theSanskrit-GermanWorterbuch of ProfessorsBohtlingkandRoth,thoughconductedbytwoof themostenergeticscholars of theday,andputforth withsingular perseverance, appearedto beexpandinginto vastdimensions,so as to bequite beyondthecompassofordinary Englishstudents. These circumstanceshavingforced themselvesupon myobservation,Isuddenlydeter-minedtoabandon thedesignofawhollyRoot-arrangedDictionarywhich couldonlybeuseful,liketheworksabove-named,tothehighestclass ofscholars and to commenceaworkonamore*It is stated in a notice of the late ProfessorGoldstiicker's needed most,weredoinggoodservice atthe house of Professorlife,whichappearedinarecentnumberofawell-knownscientificGoldstiicker, aidinghimday by dayin the elaboration of hisperiodical,thatmanythousands of notes and references for theDictionary,I did not feeljustifiedininterruptingtheprosecutionneweditionofWilson'sSanskritDictionaryandotherworks,the ofsolargeaworkfor thesakeofanyadvantagethatmighthaveresult ofanunremittingstudyoftheMSS.treasuresattheIndia accrued tomyown lessweightyperformance. Moreover,I feltHouseSec.,are leftbehindbyProfessorGoldstlicker. Withrefer- that I could not injustice interruptthecontinuityof Professorenceto thismatter, Ioughtinjusticeto thepresentlearnedand Goldstiicker's labours,whenI hadtheuse oftheWilsonianCol-courteouslibrarian ofthe IndiaOffice,aswellas injusticetomylectionbelongingto theBodleian, which, however inferior toownDictionary,toputonrecord,that soon after hisappoint-those at theIndia Office in thedepartments required bya lexi-ment,Dr.Rostoffered to allowmealso the use ofanyof thesecographer,were stillfreelyplacedatmycommandbyour ownMSS.treasures ifIwouldnameanylikelytobeusefultomyself.learnedandobliginglibrarian,theRev. H. O. Coxe.Knowing, however, that abouteighty MSS.,includingthose IVlll PREFACE.practical plan,which,althoughraised as farasmypowerswent,tothe levelofmodernscholarship,so as to be asufficientlytrustworthyaid instudyingthechiefdepartmentsofliterature, includingtheVeda,shouldyetbeprocurableat a moderatecost,and not extendbeyondthe limits ofonecompactvolume. This leads metherefore toSECTION 2.Plan andArrangementofthe Present Work.Thosewhoappreciatethevalueof Sanskrit in itsbearingon thephilosophyoflanguagewillunderstandmymotiveinendeavouringsotoarrangethis lexicon astoexhibit mosteffectivelythatpeculiarityofconstructionwhichdistinguishesthehighest typeof thegreatIndo-Europeanline ofspeech.Suchpersonswillcomprehendwithout muchexplanationtheplan pursued bymethroughoutthesepagesin the collocation of words connectedbymutual affinities. For thebenefit,however,ofyoungerstudents,I nowproceed brieflytopointout the onegranddistinctivepeculiarityof theAryandialects which thearrangementofthepresent Dictionaryis intended todemonstrate apeculiarity separatingthembyasharpline of demarcation from the othergreatfamilyofhumanspeech usuallycalled Semitic*.Happilyit is nowafamiliar fact to most educatedpersonsthat theIndo-EuropeanorAryanlanguages (ofwhichSanskrit is theeldest sisterf,andEnglishoneoftheyoungest)proceededfromacommonbutnamelessandunknownparent,whoseveryhomeinAsiacannotbeabsolutelyfixed,thoughthelocality may conjecturallybeplacedsomewhere in theregionofBokhara,near theriverOxus. From this centreradiated,as itwere,eight principallines ofspeech; first,the twoAsiaticlines,I.Indian,2.Iranian, (the formereventuallycomprisingSanskrit, Pali, Prakrit,andthemodernPrakritsorspokenlanguagesoftheHindus,such asHindi, MarathI, Gujarat!, Bengali,&c.;the lattercomprising (a) Zand,oldPersian, Pahlavl,modernPersian,and Pushtu; (b) Armenian);and then the sixEuropean lines,viz. i.Keltic,2.Hellenic, 3. Italic, 4. Teutonic, 5. Slavonic,6.Lithuanian,eachbranchinginto various sub-lines or ramifications as exhibited in thepresentlanguagesofEuropeJ. Now,ifthequestionbeasked, Whatmoststrikingfeaturedistinguishesall*I use the term'Semitic' out of deference to established connectedwith theSemitic,asderivedthroughthe ancientHim-usage, thoughit leads to some confusion ofideas, because ifyariticArabicof SouthArabia(Yaman).'Semitic,'ormoreproperly'Shemitic,'beused forthelanguages\Thoughtheyoungersisterssometimespreserveolderforms,ofthe descendantsofShem,then'Japhetic'(insteadof'Aryan') JAs this is the first OrientalDictionary putforthby anyshouldbeused for thedescendantsofJaphet.Wecannot,how-Englishscholar whichattemptsto introduce abundant corn-ever,giveuptheepithetAryan(from the Sanskritarya, 'noble') parisonsbetween the various members of the IndoEuropeanforourownIndo-European languages,suited as itcertainlyis tofamily,I hereappenda brief account of theAryan cognatethat noblest of all families ofspeech.The Rev. F.W.FarrarlanguagesbeginningwiththeIndian. I.ByPali orPall is meantsuggestsadoptingtheterm'Syro-Arabian'as well asSemiticfor one of the oldest forms of the ancientprovincialHindO-i lan-the otherfamily.Still the name Semiticmaywell beapplied guageof which Sanskrit is the learned form, (see p.xiii oftoHebrew, Aramaic[including perhapsone set of cuneiformPreface.)It must have beenspokeneither inMagadhaor ininscriptions,ChaldeeandSyriac].andArabic,because inthetenth some district not far fromOude.where Buddha flourished,andchapterofGenesis,Shem isrepresentedas father ofElam(who beingcarriedbythe Buddhists intoCeylonbecame their sacredpeopled Elymais),Assur(Assyria),Lud(Lydia),Aram(Syria), language,and ispreservedin their canonicalscripturescalledand ofArphaxad, grandfatherofEber, from whom came theTri-pitaka.Prakrit is the namegivento other and laterpro-s orTrans-Euphratian race, the name Hebrewreallyvincial formsofSanskrit,whichwere theprecursorsandparentsneaning'onewho livesbeyonda river' andJoktan,father of of thepresentHindudialects, Hindi, MarathI, &c.,seenote,eba, father ofHimyar,whence came the Arabians. Mr.p.xvii. These lattermaybe called modern Prakrits. 2. NowKarrar states in his useful lectures that theSemitic nationsmayas to the Iranian:(a)Zand or Zend(old Bactrian)is to oldnumber about40 milli.,,,,.comparedwith about400millions of Persian and Pahlavl what Sanskrit is to Pali and Prakrit. Itido-Europeans. AmongSemitic races come thepeopleof is that ancientlanguageofPersiain whichthe sacred books arec havespeciallanguagesof tluirown,viz. the written, called ZandAvastS,belongingtothe ParsTslorfugitivesthiopicorGeez, which is their sacred andliterary languagefromPersiascatteredonthecoastof India,andstill believersinthedialects calledTigr^, Tigrina,for thereligion foundedbyZardushtorZoroaster).OldPersianisaname.rth-east, andAmharic, for the centre and south;giventothedialectpreservedinoneset ofcuneiforminscriptions,cmgnearertoEthiopicthanthelatter,andallbeingaboutcontemporaneouswithZand. Pahlavl(sometimeswrittenPREFACE. IXtheselanguagesfromthe Semitic?Myansweris,thatthemaindistinction lies in thecharacter oftheir roots or radical sounds;foralthoughbothAryanand Semitic forms ofspeechare called'inflective*,'it shouldbewellunderstoodthattheinflectivenessoftherootin thetwo casesimpliestwowhollydifferentprocesses.Let me firstbrieflyadvert to the Semitic form. ASemitic root thenmaybedescribedasakind of hard frame-workconsistinggenerallyofthree consonantswhichresemblethreeslidingbutinflexibleuprightlimbs,moveablehitherandthithertoadmit oneithersidetheintervenientvowelsandcertainmerelyancillary consonants, usuallycalled'servile.' Thesesubservientlettersare,it istrue,oftheutmostimportancetothediversecolouringoftheradicalidea,andtheperfect precisionof theiroperationisnoteworthy,but theirpresencewithin and without therigidframe of therootis,so tospeak,almostoverpowered bythe everprominentconsonantal skeleton. In illustra-tion of thiswemaytake theArabictriliteral rootKTB,usingcapitalsforthese radical consonantsto indicate theirprominence;the thirdpers. sing, pasttense isKaTaBa,'hewrote,'and from thesame threeconsonants, bymeans of various vowels and servileletters,aredevelopeda numberofotherforms,ofwhichthefollowingarespecimens:KaTB,writing; KaTiB,awriter; maKTuB,written; taKTlB, causingto write; muKaTaBat, corresponding byletter; iKTaB, dictating;taKaTuB,writingto one another; mutaKaTiB,onewhokeeps upacorrespondence; maKTaB,theplaceofwriting,awriting-school ; KiTaB,abook;KiTBatorKiTaBat,inscriptionf.PehlevI)is alaterIranian dialect,whichoncepossessedanexten-sive literature. Amorerecent Iranian dialect is ParsIorPszand,leadingtothemodernPersianwhichsprangupinPersianotlongafter theMuhammadanconquest(aboutA. D.1000),the earliestformof which,asrepresentedin theShah-namahofFirdausI,haslittle admixtureof Arabic, whilethelaterisflooded withit. PushtuisthepresentlanguageofAfghanistan, (fc) Armenianisof coursethelanguageofArmenia;it hastwoforms,theoldArmenianorliterarylanguage,whichis dead,and themodemArmenian, saidto besplitinto four dialectscontaining manyTurkish words.Connectedwith these is the Ossetic of theOssetes,aCaucasiantribe. Wenowcometothe sixEuropeanlines : I.TheKelticorCeltic(oftheKcXrot,Herod.II.33)is the oldest of theAryanfamilyinEurope,andas it hashadthelongest life,so itpresentsthegreatest divergencefrom Sanskrit: it has been driven intoacornerof thecontinent,viz.Brittany,byRomanicFrench,andintothe extremities ofCornwall, Wales,Ireland, and theHigh-lands ofScotlandbyGermanicEnglish: it hastwolines, (a)theprincipalKeltic or Gaelic(oftheGalli), comprisingtheIrish,Highland-Scotch,andManx,ofwhichthe Irish is most interest-ingin relation to Sanskrit; (6)theKymricform ofKeltic,in-cluding Welsh,Cornish(nowextinct),andArmorican,whichlastis thenamegiventothelanguageofBrittany.2. The HelleniccomprisesancientGreekwith its dialects(most interestingin itscloseaffinitytoSanskrit,and mostimportantin itsbearingontheoriginalof theNewTestament,thoughfarless remarkablein itsbearingon otherEuropean languagesthanLatin),andmodern Greek,usuallycalled Romaic(infinitelynearer to theancientGreekthanthe RomaniclanguagesaretoLatin). 3.TheItaliccomprises,ofcourse,Latin with its Romanic(orRomance)offspring,viz. Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Wallachian,andProveii9al ;and includes some old Italiandialects,such astheOscanoftheSamnites in southernItaly,Umbrianspokeninnorth-easternItalyand Sabine.4.TheTeutoniccomprises(4)Gothic,whichistheSanskritoftheTeutoniclanguages,especiallyof LowGerman;itwasspokenbytheancientGothicpeopleswhobelongedtotheGermanicrace,andweredivided intoeastern andwesternGoths; apartofthe latterbeingallowedbytheRomansto settle in theprovinceofMccsia,nearthemouthoftheDanube,becameconverts toChristianity,andhappilytheirbishopUlfilasfixedtheirlanguagebytranslatingnearlyall theBible; aremnantof his translation has beenpreserved,otherwise thisdialect,sometimes called Mceso-Gothic,wouldhave beenlost,andwithit a mostimportant keyto Teutonicphilology: (b) German,dividedintotwobranches,viz.1st,LowGerman, whichis subdi-videdinto four,viz. Saxon(sometimescalledOldSaxon),leadingtoAnglo-SaxonandEnglish; Frisian,oncelargelyspokenbytheFrisian tribes(Lat.Frisii)whodwelt onthenorth-westcoast ofGermany,andcloselyconnectedwithEnglish; Dutch,currentofcourseinHolland; Flemish,spokeninthatpartofBelgiumcalledFlanders;2ndly,HighGerman,subdividedintoold, middle,andnew,thelastbringingusto modern German:(c) Scandinavian,divided intofour,viz.Norse,i. e. old andnewIcelandic(nearlyalikeandmostvaluableaspreservingtheoriginalstructure ofthewhole Scandinaviangroup), Swedish, Norwegian,andDanish,thetwolatteronlydifferinginpronunciation. 5.The Slavoniccomprises(a)oldSlavonicoroldBulgarian,beingtotheSlavonicwhatGothicis to theTeutonic,andsimilarlypreservedinatrans-lation of the Bible madeby Cyril:(b) Russian, divided intoRussianproper,Little Russian :(c) Polish,withotherless notice-ableSlavonicdialects,viz.Polabian,Bohemian,Serbian,Servian,Kroatian,andSlovenian. 6. The Lithuanianis sometimesregardedas a branch of the Slavonicline,to which it is morenearlyrelatedthantothe Teutonic;it isinterestingascoming nearertoSanskrit in someofitsforms thananyother member oftheAryanfamily,andashavingadual,like the Gothic,andsevencases; itis stillspokenbyalimited numberin RussianandPrussianpro-vinces on the coast of theBaltic,but isdisappearingbeforeRussian and German;a more modern form of it isLettish,spokenin Livonia: anotherkindreddialect is ldPrussian,oncespokenin north-eastern Prussia,butnowextinct.*Asdistinguishedfrom'monosyllabic,'like theChinese;and'agglutinative,'like theDravidian, Turkish,andother mem-bers ofanimmense class oflanguagesinwhichtheterminationiseasilyseparablefrom thebodyof theword. These are stillcalledbysomeTuranian(fromTur, eldest son ofFarldun,towhomheassignedTurkistan, thencecalledTiiran).tForafurtherinsightintotheseArabicformations,thestudentis referred to achapteron theuse ofArabicwords inmy'Prac-tifcal HindustaniGrammar,'publishedbyLongman &Co.xPREFACE.AnAryanroot onthe otherhand,as besttypified bya Sanskrit radical,isgenerallyasinglemonosyllable,whichmaybecomparedto a malleable substancecapableofbeingdrawn out toexpress everymodification of anoriginal conception.And thismalleability,as itwere,ariseschieflyfrom the circumstance that the vowel isrecognizedas a constituentpartof the radical,blendingwith itsverysubstance,and even sometimesstandingalone as itself theonlyroot.Sanskritexhibits better thananyother memberof theAryanline ofspeechthis characteristicroot-expansibility.More thanthis,itexemplifiesbetter thananyother that excessive root-accrctivcncss(ifImayuse theterm) bywhich notonlyterminationsandprefixesaregrafteduponor welded into theoriginal monosyllabicstock,but affix is affixed toaffix, prefixisprefixedtoprefix,derivative is derivedfromderivative,compoundiscompoundedwithcompoundin analmostinterminable chain. In illustration of this the student is referred tosuch roots asi.kri, p. 245 ;i.bhu, p. 714;i.sru, p.1026;i.sttta, p. 1145of this volume.Hence it becomes evident that theoriginal planof ProfessorWilson,bywhichevery singleword wouldhavebeenrepresentedinregularsequence, growing,as itwere,fromitsownparentstem,would have realized the trueconceptionof aperfectSanskritDictionary. Verilyif Greeklexicographyhas beenoccasionallysotreated,muchmorehasSanskrit,thegreattypeoflinguisticconstructiveness,arightso to be.I have nowtoshowhowfar thepresentwork satisfies this ideal. It is sometimescalculated,that there areabout two thousanddistinct roots in thislanguage.Ifit besupposedthatthereareabouteightythousand distinctwordsgrowingoutofthesetwo thousandroots,aDictionaryon theusualalphabetical planmust have consisted of a series ofeightythousandmonographs,eachindependentoftheother; and,indeed,suchaDictionarymighthave beenthoughtmostagreeableto the common notion ofareallypracticalwork. Itseemedtome,however,thataDictionarysoplannedwould have afforded little effective aid to thestudyofSanskrit,in its connection withcomparative philology.Ontheotherhand,it must be confessed thatthe idea oftakingrootbyroot,andwriting,as itwere,twothousandbiographies,eachgivingaconnectedhistoryofa distinctfamilyalliedtogetherbyacommonpedigreewasaphilologicaldream toounpracticaltobewhollyrealized. Some middlecourse, therefore, satisfyingtherequirementsboth ofphilologyand ofordinarypracticeseemed most to bedesired,and thefollowingpublication,thoughnotansweringtheperfect philological ideal,is intended as anattemptatcombiningapartial root-arrangementwith aconvenientalphabeticalordersuited toreadyreference.In unisonwith thisdesign,the roots ofthelanguage always brought prominentlybefore theeye by large Nagari typewill be found treatedmoreexhaustivelyin thepresentwork,both asregardsthemeaningsgivenandtheformsexhibited,than inanyotherSanskrit-EnglishDictionaryyet published*. It is evident that agreat manyof theseroots,orDhatus,astheyare calledbynativelexicographers,arenotreallyelementaryradicals,butcompoundsordevelopmentsofsimplerelements. I have notalwaysventuredtopronounce categoricallyastowhichoftwoormore rootsis thesimplestform,butwhenrootsareevidentlyallied,theirconnection isconspicuouslyindicatedin thefollowing pages.Thus Ihopeto have drawnattention to apointwhichEnglishscholarshave hithertogreatlyoverlookedf.I cannotsufficientlyacknowledgemydebt to\Vestergaard's distinctroots,and the number istherebyswelled to2490.Radices. ThecopyI have had for aboutthirty yearstellsProbably,the real number ofelementaryradicals in Sanskrita tale ofconstant reference. Indeedwe have to thankDanish, 'aightbe reduced to acomparativelysmallcatalogue.Somequiteas much as Germanscholars, for whattheyhave done rootscontainingdentalshavebeencerebralized orvice versjl,andtowardspromoting linguisticculture. both formsare allowed to co-exist, as bhan and bhan,dhan andf Thenumberof distinct radical forms in Wilkins'collection dhan; otherswhoseinitials areaspiratedconsonantshavepassedis1750,butasmanyformshavingthesamesound havedifferent intootheraspiratedconsonantsorretainedonlytheaspirate;andmeanings,and areconjugated differently, theyare held to]>eall forms co-exist inbhfi, dtiri, dhvri, hvj-i,&c.Again,such aPREFACE. xiFurthermore,theplannowfirst carriedoutofarrangingallverbsformedfromrootsbyprefixingprepositionsin theirproper alphabeticalorder and at the head of their ownderivatives,will benoted as a marked feature oforiginalityandindividuality.The labour entailedbythesimpleprocessofthusre-arrangingthe verbs in alanguagesorich inprepositions,canonlybeunderstoodbyotherlexicographers*. But even thisre-arrangementhas not caused so muchdifficultyastheattemptto exhibitwhatmaybetermedthekinshipof words,bydistributingthegreaterpartofthevocabularyofthelanguageinfamilies,orrather,if Imaysoexpress myself,infamily-groupst.Thesegroupsare,as far aspossible,collectedunderroots orleadingwords,whichstand,as itwere,at theheadofthefamily,andarealwaysdistinguishedfromthe restbyNagaritypein the mannermorefullyexplainedin the tableofdirectionsattheendofthePreface. Such a re-distribution ofthevocabularyhas often necessitated theseparationof roots andhomonymsundertwo,three,ormoreheads,eachwith its trainofderivatives,subderivatives,andassociatedwords,which in otherDictionaries wouldbebroughttogetherunderonearticle{.Anabundantreturn,however,hasbeenreaped,ifphilological precisionhasbeenthuspromoted,andfacilityafforded forviewingsynopticallyandcomparingtogethertheetymologicalhistoryofthewordssocollocated.Besidestheobviousadvantageofthisarrangementto thephilologically-minded student, greatsavingofspacehas been thus effected;allnecessityforrepeatingderivations under each headbeingthusavoided,andthepowergainedofleaving manymeaningsto be inferred from one orother memberofagroup,instead ofconstantly reiteratingthem. Forit must be borne in mindthat all theseries includedunderthesameheadinginNagaritypeareto beregardedascohering ;so that allderivatives,whetherprimaryorsecondary,and allcompoundwordsfollowinginregularsequence,maybe studied in their mutualbearingand correlation both asillustratingeachotherand ascontributingto throwlightonthe modificationsofmeaningevolved from the radicalidea. Thesemeanings, too,havenotbeenthrowntogetherinaheap,astheyhavebeenhithertoinsome OrientalDictionaries,but anattempthas been made to set them forthaccordingto theirlogical development.The furtheradvantage gainedinspace bythe free use of Romantypewill beexplainedunder Section4.Conspicuously,again,inanenumerationofthemorenoteworthyfeatures ofthepresentpublica-tion,shouldcertainlybeplacedtheintroductionofabundantcomparisonsfromcognate languages,which no otherLexiconpublished by Englishscholarshas,'Ibelieve,hithertoattemptedto thesameextent. I mustat oncedistinctlynotifythatforthesecomparisonsI have not trusted tomyownjudgment,but have followed theauthorityof the eminent German scholars whose nameswill be mentionedsubsequently.Another distinctive characteristic of thisDictionaryconsists in the articles onmythology,literature, religion,andphilosophy,whichwill befound scatteredeverywhere throughoutitspages.By consultingProfessor Aufrecht'scatalogues,Dr.Ballantyne's works,Dr. Fitz-Edward Hall'swritings,Dr. Muir's SanskritTexts,Professor M. Miiller's Ancient SanskritLiterature,Dr.Weber'sIndischeStudien,Wilson'sVishnu-Purana,some OrientalArticlesin Chambers'Encyclopaedia written,Ibelieve,bythe late ProfessorGoldstiicker,andmyown collection ofnotes,I have beenabletofurnish thestudentwithmuchvaluable informationonmanysubjectsnothithertotreatedofinanyrootassvad isprobablynothingbutacompoundofsu and rootexample,it wouldbeveryinstructivetoseesuchwordsasshare,ad,andsuchrootsasslubh,stumbh,stambhareplainlymeremodi-shire,shore,shears,&c.arrangedunder'shear,'to cutoff,separate,ficationsof eachother. Richardsonin hisgreatDictionaryhasto acertainextentcarried*Whyshould not Sanskrit lexicons have beenbroughtinto out this idea. See on thissubject'ArchbishopTrench on theharmonywith Greek in thisrespect longere this? Greek isStudyofWords."almost as free in its use ofprepositions, e.g. co'- 2)>stands fornom.masc. fern, andneut., vivid-van, -vi-viduslii,-vivid-vat.Underrootsandverbsthe3rdpers.singularofthevarioustenses isgiven,otherformsbeingnoticedinparentheses.The namesof the tensesaregenerallyleftto beinferred, exceptwhen an unusualtense,like thePrecative,isgiven,and the form of the ist Future canalwaysbe inferred from the Infinitive : thus the Infinitivebeing -veditum,theist Futurejrdpers. sing,willbevcdita; similarlyfromdagdhumwillbeinferred ist Future3rdpers. sing, dagdha.Whenwordsreallydissimilarappearsimilareither in RomanorNagaritype, thefiguresi, 2, 3,&c.areplacedbeforethem; see,forexample,i.sa,2.sa, 3. sa, 4. sa, 5.sa;\.suta-pa,2.su-tapa;I.sam-ana,2.samana;i.saha,2.saha;i.sv-ap,2.s-vap.It is believed that few common words ormeanings likelyto be met with in the classical literature have beenomitted in thiswork;nevertheless theSupplementat the end of the volume shouldoccasionallybe consulted: thusin thetwopages,623, 624,one ortwowordsandthecommonmeaning 'affix,' belongingtopraty-aya,haveaccidentlydroppedout,butaresuppliedin thesupplementarypages.ABBREVIATIONS ANDSYMBOLS USED IN THIS DICTIONARY.[Intheprogressofaworkextendingoverseveralyearsithas beenfoundalmostimpossibletopreserve uniformityinthe useof symbols,butitishopedthatmostofthe inconsistenciesarenoticedin thefollowingtable.]A. =Atmane-pada;thelongmarkover theA.hasbeenomitted for convenienceinprinting.tbl.orabl.c. = ablative case.ace. or ace. c. =accusativecase.accord. =according.Adi-p.=Adi-pacvanof theMaha-bharata.adj.=adjective.JEol.=JEo\ic.alg. =algebra.Angl.Sax.=Anglo-Saxon.anom.=anomalous,irregu-lar.Aor.=Aorist.Arab.=Arabic.arithm. = arithmetic.Arm. or Armor. = Armoricanor thelanguage ofBrittany.Armen.=Armenian.astrol. =astrology.astron.astronomy.Atharva-v.=Atharva-veda,editedbyRothand Whit-ney.Bhagavata-P.=Bhagavata-Purana,Burnouf'sedition,orBombayedition for thelater books.Bhatti-k.=Bhatti-kavya,Calcutta edition.Boh.or Bohem. =Bohemian.B.R.=Bohtlingkand Roth.Br.=Brahmana.Bret. =Breton.Buddh. =Buddhist.c.=case.Cambro-Brit.=thelanguageofWales.Cans. =Causal,cf. =confer, compare,chap. =chapter.cl. =class.Class.=Classical.tol.,cols.=column,columns.comm.=commentator orcommentary.comp., comps. =compound,compounds.compar.=comparativede-gree.Cond. or Condit. =Condi-tional.cons. =consonant.dat. ordat. c.=dative case.defect.=defective.Desid.=Desiderative.dimin. =diminutive.Dor.=Doric.du.=dual number.ed. oredit.=edition.e.g. =exempli gratia.Eng. =English.Ep.orep.=Epic,i. e. suchworks as the Maha-bha-rata, Ramayana,&c.epith.=epithet.esp.=especially.etym.=etymology.explet. =expletive.f. or fern. =feminine,fr.=from.Fut. =Future.Gael. =Gaelic.gen. orgen.c. =genitivecase.gend.=gender.geom. =geometry.Germ. =German orHigh-German.Goth.=Gothic.Gr.=Greek.Gram. =APractical SanskritGrammarbyMonier Wil-liams,thirdedition,pub-lished at the ClarendonPress.gram.=grammar.Hib.=Hibernianor Irish.Hind. = Hindi.Icel. Icelandic.i. e.=id est.impers.=impersonal,i. e.usedimpersonally.Impf.=Imperfect tense.Impv. Imperative.ind.=indeclinable,eitheranindeclinableparticipleoran adverb or a case usedadverbially.Inf. or infin.=Infinitivemood.inst.orinst.c. = instrumentalcase.Intens.=Intensive.Ion.=Ionic.Island.=the German formofIcelandic.Kirat. orKiratarj.=KirS-tarjuntya.Kumara-s.=Kumara-sam-bhava.Lat.=Latin.lat. =latitude.Lett.=Lettish.lit. =literally.Lith.=Lithuanian.loc. orloc. c. =locative case.long.=longitude.m,or masc.=masculinegen-der.Maha-bh. &c. = Maha-bha-rata,Calcutta edition.mathem. =mathematics.medic.=medicine.Megh. =Megha-duta,John-son'ssecond edition.Mod.=Modern.MS., MSS.manuscript,manuscripts.N.=Name.n.orneut. = neutergender.Naigh.=Naighantuka.neg.=negative.Nir.=Nirukta.Nom. or nom.=Nominalverb.nom. or nom. c.=nomina-tive case.num.ornumb.=number.obs. =obsolete.occ. =occasionally.Osc.orOsk.= OscanorOs-kan.Osset.=Ossetic(see p. ix).P. =Parasmai-pada.p.=page.-p. =parvanor section oftheMaha-bhSrata.Pan.=Pamni.Part, orpart.=Participle.Pass. =Passivevoice.patron.=patronymic.Perf.=Perfecttense.Pers.=Persian.pers.=person.phil.=philosophy.pi.orplur.=pluralnumber.poet.=poetry, poeticlicense.Pol.=Polish.Pot. =Potential.Pr.=proper.PrSk.=Prakrit.Prep.=Preposition.Pres.=Presenttense.priv. =privative.pronom.=pronominal.Pruss.=Prussian.q.v.=quodvide.Raghu-v.=Raghu-vans'a.Reflex. =Reflexive or usedreflexively.Rig-v.=Rig-veda.rt., rts.=root, roots.Russ. Russian.Sabda-k.=Sabda-kalpa-druma.Sabin.--Sabine or Sabellian(oldItalicdialect).Sama-v. =Sama-veda.Sans. Sanskrit.Sax.=Saxon.S5y.=SayanaoraccordingtoSayana.Schol. =Scholiast or Com-mentator,scil.=scilicet.Scot. =Scotch orHighland-Scotch.sing.=singularnumber.Slav.=SlavonicorSlavonian,subst. =substantive,super!.=superlativedegree,s.v.=subvoce.Them. =Themaorbase.Umbr. =Umbrian.Unsdi-s.=Unadi-sutras(Au-frecht'sedition),usu. =usually.Vajasaneyi-s.=Vajasaneyi-samhita.Vart.' orVartt.=Varttika.Ved.=VedicorVeda.Vish.-Pur. =Vishnu-PurSna.voc. or voc. c.=vocativecase.=, equal,equivalentto,thesameas, explained by.+plus.&c.=etcetera,odenotes that a vowel orsyllableis to be noted asshort.-that a vowel orsyllableislong.that the rest of aword isto besupplied, e.g.ri-in after karindra is forkari-indra.THE DICTIONARYORDER OF THE NAGARI LETTERSWITHTHEIRINDO-ROMANIC EQUIVALENTSANDTHEIRPRONUNCIATION EXEMPLIFIED BYENGLISHWORDS.VOWELS.a. a-kava6a.^f i.a,thefirstletterof thealphabet;thefirst short vowel inherent in consonants. A-kdraas,m.the letterorsounda.^t 2.a,ind.aninterjectionofpity (Ah!).^T3.a(beforeavowelan),aprefixcor-respondingtoGr.d, a.v,Lat.in,Goth,andGerm,un,Eng.inorun,andhavinganegativeorprivativeordepreciativesense; e.g.eka one, an-ekanot one;antaend, an-antaendless;patyatseeing,a-patyatnotseeing.Sometimes thisprefixdenotes com-parison.It isoccasionallyanexpletive.^4. a,the baseof somepronounsandpro-nom.forms;(substitutedfor idam.inasya,atra,Sec.)Wg. a,theaugment prefixedtothe rootin the formationoftheimperfect, aorist,and conditional tenses,bysomeconsideredasconnectedwith3. a,andbyothersasconnectedwith4.a.^T6.a,as,m.,N. ofVishnu(especiallyasthefirstof thethreesounds inthesacredsyllableom),alsoofBrahrnS,Siva,andVaisvSnara;(am),n. Brahma.a-rinin,i, irii, i,freefromdebt._uiens',cl. 10. P.ansayati, -yitum,to\divide,distribute;alsooccasionallyA.aniayate;alsoanddpayati.Ansa, as,m. ashare, portion, part, party;partition,inheritance;a share ofbooty;earnestmoney;a fraction;the denominator of one;adegreeof !at. orlong.;N. of anAditya;theshoulder orshoulder-blade,moreusually spelt ansa,q.v.[cf.OldGerm,ahsala;Mod.Germ,ached;Lat.axilla].Ans'a-karana,am,n.actofdividing.Antia-bhaj,k,k,k,one whohasashare,anheir,aco-heir. AnSa-vat, an,m. aspeciesofthe Somaplant.Anta-eavarnana, am,n. reduction of fractions.Am'a-srara,as,m.thekey-note. Anda-Jiara,as,dori, am,oran&i-hdrin, i, ini, i,one whotakesashare,a sharer. Ans"dn3a(i!a-an),an,m.part ofaportion(ofadeity),asecondaryincarnation."Anianii,ind. sharebyshare. AnSmatarana(4a-av), am,n. descent ofpartsof the deities;partialincarnation ; title of sections64-67of thefirst bookofthe Maha-bharata.Ansaka,a*,aorika,am,havinga share;m.f. aco-heir,a relative; m. a share;n. aday.Aniana,am,n. the actofsharingordividing.Anfaniyaorantayitavya,as, d, am,divisible.Aniayltri, td, tri, tri,adivider,sharer.Aniala. Seeansalanext col.Anilta,as, d, am, divided,shared.Aniin, i, ini, i,asharer,co-heir.Ans"u, us,m. afilament, especiallyof the Somaplant;endofa thread;a minuteparticle;apointorend;agarment,decoration; aray,light,thesun; N.of aRishiorof aprince. Aniu-jdla,am,n.acollec-tionofrays,ablazeoflight. An^n-dhara, o,m.thebearer ofrays,thesun.Antu-patta,am,n. akindof cloth.An.lu-patl, i",or -bhartri, td,m. thelordofrays,thesun. Aniu-mat,an,oti,at,fibrous,rich in filaments; radiant,luminous; pointed; (an),m.thesun,themoon;N.of variouspersons,especiallyofaprinceofthesolar race,sonofA-samanjas,grand-sonofSagara; (tl),(. the celestial riverYamuna;aplant,HedysarumGangeticum. Antfumut-pliala,f.aplant,MusaParadisiaca. Antu-mald,f. agarlandoflight, halo.Anifu-mdlin,i,m.the sun. Aniu-vdna, at,m.havingraysforarrows,thesun. Aniu,-Itasta, as,m.having raysin his hand,the sun.Anmka,am,n.aleaf; .cloth ;fineorwhitecloth;muslin,anuppergarment; amantle.Aiiiu,latigstor,leader;epithet givenin theVedas to Indra. Rudra,oneoftheMaruts,Agni,andthesun;in later workstoBrahma.Vishnu,Siva,andKamai seealso 2a-jn);theleaderofa flock;ahe-goator ram[cf.Gr.olj,alyds; Lith.o:ys];thesignAries; the vehicle ofthe sun; N.of a descendant ofVisvamitra,andofDasaratha's orDirghabahu'sfather ; N.ofa mineralsubstance;ofakindofrice;ofthemoon; (as),m.pi.,N.ofaclass ofRishis;ofapeoplementionedintheVedas;(a),f., N.ofPrakritiorNature, ofMayaor Illusion;ashe-goat; N. of aplantwhose bulbsresemble the udder of agoat. Aja-kara, as,ID.agoat'sear;aplantortree,Teimiualia AlataTomentosa.Aja-karnakn, as,m. theS'al-tree,ShoreaRobusta.Aja-kuld, (.,N.ofatownoftheBodhis.Aja-kshira, am, n.,Ved.goat'smilk.Aja-gandha, as,m. smellofahe-goat;(an, d,am), smellinglike agoat. Aja-gandhdoraja-gandhikd,f.shrubby basil, OcymumGratissimum.Aja-yandhim,f. aplant,also calledajairingl,q. v.Aja-gara, as,m.(thatswallows agoat),ahugeserpent, probablyboaconstrictor;(i),f.,N.ofaplant. Aja-yallikd,f.*goat'scheek,'an infantiledisease.Aja-jivaoraja-jivika, as,m.'wholivesby goats,'agoat-herd. Aja-td,(. a multitude ofgoats;thebeingagoat. Aja-tvaorajd-tva,am,n. thebeingagoat. Aja-dandi,!. aplant,alsocalled brahmadandi.Aja-devatd,as,f.pi.the25thlunarmansion.Aja-ndmaka, as,m.(namedAjaorVishnu),a mineral substance.Aja-ya,as,m.agoat-herd. Aja-patha,as,m.'goat'sroad,'probably synonymouswithaja-vithl, q.v.Aja-padaoraja-pdda,as, d, am, goat-footed.*-Aj(i-pad,t, m.,Ved.epithetofthedivinitycalledAja.Aja-^pdrsva,as,m.(havingblack sides like agoat), epithetof S'vetakarna's sonRajivalocana.Aja-pdla,as,m.agoat-herd;N.of Dasaratha'sfather.Aja-lhakslta, as,m.'goat'sfood,'N.ofaplant,Varvura.Aja-mdyu,us, m.,Ved.bleatinglike agoat. Aja-mdra,as,m.,N.ofa tribe or aprince. Aja-mldhaoraja-milha,as, m.,N.ofasonofSuhotra,the authorof someVedichymns;ofagrandsonofSuhotra; surname of Yudhishthira.~Aja-mukha,as, I, am,goat-faced; (i),f., N.ofa Rakshasi.Aja-meru,N.of aplace, Ajmir(?).Aja-moda,as,m.oraja-moddoraja-modikd,f.'goat's delight,'N. of variousplants,commonCarroway,thespeciescalledAjwaen (LigusticumAjwaen),andespeciallyaspeciesofParsley, ApiumInvolucratum.Ajarshabha ("ja-risK"), as,m.thebestgoat. Aja-lambana,am,n.antimony. Aja-loman,d,m.oraja-laml,f., N.ofaplant,Cowage,CarpopogonPruriens;(a ),n.goat'shair.Aja-va*ti,is, m.,N.ofatribe;(ayas),m.pi.the membersofthat tribe.Aja-vdha, as, m.,N. of a district.Aja-rithl,f.'goat's road,'N.of one ofthe threedivisions ofthe southernpath,or one of the threepathsin which thesun, moon, andplanets move,comprehendingthe asterismsmuld, purvdshddha,and uttardshadJui.Aja-s"ringi,f.'goat'shorn,'N.ofashrub,OdinaWodier,used as acharmandasaremedyfor soreeyes,the fruit resemblesagoat'shorn.Aja-stunda,am,a., N.of atown.Aja-hd,f.Cowage, CarpopogonPruriens.Ajd-kripdniya,as, d, am,like thegoatand shears in the fable.Ajd-kehira,am,n.goat'smilk. -Ajd-gala, as,mgoat'sneck.Ajfifjala-stana, as,m.nippleorfleshy protuberanceontheneckof someIndiangoats,andanemblemofanyuseless or worthlessobjectorperson.i-Aja-jira, us,m.(wholivesby goats),agoat-herd. Aja-tau/ni/i, is, m.,N.ofaMuniwholivedonthe milkofgoats; (given bygrammariansasanexampleofcompoundsin which the middletermis leftout).Ajiida (iija-ada),a-p,m.'goat-eater,'the ancestorofa warriorInbe.Ajddanl(ja-ad ),f. aspeciesofptickly night-shade. Ajantri ( ja-an"\{. apot-herb,ConvolvulusArgenteus Ajd-f>n'f/ns, as,n.goat'smi:k.Ajd-pdtai'a,as, d,am,endinggoats;(as),m. agoat -herd..d/'ariirt(nja-ai'\ am,n.goatsandsheepsmall caitle.Ajds'ralo/a-a< ), am,ngoatsandhorses; (CM),m.Pushanor the Sun who hasgoatsfor horses-Ajfrikiiix/d(aja-ek \ t,mepi'hetof Vishnu; of one of thetli-vcn Rudras.Ajai/laka(aja-cif ), am,n.goatsand rams.Ajaka,us, m.,N.ofa descendant ofPururavas;also of akingofMagadha; ajakdorajikd,f. ayoung she-goat;a disease of thepupilof theeye,small reddish tumours(comparedtokids),protrudingthroughthetransparentcornea anddischarging pus.Ajakd-jdta,am,n. thesamediseaseoftheeyes.Ajana,ajani, aji, ajma, &c.,see s. v.?HT 2.a-ja, as, d, am,notborn,existingfrom alleternity; (as),m.Brahma, Vishnu, S'iva,Kama;(d),f. Prakriti orNature, MSySor Illusion(seealso I.a/a,s.v.ajand I.ajana).xiTicti^ajakava, as,m.(etymologyun-known),S'iva's bow.Ajakdia,as,am,m.n. S'iva'sbow; (as),m. a venomous kind ofvermin,cen-tipedeorscorpion; (am),n.sacrificialvessel dedicatedto Mitra and Varuna.Ajagara.orajagdra,am,n. S'iva's bow;the southernportionof thepathofthesun,moon,andplanets;N.ofasnakepriest.4{>11Ma-jaghanya, as, d, am,notlast;not least.Ta-jaghnivas, an, ushl,at(perf.part.fr. rt.han),nothavingkilled.^niTTa-jatd,(. aplant,FlacourtiaCata-phracta;alsoajaddandajjhatd.^*\$a-jada, as, d, am,nottorpidorstupid ;(a),f.,N. of twoplants;seeAjafaandKapikaddhu,CarpopogonPruriens.Ajada-dhi,is,is, i,ofavigorousmind,energetic,bold.^T1*M1ajathyd,f.yellowjasmin (fitforgoats?).suirf i.ajana, as,m.(fr.rt.aj.),Brahma'theagitator;'(am),n. act ofinstigatingor mov-ing. Ajana-yoni-ja, as,m.(bornfr.Ajana,i.e.Brahma);N.ofDaksha.Ajani, is,f. apath,road; see alsoaji.ViHi 2.a-jana,as, d,am(rt.jari),desti-tute oflivingbeings,especiallyof men;desert;(as),m.aninsignificant person.A-janani,is,f.privationof birth,cessationofexist-ence;ajananirastutasya,'mayhecease toexist!'A-janya, as, d, am, improperto beproducedorborn;unfit or unfavourable for mankind;(am),n.any portentor naturalphenomenonunfavourable tomankind,asanearthquake.^Tni i.a-japa,as,m.(rt.jap),onewhodoesnotrepeatprayers;areader of heterodoxworks;(d),f.themantraorformulacalledhansa,whichcon-sistsonlyofanumberofinhalationsandexhalations.^JlM 2.aja-pa,as,m.agoat-herd.Sees. v. i.aja.aja-midha,as,m. See s.v. I.aja.a-jambha,as,m.(toothless),afrog.a-jaya,as,m.non-victory,defeat;(as,d, am}, unconquered,unsurpassed,invincible;(as),m.,N.of Vishnu;of alexicographer;of aliver; (a),f.hemp;N.ofa friend ofDurgS; Mayaor Illusion.A-jayya, as, d, am, invincible, improperto bewonatplay.'SiRa-jara,as, d,am(rt.jrl),notsubjectto oldage,undecaying,everyoung; (a), f.,N.oftwoplants.AloePerfoliataandJirnapahjhl. Ajardmara-rat("ra-am),ind. as ifundecayingand immortal.A-jarat, an, anti, at,notsufferingfrom oldage,notdecaying.A-jarayu, its, its, u,notsubjectto oldageordecay.A-jara.*,another form forajara,usedonlyinsomecases.A-jarya, as, a, am,notfriable,notdigestible;notsubjectto oldageordecay;(am),n.friendship.ia-javas, us, as, as,Ved.notquick,10a-jasra,as,a,am(ri.jas,'toinjure'nottobekilledorinterrupted),perpetual. Ajatramorajanrena,ind.perpetually,for ever, ever.a-jahat (pres. part.fr. rt. ha withn),notdroppingorlosing (usedincompounds).AjaJiat-nvdrthd,f., N. ofa rhetoricalfigure,anellipticaluseof words inwhichtheiroriginal meaningis notdropped,as"white ones" for"white horses,""lances" for "men with lances."Ajahnl-liitija,as,m.(ingrammar)saidofanounnotdroppingitsoriginal gender,whenusedlikeanadjective.W3Uo/'a,f.agoat;Prakriti;Maya.Sees.v.I.a/a,wherethecompoundsofnjawillalsobefound.^n{\T\T.a-jdgara,as,a,am,not awake,notwakeful; (us),aplant,EdiptaorVerbesina Prostrata.?nnf3Tajd-ji, is,orajd-ji,f.(a/awithrt.;/ .',that overcomesgoats);Cumin seed,Cuminurr.Cyminum;FicusOppositifolia; NigellaIndica.xSi]lrla-jdta, as, a, am,unborn,notyetbom,notyet developed.-Ajdta-kakud,t,m.ayoungbull whose hump (kakiul)isyetundeveloped. Ajata-paksha, as,a ori, am,having undevelopedwings.Ajata-vyaAjana,as, a, am, havingan unde-velopedbeard.Ajdta-ryatahdra,as,m.havinghismajorityunattaiued,aminor,ayouthunder fif-teen.Ajata-iatru, us, *, , havingnoenemy;havingnoadversary ofequalstanding;(MS),m.,N. ofSiva,ofYudhishthira,of akingofKast,ofasonofSamika,ofasonof VidmisaraorBimbisara, andcon-temporaryofSikyamani.Ajatiinuitaya(ta-anv?),as, a,am,havingnoregret. Ajdtdri(ta-ar),ts,m.(havingnoenemy),Yudhishthira.^nTPTt^a-jdnat, an, atl,at(pres. part,ofrt.jndwitha),notknowing,unaware.ilHlfHa-jdni, is,ora-jdnika, as,m.havingnowife.iHjiMIajaneya,hetterdjdneya,as, a,am(from djdna, djdni, birth, descent),ofhighbreed;undaunted,fearless; (as),m.ahorseofhighbreed.iMlfoa-jami,is, is, i,Ved. not ofkin,not related; unfriendly; (in grammar)not corres-ponding. Ajami-td,(.,Ved.absenceofconnection,friendliness,orsimilarity.a-jayamana,as,a,am(rt. jan),notbeingborn,notsubjectto birth.aji,f.(fr. aj, q. v.),aroad.o/i*o,f.(fr. ajd),&young goat[cf.i.aja].flfiHa-jita, as, a, am,notconquered,unsubdued,unsurpassed,invincible,irresistible ; (as),m..N.of an antidote, apoisonoussortofrat;N.ofvariouspersons,viz.Vishnu;Siva;oneof theSaptar-shisof thefourteenthManvantara; MailreyaorafutureBuddha;the second ofthe Arhats or saints ofthepresent(Jaina)Avasarpim,adescendantofIkshvSku;the attendant ofSuvidhi,who is the ninthofthoseArhats;(as),m.pi.aclass ofdeifiedbeingsin thefirst Manvantara.Ajita-keda-kambala,ax, m.,N.ofa Brahman.Ajita-bala, f., N.ofaJaina deity,who acts under the direction of the ArhatAjita.Aiilii-rikrama,as,m.(havinginvinciblepower),epithetofkingCandraguptathesecond.AjiHifninn(ta-dt], 'i*lit414jHxadhi-prajam,ind. on thesubjectofprocreationas a meansofpreservingtheworld(achapterintheUpanishads).^rfinrfirnadhi-prashti-yuya, am,n.yokelaidupontheprashlior foremost of threehorses,usedoncertain sacrificialoccasions,to whicha fourthhorse could be attached;(as),m. the fourth horsethusattached(?).^rftm^adhi-bddh,cl. I. A.-bddhate,-dhttum,tovex,annoy.^TfVnjx adhi-bru,cl.2.P.-brav'tti,-vaktum,togiveorders to.^lftnj5^adhi-bhuj,cl.7.A.-bhunkte,-bhoktum,toenjoy.hu, us,m.(rt.bhuwithadhi),amaster,asuperior.Adhi-bhuta,am,n.thespiritualorfine substratumofmaterial orgross objects;theall-penetratingin-fluence of thesupreme spirit;thesupreme spirithimself; nature.Adhi-lihutam,ind.onthesubjectofmaterialobjects (a chapterin theUpanishads).'AdM-lihautlka(better diUtibliantika, q.v.), as,I, am,natural(?).^rnWTrT'Tadhi-bhojana, am,n. an addi-tionalgift.^fvHrt!}adhi-manthaoradhi-mantha, as,m.(churningoftheeyes),severeophthalmia.G2-1adhi-manthana. adhi&vara.Adhi-manthana, am, n.,Ved. friction forpro-ducingfire;(as, a, am),suitable for such friction(aswood).Aillti-iii'intkltii, a,', a, am, sufferingfromoph-thalmia.^lf*WTHadhi-miiBsaoradhi-mansnka, as,m.proudflesh or cancer, especiallyin theeyesorthebackpartofthegums. AdhimiiHfi~iriiian(sarii. n.ophthalmicdiseaseproduced by proudrlesh orcancer.afyHId adhi-mdtra, as, a, am,pastorabove measure,excessive ; (am),ind. on thesubjectofprosody.Adhintiitrn-kSrunika, Of,m.(ex-ceedinglymerciful),N.ofaMahS-brahmanaamongtheBuddhists.-SPMMMadhi-masa, as,m.anintercalarymonth.wfvi^faadhi-mukti,is,f. (with Buddhists)intuition(?) ; implicitfaith(!).Adliiinidii-sdra,UK, a, am,wholly givento intuition or toimplicitfaith(?).Adhi-muktika, as,m.(with Buddhists)anepi-thetofMahi-kala.^rfvJp?!adlii-muhya,as,m.,N.ofS'akya-muni in oneofhisthirty-fourformerbirths.iSfVIstadhi-yajna, as,m. the chief orprincipalsacrifice;influence oragency affectingasacrifice; (aj, a, am), relatingto a sacrifice ;(am),ind.onthesubjectofsacrifices.^TrVTr^adhi-yat,cl. I.A.,Ved.-yatate,-titam,to fasten, fix,stick.'Sihj*r.x 1 a n*1an-adyatana,as,m.tensewhichis notapplicabletothe currentday.an-adhika,as, a,am,incapableofbeing enlargedor excelled;boundless; perfect.an-adhikdra, as,m.absence ofauthorityorrightor claim. Anadhikdra-far/id,{.intermeddling,officiousness.An-adhikdrin, i, ini, i,not entitled to.An-adhikrita, as, a,am,notplacedat theheadof, notappointed.an-adliigata,as, a, am,notob-tained,notacquired;not studied.~Anadhigata-manoratha,as,a, am,disappointed. Anadhigata-s"dstra, as, a, am, unacquaintedwiththe Sastras.An-adhigamya,as, a, am,unattainable.a 1ftfJJTTan-adhishthdna,am,n.wantofsuperintendence.An-adhlshthUa, as, a, am,notappointed; notpresent.WTVTTn-aa'Amaoran-adhinaka,as,a, am,independent;(as),m.anindependentcarpenter whoworksonhisownaccount,seekaula-taksha.Tilr(U|!iHl|ohan-apakarsha,as,m.(rt. krish),m.non-degradation, superiority."SHU'lan-apaga,as, d,am,notdepartingfiom.i>Srmirian-apacyuta, as, d, am,Ved.notfallen off, not declined ;notdisplaced.,vj-IHItMan-apujayya, as, d,am(rt.ji).Ved.impossibleto have its victorious character re-versed orneutralized.'^nTTmun-apalya, as, d, am,childless;Ved.causingchildlessness, unpropitious; (am),n.childlessness.Anapatya-td,f. childlessness. An-apatya-vat,an, all, at,Ved. childless.Amipatyaka,as,dori, am,childless.an-apatrapa,as, a, am,shameless,H26an-apanihita.anala.an-apanihita, as, d, am,Ved.notcurtailed ormutilated.an-apayati,ind.,Ved.(beforethesun makes astart); veryearly. (Apayatlis said tobe fr. rt. t witha/xi, perhapsthe loc. ofthepres.part.)an-apara, as, d, am,without an-other;havingnofollower;sole(asanepithet01Brahma).>S1H*J3an-apardddha, as, d,am,havingsustained noinjury ;(am),ind. withoutinjury.An-aparailha, .4 MHOan-avaprigna,as,a,am(rt. prii),Ved.notclosely united,butspreadingall around.*HfH!Jlti*iiiun-avabudhyamdna,as,a, am,deranged.^H'-lcN an-avabrava, as, a, am,Ved.notspeakingwithouteffect;speaking authoritatively;orirreproachable(?).^H=fI an-avabhra, as, a, am,Ved. notcarriedoff(?);undiminished(?);enduring( ?).An-mabhra-radkas, as, as, as,Ved.havingundi-minished(ordurable)wealth;able togivealastingreward.an-avama, as, d, am,notlow;an-avamarsam,ind. withouttouching.. an-avara, as, a, am,not inferior;xcellent..rlan-avarata, as, a, am,incessant;am),ind.incessantly.iH'Hl.'Han-avaratha, ps, m.,N.ofa sonf MadhuandfatherofKuruvatsa.^nT^TTlflan-avarardhya,as, d,am, chief,irincipal.'i1ctrt'if an-avalamba, as, d, am, havingnoproporsupport.An-avalambana,am,n.independence.An-avalambita, as, a, am,notpropped up,notsupported,notdependent.an-avalepa, as, d, am,freefrom[moral)veneer, unvarnished, unassuming.an-avalobhana,am,n.(non-longing'),N. of aceremonyto be observedbyapregnantwoman;title ofaparticulartreatise in anUpanishad.an-avasa, as, d, am,Ved. nolstoppingto eatbytheway.an-avasara, as, d, am,havingnointerval of leisure, busy; comingwhen there is nosuch interval, inopportune;(as),m. absence o:"leisure;unseasonableness.fl l'i|r|*(anas, as,n.(saidto be fr. rt.an),a cart; a mother; birth; offspring, livingcreature;boiled nee. -Anas-vat,an, atl, at,Ved.yokedtoa cart.Anad-uh,anar-vis,sees. v.(schangedto d andr).SiHH^an-asiiya, as, d, am,notspiteful,notenvious; (d),f. freedom fromspite; absence ofill-will orenvy;N.ofadaughterofDaksha,andofoneofSakuntala's friends.An-axuyaka,as, d,am,oran-asuyu, us, us, u,notspitefulorenvious.^TfffffiCan-a-suri, is, is, i,Ved. not un-wise,wise.^J^wtHrl au-astam-ita, as, d, am,notgonedown;notsubjecttosettingordeclining.5HWan-astha, as, d, am,oran-asthi, is,is, i,oranasthika, ax, d,am,oranastfii-mat,an,atl, at,boneless.^H^3;ltan-ahan-kdra, as,m.(non-ego-tism),absence ofor freedom from self-conceit,orthetendencytoregardselfassomethingdistinctfrom28an-ahankrita.an-amayat.thesupremespirit; freedomfrompride;(at, a,am),faxfrom self-conceit orpride.An-akankrita, as, a, am,or an-akam-radin,I, ini, t,freefromself-conceit orpride.An- *'*'f'non-return; finalemancipation..^ta*wcn. i^'*J^ an-dvrita, as, d, am, uncovered!, am,n.impossibilityofbeing undressed, uninclosed, open.2.an-drabhya,ind.withoutcommencing:this is ^'1^an-dvrishti, is,f. want ofrain,Iducedotherwiseianbybeatingrtiie'sounSdom.compoundsinthesense-detached;' thus,are-'^HI*ICan-dhdra, as,m.abstinence not6^:5^^S2? I

5' "*^ ^I -^ ^^^^-'-t^on;(as,,an-dvyddha, as, d, am, Ved.(possibletobebrokenorforcedopen./ , iwjiiyuLwiiia(i/a-adri) as aam, taughtorstudied or read as adetachedsubject(notaspartofaregularorauthoritativetreatise)An-arnmMa, as,m.absence ofbeginning,non-Jam),onewhoabstainsfromfood.An-dhdrln, I, ini, i,nottaking (food);fasting.An-akarya,as, d, am,nottobeseized or takennotproducible; nottobeeaten.j?Tan-drithya,ind. nothaving sur-mounted.*"ili-ibliya, as, d, am,notwealthy., d, m. a mote. Seeanlman.a-nimantrita, as, a, am,un-invited.A-niinantrita-lihojin, I, inl, i, eatingwithoutbeinginvited.flfirfHIH a-nimdna,asd, am,Ved. un-bounded,immense.'rlf*lt a-nimitta, as, a, am, havingnoadequateoccasion, causeless,groundless;(am),n.absenceof anadequate causeoroccasion, groundlessness.Ani-mitta-tas,ind.groundlessly.A-nimitta-nirdkrila,at, a, am,groundlessly rejected. Animitta-liitga-ndtfa, an,m.(unaccountablelossof distinctvision) ;N. of anophthalmicdisease,endingintotal blindness,perhapsamaurosis.fl fa PM MXa-nimish, f.,Ved. absence ofwinking (onlyused in ace. and inst.cases).Ani-mijtham or animishd oranimesham, ind.,Ved.withoutwinking,i.e.vigilantlyorincessantly.A-nimishaora-nimeska, as, d, am,not wink-ing,lookingsteadily,vigilant; openaseyesorflowers;(an), m.notwinking;agod;afish. AmmishakshaCsha-aK3), as, I,m. f. one whoseeyesare fixed.Animiihadarya(Aa-dJil1s*iiiyiiimeansorexpedients.1flnm>danu-pdrsva,alongorbythe side."Btgmi^S1an-updvritta,as,m.pi.,N.ofapeople.'31'T'Tni'Tan-updsana,am,n. want ofattention to.An-updsita,as, d,am,notattended to, neglected.^*33^Hanu-purusha,as,m.thebefore-mentionedman,a follower.^tlT"4anu-pushpa,as,m.akindof reed(SaccharumSaraRoxb.).win^5 anu-purva,as, d, am, regular,orderly,successive,fromthepreceding. Anupunenaoranupurva-das,ind. inregularorderorsuccession,fromthefirst,fromthebeginning,fromabovedown-wards.Anupurva-keda,as,m. one who hasregularhair.Anupurra-gdtra, as,m. one whohasregularly shapedlimbs.Anupurva-ja, as, d,am,descended in aregularline.AnupHrva-danxktra, as,d, am,having regularteeth. Anu-purm-nSbhi, is,m.havingaregularlyshapednavel.Anupun-a-pdni-leklia, as, d,am,havingregularlines in the hands.Anupurva-wUsd,(. a cowwhich calvesregularly.Anupun-ya,as,a,am,regular,orderly,successive.anu-prikta, as, d,am,mixedwith.anu-prishthya, as, d,am(heldorextended), lengthwise.WTOanu-pri,Caus. P.-purayati,-yitum,to fill?to fulfil.wi4nan-upeta, as, d, am,not endowedwith,notinvestedwith(thesacredcord).vi 1 Ml 4uan-uposhana,am,n.notfasting.^TfTJTan-upta, as, d, am(rt. nap),unsown(as seed). Anupta-fanya, as, d, am, fallow,meadow(ground, &c.).An-uptrima,as,d, am, grownwithoutbeingsown.'SiH=!i+*^ anu-pra-kamp,Caus.A.-kamp-ayate,-yitum,to follow inswingingoragitating.xirtms^anu-prafh,cl. 6. P.-pri6(hati,-prashtum(withtwo ace. cases ofthepersonandthing),toask,toinquireafter.Annpraina,see s.v.aiHnis anu-pra-jan,cl.4.A.-jdyate,-janitum,to be born after; toprocreate againandagain: Caus.-janayati,-yitum,tocause to bebornsubsequently.^^THsTT anu-pra-jnd,cl.9.P.-jdndti,-jiiatum,to track, trace, discover.Aini-prajndna, aim,n.tracking, tracing.^T5nTflJtin, I, ini, i, residing,resident."Mrj^r+irii.anu-vasita,as,a,am(fr.rt.vas,toput on),dressedup, wrapped.^l^fan2.anu-va-sita,as,a^am(for anv-ava-tita,rt.si),fastenedto,boundto,attached.ii^ anu-vaha, as,m.(rt. vah),one olthe seventonguesoffire ;('bearing after.')^T^Tanu-va,cl. 2.P.-vati,-turn,toblowupon,fan.Ann-rate,ind. withthewindblowinginthesamedirection,with thewindfrombehind,towindward.st^monanu-vdka. Seeunderami-vat.^"J*"**!anu-vaTam>ind.timeaftertimerepeatedly.w^jimanu-vasa, as,m. or anu-vasanaam,n.(rt. vdg), perfumingtheclothes, especiallydippingthe ends ofthe clothes inperfumes; perfuming, scentingingeneral ;anoilyenema;administering oilyenemata.(akafiti,topenetratewith one's vision.Plf^anu-vi-tint,cl. 10. P. -6inta-/ati, -yitum,to recal tomind.anu-vi-tan,cl. 8. A.-tanute,nitum,to extend allalongor all over.1.anu-vid,cl. 2. P.,Ved.-vetti,veditum,toknowthoroughly.2.anu-vid,cl. 6. P. A.-vindati,te, -veditum,to find,discover ;todeem;tomarry.Anu-vtita, as, a, am,found.Anu-vitti, is,f.finding,obtaining.*)fjf^'?STanu-vi-dris,cl. I. P.-pasyati,-drashtum,toperceive,view.anu-vi-dha,cl.3.P. -dadhati,-dhdtum,toregulate,lay downarule: Pass,-dhlyate,tobetrained to follow rules;toobey.Anu-mdhdtavya, as, d, am,to beperformedaccordingto anorder.Anu-vidhdna, am,n. obedience, actingcon-formablyto order.Anu-vidhdyin,I, ini, i, conformingto, compliant,obedient.T^anu-vi-nad,Caus. P.-nadayati,-yitum,tomakeresonant ormusical.anu-m-nard,cl. i. P. -nardati,-ditum,toanswerwith roars.anu-vi-nas,cl.4.P.-nasyati,-ruvSiiumor-nanshtum,todisappear, perish,vanishafter orwithanother.Anu-vi-nds'a, as,m.perishingafter.i>jr s* "-farati, -ritum,Ved.-radhyai, -ritave, -rase,towalkalongside,tofollow,join ;to visit;topursue,seek after;topenetrate, traverse, cross;to becomeassimilated : Caus. P.-fdrayaU, -yUmn,tojoin,becomeidentified orassimilated with.Anu-sanc'aranam,ind.ateachoccasionofcoming.strtr=ai\anu-sah-tint(-sam-6int),cl. 10.P.-dintayati,-yitum,to meditate.^Ilt>Ti>HM2.anvpa,as,d, am(fr.an-rap),Ved.estowingin order.(ForI.aniipa,seeabove.)Waniipa-das (anu-upa-das),cl.4.P.-dasyati,-situm,to fail(orbecomeextinct)inx>nsequence.aniipasadam (anu-up),ind. atveryUpasad(akindofreligiousceremony).anu-bandhya, as,d,am(ri.bandh),Ved.tobe fastened(asasacrificialanimal);see alsoanu-bandhya, p. 37-anu-ydja.Seeanu-ydja, p.37.anu-rddha,as,d,am, Ved.causingwelfare,happiness;(a),f.=amirrddhd,q.v., p.38.an-uru,us,vs.u,thighless; (MS),m.the charioteerofthe sun,the dawn.~Anuru-gdra-thi, is,m.whosecharioteer isAnOrn,i. e. thesun.an-urjita,as, d, am,notstrong,weak;notproud.an-iirdhva,as,d,am,nothigh,low.Anurdhva-bMs, as, m.,Ved. one whosesplen-dordoes not rise,wholightsnosacred fires.an-urmi, is, is, i, Ved.notwaving.notfluctuating;inviolable.anuld,f.,N.ofariverinKas'mlraS-ry, f,m.f.(?),Ved. apartofthebodyneartheribs."SHUt i .an-Tishara, as, d,am(fr.ushar,with3.a as anexpletiveordenoting comparison}saline.2.an-iishara,as, d, am,notsalineamishita, as, d,am(rt.coswithami), livingnearanother.*TTiJniT(in-iisliiiia-para, as, a, am, (ingram.)not followedbya sibilant.Wf? an-uha, as, d, am, thoughtlesscareless.an-rikka. Seean-ridbelow.an-rikshara,as,d,am, Ved.thornless(asapathoracouch).^Rff^an-rid,k,k, k,oran-rida, as, d,amnotcontaininga verse fromtheRig-veda,hymnlessnotconversantwith theRig-veda.An-rikkaoran-rUka, as, d, am,containingnRic.an-riju, us, us, u,notstraight,ooked,perverse,wicked.s iornmorethanonce;(as),m.a bird. Anel:HI1I I.a-gd,cl. 2.P.-gdti,-turn, to cometowardsor into ;toapproach, makeone'sappearance;tomeetwith;to visit.2.a-gd,as, as, am,comingtowards,&c.^TT1T*Idgddha=a-gddha, q.v.H\>l\t.d-gdra,am,n.(probablyfr.d-grl,'toswallowdown,'anddenotingfirstanyinner re-ceptacle),room,coveredplace,dwelling,house, recep-tacle[cf. a-gdra]. Agdra-godhika,f. a lizard(?).Agdra-ddha,as,m.arson, settinga house onfae.Agdra-ddhin,I,m.anincendiary. Agdra-dhuma,as, m.,N.ofaplant.H|JH_ i.a-gur,cl. 6. A.-gurate,-ritum(gur=rt.grl,seed-grl),toapprove,toagreeorassentto,topromise,topronouncetheAgur.2.d-gur,ur, f.,Ved., N.ofa class ofplauditoryorapprovingexclamations or formularies usedbythepriestsin sacrificial rites; assent,anagreement.A-guranaorS-guranaord-gurna,am,n.recita-tion oftheAgur.A-gu, us,(. anagreement(?).A-gurtin,I, inl, i,Ved.performingorpronounc-ingtheAgur.'iJNK^dgurava,as, i,am(fr. a-guru),originatingfrom or formed ofAgallochum.Seea-guru.^V\a-grl,cl.9.P.A.,Ved.-grinati,-rate,-garitumor-ritum,toapprove,topraise.^Ftd-gai,cl. I.P.,Ved.-gdyati,-gdtum,tosingto,toobtainbysinging.A-gdtri, ta, trl, in, obtainingbysinging.A-gdna,am,n. the actofobtainingbysong.agnapaushna,as, I, am,Ved.belongingorreferringtoAgniandPushan.Agndraishrtava,as, I, am,Ved.belongingorreferringtoAgniand Vishnu.fllf''!*dgnika, as, I,am(fr. agni), fiery,belongingto fire ortoa sacrificeperformedwith fire.Agnimdruta,as, I, am,belongingorreferringtoAgniandtheMaruts; (as),tti. anepithet ofAgastya;(am),n. ahymnpraising Agniand the Maruts[cf.PaniniVII.3,aI;VI.3, 28].Agnivaruna,as, I,am,belongingorreferringtoAgniandVaruna.Agniveiyaanddgntvcfydyana, as, m.,N. oftwoteachers.Agnishtomtka, as, I, am, belongingto theAg-nishtoma;onewhorecites or is conversantwith theAgnishtoma.Agnihotra, as, I, am,fit for theAgnihotra.Agnldhra, as, d, am,Ved.originatingfrom orbelongingtotheAgnidh,i. e.tothepriest whokindlesthe fire;(as),m. thepriestwho kindles the fire ;(a),f. care of the sacred fire;(am),n. theplace114agriidhrlya.d-farana.where asacrificial fire is kindled ;the function ofthepriestwhokindles the sacred fire.A'jniJItriya,u*, S,am,beingwithin theAgnl-dhraor theplacewhere a sacrificial fire is kindled;(as),m.the fire(agnt)within theAgnldhra;thefire-place (dhishnya)within theAgnidhra.AijHlilhrya,as, a,am, belongingtotheAgnidhraorthepriestwhokindlesthe sacred fire.Agnewlra,as, I, am,Ved. consecrated toAgmand Indra.Agneya,at, i, am,fiery, belongingorrelatingorconsecratedto fire or itsdeityAgni;similar to fireorAgni; belongingtoAgnSyi,wife ofAgni;(as),m.epithetofSkanda;ofAgastya; (as),ni.pi.,N.otapeople;(t),f.,N.ofAgnayi,wifeofAgni;thewife ofCruanddaughterofAgni(?);thesouth-eastquarter,of whichAgniUtheregent; (am),n. blood;gheeor boiled butter; gold;N.of aregion. -Agneya-Iclla, a*,m. an insect(klta) whichflies intothe fire(appliedto a thief who breaks into a room andextinguishesthelamp).-Agneya-purina,am,n.thesameas theagnl-puraiia,q.v.Agnyddheyika,as, d,am,belongingto theAgny-Idheya.Seeunderayni.mitl*-^a-granth,cl.9.i. P--grathndti,-grnntluiti,-Ihitam,towindround,tointwine.WT?pTt>Tf*Tl agrabhojanika,as, i, am(fr.agm-bhtgana),oneto whomfood is first offered.yiiimil agrayana,as,m.(fr. agra),thefirst Soma libation at theAgnishtomasacrifice(seeijraha);a formofAgni; (i),f. anoblationconsistingoffirst-fruits orfirstlings; (am),n.oblationconsistingoffirst-fruits at theendoftherainyseason.^rni^r d-grasta,as, a, am,bored, per-forated.STRJ^d-grah,Ved.-grabh,cl.9.P.A.-grihndti, -nite,Ved.-gribhndti,-ylte, -grahl-tum,toseize,'takeholdof;todrawtight(as reins).A-graha,as,m.seizing, taking;attack ;surpass-ing,surmounting;favour; patronage; power,ability;moralpower,courage.Agrahikd,f. favour,patronage,help.OliNh,Ved.to be sacrificed orwor-shipped,Sec.,(accordingtoSSy.onRig-vedaVIII.60, 3 =yashtavya.)Ytiks/iyamana,as, a,am,about toperformasacrifice,wishingtomakeasacrifice.2-yaj, (, I,t[cf.Pin. VIII. 2,36], sacrificing,worshipping,asacrificer, (attheendof acomp.,cf.iliri-y", deva-y.)Yaja, as,m. asacrifice,&c.(atthe end ofacomp.);=agni,fire.Yaja-praisha,as, a, am,Ved.havinga Praisha or invitation with the wordVJa.Yajat, an, anii, at,sacrificing, worshipping.Yajata,as, a,am,Ved.worthyofworship, (S5y.=i/ajanlya, yaAtavya); adorable, holy, godly,divine(saidofAgni, India,and othergods,also ofthechariotof theAsvins);august,sublime,dignified,awe-inspiring,awful;(as),m. anofficiatingpriestatasacrifice(=rite-ij);themoon; N.ofSiva;ofa Rishi with thepatronymicAtreya (authorof thehymnsRig-vedaV.67,68; cf. Zendyazata).Yajati,is, m.atechnical term for those sacrificialceremonies towhich the verbya.ja.tiisapplied (asdistinguishedfromjuhoti, q.v.),a solemnsacrifice,(accordingtoKulluka, juhoti-yajati-kriyilhhoma-yagiidi-riipah kriyah,oblations to fire andsolemnsacrifices, Manu II.84.) Yajati-des'a,as,m. oryajati-ithana, am,n. theplaceorpositionsouthoftheVediorsacrificial altar.Yajatra, as, a, am,Ved.worthyofworship(SSy. =yajaniya,yashtavya),deservingofadora-tion, adorable,worthyof sacrifice(saidofAgni,ofVaruna,andtheAdityas,andofheavenandearth);(as),m.=ayni-Jtolrin,aBrahmanwho has main-tained his consecratedfire;(am),n.=agni-hotra,the maintenanceofthe sacrificial fire.Yujatka,Ved.(onlyfound inthe dat.yajathaya,often =the inf.yashtum), worshipof thegods,sacrifice, (SSy. =yajiia, yajana); anadorer,wor-shipper,(Szy.=*yas/i.lri.)Yajana, am,n.theactofsacrificing,sacrifice, wor-shipping; aplaceofsacrifice;N.ofaTSrtha.Yajauiya, as, a, am(ft. yajana), relatingtosacrifice orworship; (am), n.,scil.ahan,thedayofsacrifice orconsecration,i. e. the firstdayof themonth, [cf. maghl-pa/tsha-y"^]Yajaula, rw,m.asacrificer,worshipper(?).^njiimiiiia, as, a, am,worshipping, sacrificing,SK.;(as),m.apersonwho institutes orperformsaregularsacrifice andpaystheexpencesofit,apersonwhoemploysapriestorprieststoperforma sacrifice oranyfixed or occasionalreligiouscere-monies,any personwho intendsperformingor isable to btarthecost ofaregularsacrifice;apatron,host, richman, householder, respectable person,gentleman, (asthepersonwhoemploys prieststosacrifice isgenerallyahouseholder,thetitleYajamSna(ascometosignifyin moderntimes'theheadofafamily,''chief of acaste ortribe,''head man ofacommunity;' thefamily priestemployed byaYajamanaissometimts anhereditary functionaryandcannotbe dismissed aslongas heperformshislimctioiitefficiently) ;(i),f. thewifeofaYajamana.-tajiiiiiaMa-tra,am,n. the rankorpositionofaYajamSna. Yajamiina-'irnhinnit'i. am n Vediu. ,Yajamana'lolcaIheBrahmanaoftheYtas,m. the world or heaven of sacrificers.Yaja-maiut-sisltya, us,m. thepupilofaBrahmanwhodefraystheexpencesof asacrifice.Yujumanalia, as,m. =yajamana,thepersonpayingthe costofa sacrifice.Yajas, as, n.,Ved.honour, worship, sacrifice,Yaja,(.,N.ofa femaletutelary being(mentionedin connection withSita, Sama,andBhOti).Yajalia, as, a,am, makingofferingsorpresents,liberal, munificent.Yiiji, is, m. one who institutes orperformsasacrifice,asacrificer ;sacrificing, honouring,worship-ping, (atthe end ofacomp.,cf.dera-y");a sacri-fice, (inthis sense thegenderisdoubtful); the rootYajin, I,ini, i,aworshipper, sacrificer,offererofoblations ;worshipping, honouring.Yajishtha, as, d, am,Ved.worshipping verymuch,worshippingorhonouringin thehighestdegree.Yajishnu,us, us, u, worshippingoradoringthegodswithsacrifices,makingsacrificestothedeities,sacrificing.Yajlyas, an,asl,as,Ved.honouringmore,mak-ingbetterofferingsor sacrifices.Yaju, iis, m.,N. of one of the ten horses ofthemoon.Yajashainrig-yajusha, am,n.theRigandtheYajur-veda.YajushJcaina-yajushka, q.v.Yajus/iya, as, a,am(ft. yajus),Ved.relatingtoceremonial.Yajus, us,n.religious reverence, veneration,wor-ship,oblation, sacrifice(Ved.);thatbywhich asacrifice iseffected,a sacrificialprayeror formula;atextoftheYajur-vedaorratheratechnical term forcertain words or Mantras muttered in apeculiarmanner at asacrifice, (theseMantraswereproperlyinproseasdistinguishedfromthemetricalrid whichwasrecited,and the metrical sdman which wassung,seemantra,a.fid; although,however,theproseYajusis adistinctive feature oftheYajur-veda,thisVeda is in real factchieflycomposedofversestaken from theRig-veda,whichmaythen also becalledYajus,cf.Yajur-veda- below);N. of theYajur-veda, q.v., (inthis sense alsofrequentlyya-junshi,n.pi.); (us), m.,N. of a man.Yajuh-sahhin, i, ini, i,familiar with a Sakha of theYajur-veda. Yajur-maya,as, i, am,consistingofverses oftheYajur-veda;[cf. rin-maya.] Yajur-lakshmi, Is, f.,N.ofaparticularformula.Yajur-vid, t, t, t, knowingtheYajus,conversant withsacrificialformulas,one who is familiar with theYajur-veda. Yajur-vidhana, am,n., N.of a work.Yajur-veda, as, m.'the sacrificialVeda,'thecollectivebodyofsacred Mantrasor textswhichcon-ititute theYajur-veda, (these Mantras,thoughoftenconsistingoftheprose Yajus,arefrequentlyidenticalwith the Mantras of theRig-vtda,theYajur-vedaseing onlyacollectionofliturgicalforms orrather asortot sacrificialprayer-bookfortheAdhvaryupriestsformedoutof theRig-veda,whichhadtobedissectedandre-arrangedwith additional texts for sacrificialpurposes ;to serve thesepurposes,thehymnsoftheRig-vedaare scattered aboutpiecemeal,verses ofthesamehymn beingoftentransposed,verses from dif-ferenthymnscombined,and eventhose of differentpoetsbroughttogetherintooneandthesamehymn;in fact thecompilationof theYajur-vedaresultedfromthegradual growthof acomplicatedritual inconnection with those sacrifices without which theHindubelieved it wasimpossibleto securethe favourof hisgods,and for theperformanceof which theunsystematiccollection ofhymnsin theRig-vedawasunsuited : thegreatcharacteristic feature oftheYajur-vedais its division into twodistinct collectionsoftexts,theonecalledTaittirlya-samhitaorKrishna,i. e.'Black'[becausein it the Samhita orsimplecollection of texts and Brahmana orexplanationofthe rite in whichthetextswereemployedis con-fused]; theothercalledVajasaneyi-samhitJorfuikla,i.e.'White'[becauseinthis, which isthoughtto bethemorerecentofthetworecensions,theSamhita isclearedfrom confusionwith itsBrahmana,andthere-fore lookswhiteandorderly]: the orderofsacrifices,however,ofbothdivisionsoftheYajur-vedais simi-lar,twooftheprincipal beingtheDaria-purna-masaorsacrificetobeperformedatnewandfullmoon,andthe Asva-medha orhorse-sacrifice; cf.Taittirlya-samhita, Vajasaneyi-samhitd.) Yajurreda-tfraddha,N.ofa work(treatingoftheprayersandrites to beused at theanniversaries of the death ofparents accordingto the school oftheYajur-veda).Yajur-vedin, I, ini, I, familiar with theYajur-veda.Yajurredi-vrishotsarga-tattm ("fha-ut"),am, n.,N. ofpartof the Smriti-tattvabyRaghu-nandana on the release of a bullaccordingto theteachingoftheYajur-veda. Yajtirredi-s'raddha-tattva, am, n.,N. of certain versesby Raghu-nandanaontheanniversaries ofthe deathofparentsaccordingto the school of theYajur-veda.Ya-jush-Tirita, as, riestconductingasacrifice ; N.ofaking. Yajtla-;rintatra,am,n. afragmentorportionofa sacii-ice.Yajna-ketu,us,m.,Ved.(perhaps)onewhos conversantwith sacrifice;havingthesacrifice fora mark orsign,the announcer ofasacrifice, (Sly.yajnah prajnapaJcoyatya);N.ofa RakshasainRamayanaVI.18, 14). Yajiia-kopa, s, m.,>J. of a Rakshasa.Yajaa-Jcratu, us,m. a sacri-ficial rite orceremonyin honour of thegods;ayajna-kriyd.rf^yajndnukdsin.803completerite or chiefceremony;apersonificationof Vishnu; (ai'as),m.pi.theYajriaand Kratusacrifices.Yaji\a-kriyd,f. sacrificialact, anysacri-ficial rite orceremony. Yajiia-yatha,f. a sacrificialverse oranymemorial verse connected with theritual of a sacrifice.Yajiia-giri, is, m.,N. of amountain.Yujna-yhua, as, i, am,'sacrifice-destroying,'interruptingsacrifices ;(as),m.ademonwhointerrupts sacrifices,amalicious orevil-omeneddemon.Yajna-dliiiya, as,m.agoatfor sacrifice.Yajiia-jtla, as, a, am,'sacrifice-knowing,'con-versant withsacrifices,understandingtheworshipofthegods. Yajiia-tati, is, f.,Ved.a sacrificial offer-ing, performanceof a sacrifice.Yajiia-tanu, ws,(. a form ofworship; epithetof certainVyahritis;of certain sacrificial bricks(ishtaka). Yajtia-tantra-sudlid-nidhi, is, m.,N. of a work onVedic ritualbySayanacarya. Ydjiia-tantra-siitra,am,n.,N. ofa Sutra work.Yujna-trdtri, td,m.'sacrifice-protector,'N.ofVishnu.~Yajna-dakshi-na,f. a sacrificialgiftorpresent,a fee or donationgivento thepriests engagedin theperformanceof aceremony. Yajna-datta, as,m. 'sacrifice-given,'aproperN.(commonlyused inexamples).Yajiiadattaha,as,m.(a diminutive),dear littleYajna-datta. Yajnadatta-vadha, as,m.'Yajna-datta'sdeath,' N.of anepisodeof theRamayana.Yajiiadatta-ifarman,d,m. aproperN.(oftenused inexamples). Yajna-dlkshd,f. initiation intosacrifices,admission to sacrificialrites,dueperform-ance of the sacrifice(seeManu II.169). Yajna-deva,as,m.aproperN.Yaji'ta-drarya,am,n.anysacrificialutensil, anythingused forsacrifice,asacrificial vessel.Yaj/ta-druh,-dhruk or-dfirut,m. anenemyofsacrifices,a Rakshasa.Yajiia-dhara,as, a, am,bringingthesacrifice,bearinganoffering; (as), m.,N. of Vishnu.Yajita-dltii'd,attt d, am,Ved.experiencedin or conversantwiththeworshipof thegods;constant in sacrifice.Yaji'ia-ndrdyana, as,m.aproperN.Yaji'ia-n&rayagardilciMta, as, m.,N. of apreceptor.Yajiia-nirra/ia, as,m. theaccomplishmentorcarryingout of a sacrifice.Yajiia-nirvritti,is, f.completionor rewardofasacrifice,fruit of a sacri-ficialoffering. Yajiia-mshkrit,t, t, t,Ved.arrang-ingthe sacrifice.Yajiia-ni, Fs, is, i,Ved.conduct-ing worship, directingthe sacrifice ;(?),m.apar-taker of thesacrifice,(Say.=yajiiasyanirvdha-kah.)ia-aitrj), am,n. 'sacrifice-limb,'apartofasacrifice,anymeans or instrumentorimplementofasacrifice; (as),m.theglomeiousfig-tree,Ficus Glomerata;Acacia Catechu; Clero-dendrumSiphonanthus; N.of Vishnu or Krishna;ofS'iva; ((7),f. CocculusCordifolius.Yajiidttnan(na-df), d,m.'soul ofsacrifice,' N. of Vishnu.Yajndtma-tnisra, as, m.,N. of the father ofParthasarathi-misra.Yajndnukdfiin (>ia-an)t i,804yajiiunta. TTrT^ yatas.ini, t,Ved.lookingatorinspectingsacrifices,(accord-ingto a commentatoritaji'm-ttittrn-iu~t jjittLc wnatcverjevery\vhere,ineverypart;yatra-kutraditoryatra-I,,,,--..... -j.uuui-narma- I Ved.accordingtobirthIcutrapi, mwhateverplace,in someplaceor otherv",','", ,accordance w"hactions andqualities,bysort - Yatkdioln inH"VA""""'---u-'-- 'Yalha-kalpam, ,nd. inconformit"*"!"*md",ved.accordingtoL-j"\.^)in awiuc^jatcUl OIlliinanyplace whatever,anywhere, in whichever(e.yatra-kutrdpijanmaiti, in whicheverbirth) ;ya-tra-kvatana oryatra-kvapioryatra-kvataoryatra-kva vd, wherever, whithersoever,anywhere,anywhither;whenever,as oftenas,everytime atanytime; hitherandthither.-Yatra-kdmam,ind,wherever itpleases,accordingtopleasureor wish-Yatra-kamdi-asdya("ma-ar"),as,m.thesuper-naturalpoweroftakingupanabode ortiamnorfinij Ione's selfanywhereon'eifkel,(thtpieris S"o?IaCCrdmg-*""belongto someYogins.) _Yatrakd-mdvasdiii-tdi.oiyatrakutiuicasrnji-tva,am,n.=yatra-kdmdvasayaabove.-Yatrakdmdvasdyin, I,inl ihavingthepoweroftaking upa residence ortrans-I., Ved.accordingtoprecept,inconformitywithinjunction.-Yathd-dhamlasam, ind.,Ved.accord-ingtometre,onemetreafteranother. -Yathd-jdtaas, d,am,justasborn;senseless,stupid,foolish anatural;barbarous, outcast;(am),ind.accordingtorace orfamily,familybyfamily.-Yathd-jdti,indVed.accordingtobirth,accordingtokindorclass sorthv nrt v>>A9J_.Z * i -r .V/i-77CBHanaqualities.**2S^JE3^*I-iUor^aSt^ne^^cZ^4.o^K'J^\SS^S^^^tlui-jmmam, md.accordingtoknowledge,to thebest of one'sknowledgeorjudgment.-Yathd-yyeMham, md.accordingto theoldest, byseni-ority,accordingtorank,from the oldest to theyoungest.-Yathd-tattvam,ind.inaccordancewith--, as, d, am,conformable to desire(acting)accordingtowish;(am),ind.accordingtowish as onelikes, atpleasure,agreeably, eafilycomfortably._-Yathdkdmdriitdrthin(ma-an. ,mi^,honouringsuppliantsbyconform!mgtotheir desires _v/.*i./.^_.-..-, - rdesircs- yatt**tii^Iiruth;as ^ -^i;;^^^ent,wilful, |exactly,precisely,strictly,accurately. -Yathd-tatha,as, a, am,conformable to truth or the exact stateof thecase,nght, true, accurate;(am),ind. incon-correct foryavtj,-j-.f "^'"'^."Jii, pleasure,Yatha-ltayam,md.,Ved.'accordingtobody01formaccedingto Aedimensions(ofany^i^g). ^I fit/Itl-l.'itI'flin inJ ! .^. . -'O/an abode wherevertheeveningfinds6one,spading'ccordingtotime,in duetime,alYatratya, as, d, am,wherebeing,dwelling inwhichplacerelatingto whichplace,ofwhichpLe,Iwhose(usedrelatively).5"e>ascol. 2.-VH/tl.A,ttyIflll-), as, tkd, am,accordingto nature or characterhavingwhich nature. -Yathd-datta, as, d, am,asgiven,lathd-darfanam,ind.accordingtoeveryoccurrence,inevery singlecase. -Yathd-ddyamind^accordingto shares orportions.-Yathd-dikori,ind.accordingto the variousquartersind.(fr.thepronom. basep.,// ; n^ ,.,:*k n j... _.^.sible,securityl- }, a j -,"' th ''' dUCiti- -jo\~:j ?'"PIaces- 2 -yathdtlcsi( t!m-ad-)md.accordingtodirection orinjunction.lat/ia-dravya,as,d,am,accordingtopropertyproportioned orconformable to wealth.-.Yathd-'.armam,ind.accordingtodutyorright,inproper,,accordingtoauthority.-Yathd-dhithLon9TSOGyathadhlta.yatha-vritta.ind.,Ved.accordingto thepositionorarrangementof theDhishnya.Yathddhita(lkd-adlt),as,d,am,asread,conformable to thetext; (am),ind,accordingto the text.Yalhadhydpalcaiit (thd-adh),ind.accordingto theteacher, agreeablytothe instructions of a teacher. Yathd-ndma, ind.,Ved.accordingtoname,namebyname. Yalhd-Ot, .1, am, exactlyas NSradaannounced,being justas Narada stated. YiitJu'i-'I'tam, ind.,Ved. asgoneforth or out. Ya-thil-niruptam, ind.,Ved. aspresentedor offered.Yathd-nirdixhln, as, d, am,as directed or en-joined,before mentioned ordescribed, previouslydirected.Yattn'i-nilajiam,ind. each in its ownresting-placeor lair(saidofanimals).Yalhd-ni-vdsin, i, t, i,whereverdwellingorabiding.Yathdntkam(t/t~i-sam-rti,cl. 2. P.-rauti, -ravlti, &c.,tocryorclamourtogether,shout, roar.Sam-rava,as,mclamour, uproar, tumult, sound,noise.Sam-ravin, I, inj, i,shouting together, makinganuproar,clamouring, roaring.tnj^saw-rurf,cl. I. A.-rotate, -rofitum,toshinetogetherorat the sametime,shinealongwith, shine inrivalry;toshine, beam, glitter:Caus.-rocayati,-yitum,to find or takepleasurein(withace.) ; tolike, love,approve,choose, select.^^sam-ruj,cl. 6. P.-rujati, &c.,tobreakentirely,breaktopieces,shatter.Sam-rugna,ai,a, am, brokentopieces,shattered.*T^Hsam-rudh,cl.7.P. A.-runaddhi,-runddhe, -roddhum,tostop completely, check,obstruct, hinder, keep back,restrain;to holdfast,fetter ;tostop up,blockup,stuffup, stuff,fill; tocloseup,shutup, besiege, invest,confine ;to coverover,coverup,conceal;tokeepfrom,withhold,re-frain,refuse : Caus.-rodhayati, -yitum,to causetostop,obstruct.tiiiiii-nuldha, a, a, am, completely stopped,checked, impeded,opposed,attacked; stopped up,blockedup, stuffed,filled;shutup, confined,be-sieged,invested; coveredover, concealed,obscured;stoppedor blockedup,filled; withheld,refused.Sam-rudhya,ind.having completely obstructed,havingblockedup.'^"'.'iii-xrtil/tn>/at,an,atl,at,accomplishing,&c.;obtaining, receiving,taking.Sam-sddhya,ind.having accomplishedorper-formedthoroughly;havingdestroyedorkilled,&c.sain-sara, &c. See undersaiii-sri.i .sam-sid,cl. 6. P.A.-sincati, -te,-sektum,tosprinkleover,sprinklethoroughly,water.Sam-sikta,as,d, am,wellsprinkledormoistened,watered.Sainsikta-renu, us, us, u,havingthedust laid or well watered.2. sam-si'uM-Arfri, td, tri, tri,onewhodrawstogetherorcontracts, &c.;destroying,adestroyer.Sam-hara,OK,m.drawing together,contraction,abridgement, comprehensive description,abbrevia-tion,compression;afault inpronunciation,(opposedtovi-hdra); close, end, conclusion, (Icaeya-fam-hiira, an, m.'theclose of apoem,' epithetof thebenediction at the conclusion of a drama);destruc-tion,loss;theperiodicaldestruction of the universeat the end ofaKalpa; collection, assemblage,accu-mulation;withdrawing, withholding, restraining,suppressing;acharmorspellforrestrainingmagicalweaponsorbringingthem back afterdischargingthem;seizing, layingholdof, taking [cf. cem-s~\;a division of the infernalregions; practice,skill.Satiihdra-bhairara, .*, m. one of theeightforms ofBhairava, q.v. Sawhdi'a-mudrd, f.,N.of aparticular posturein the Tantraworship (=Sam-hdraka, as, ikd, am,drawing together,compressing, closing; destructive,ruinous;a de-stroyer.Sam-hdrya, as, a, am,to bedrawntogetherorcontracted,to beabridged; to bedestroyed,&c.;to be restrained orcurbed orsuppressed.Sam-hrita,as, d,am,drawntogether; contracted,compressed, abridged;closed; destroyed,scattered ;collected,assembled; withdrawn,withheld; restrained,curbed ; seized,laid hold of.Sam-hriti,is,f.contraction,compression,abridge-ment; destruction, loss, disappearance;collection;restraint;taking,seizure.^C *)'m-sound, noise, cry.a-idana). Sat-kdnda,as,m.ahawk,kite.Sat-kdra,as, m.kindaction,kindtreatment, hospitabletreatment orreception,hospitality; reverence, respect; care,attention;ameal;afestival,religiousobservance. Satkardrha(ra-ar),as,d,am,worthyofhospitabletreatment.Sat-kula,am, n. agood family,noblefamily.~Sat-kulina, as, d, am,belongingto agoodfamily,born of a noblefamily, well-born, noblydescended. Satkulodbhava(Qla-ud7),a,a,am,sprungfroma noblefamily. Sat-kri,cl. 8. P. A.-karoti, -kurute, &c.,to do well orrightly,treatwell orkindly,treat withrespect,receivehospitably,welcome;tohonour, worship ;to adorn: Caus.kdrayati, Sec.,-yitum,tocauseto betreated withrespectorreverence,showreverence, pay respect.Sat-krita, as, d,am,donewell, actedrightlyorproperly;treatedwithrespecterhospitality;respected,revered, honoured; worshipped, adored, welcomed,saluted; entertained; (as),m.epithetof Siva;(am),n.virtue;respect; hospitality. Sat-lcriti,is,f.doing good, acting properly, virtue, morality;treatingwithrespect, hospitality.Sat-kritya,ind.havingtreated withrespect, &c.,having hospitablyentertained.Sat-hriyd,f. agood action,virtuousaction,doing good, charity,virtue; respectfultreat-ment,salutation,welcome,courtesy,worship,homage,hospitality; any purificatory ceremony;funeral orobsequialceremonies.Sat-tama, as, d,am, verygoodorright; mostvirtuous; excellent,best; veryvenerableorrespectable. Snt-ta,f.existence,entity,being, reality;aparticularJati(in phil.);goodness,excellence,see sal-tea below.Sattd-mdtra,am,n.mereentityorexistence. ~Sattd-vat,an,ati,at,endowedwithexistence, possessing reality.Sattd-vdpya(td-av),as,tJ7sam-ut-pat (-ud-p),cl. 10. P-patayatil-yitum,to tearcompletelyout,tearoubythe roots, rootup,tear off; todrawout;to teaaway,detach, sever; toexpel,dethrone.Sam-utpa(a,as,m.tearingcompletelyout oaway, rooting up,eradication; tearingawayfromsevering, detaching.Sam-utpalita,as, a, am,tornup bytherootstorncompletelyaway,severed,detached.Sam-utpdtya,ind.havingtorncompletelyoutoaway.ut-pat(-ud-p),cl. I. P.-paati, -patitum,tofly up together, fly upwards,mp up,startup, spring up, rise, ascend, arise,bereduced;to rush outof,gushout;rushforth,reak forth ; tofly away, depart, disappear ;to rush>on, attack,assail.Sam-utpatat,an, antl, at, flying up together,migupwards, ascending.ftaiu-utpatana,am,n. theactofflying uptoge-ler,flying upwards, going upwards, ascending;lakingeffort, energy,exertion.Sam-utpatita, as, a, am,flownup together,ownupwards,ascended,sprung up, springing up-vards;flownaway, gone, departed, disappeared;xerted.Sam-utpatya,ind.havingflownupwards; havingownaway;havinggushedout.Sam-utpipatishu,us, its, u(fr.theDesid.),rout to startuporspringup.^iH^sam-ut-pad (-ud-p),cl.4. A.-pad-ate,-pattiim,tospring uptogether;tospringup,rise,comeforth;to bebroughtforth or born orreduced, happen,come topass, occur,takeplace;opresentone's self: Caus.-padayati,-yitum,tocauseto arise, produce,effect,cause.Sam-vtpatti,is,f.arising together, arising, pro-uctlon, birth,origin;formation, occurrence,inci-ence.Sam-utpanna, as, a, am, sprung up together,risen, produced,born, effected, excited; occurred,lappened, occurring, takingplace.Sam-utpadana,am,n.the actofbringingforth,producing;effecting, fabricating.Sam-utpadita, as, a, am, broughtforth, pro-duced, effected, caused,formed.njfrT?Isam-utpihja,as, a,am(fr.rt.pinjwithudandsnm),excessivelyconfused orcon-bunded,bewildered, disturbed,overcome;(as),m.anarmyingreatdisorder; completeconfusion.Sam-utpinjala=sam-utpinjaabove;[cf. pin-'ala, utpinjala.]Sam-utpinjalaka,as,m.excessive confusion ordisorder.rlMsam-utpipatishu.See sam-ut-pat.sam-utpish,cl.7.P.-pinashti,&c.,tocrushorSqueezetogether;togrindtopieces.Sam-utpishta,as, a, am,crushed orsqueezedtogether; greatlycrushed.tsam-utpldana,am,n.(fr.rt.pldwithudandsam),theactofpressingtogether,com-pression, pressing;great pressureor distress.?&F{sam-ut-pfi,Caus.-parayati,-yitum,Ved. tospread out,stretch out,stretch forth.sam-ut-plu (-ud-p),cl. i. A.-pla-vate,-plotum,tojumporleapuptogether,springup.Sam-utplatya,ind.havingjumpedorleapedup.qqrH^sam-ut-sad,Caus. P.-sadayati,-yitum,todestroy utterly,overturn,overthrow.sam-utsava,as,m.agreatfestivalorftstivity.WTRTfsam-ut-sah,Caus. P.-sdhayati,yitum,toencourageor exhorttogether,animate,incite.Sam-utsahya,ind.havingencouragedorexhorted.UUM*sam-utsuka, as, a, am, veryun-easyOT anxious, very agitated,anxiouslydesirous,longingfor(anabsentperson), eagerfor,fond of,attached to; regretting,missing, grievingfor,sor-rowful. Satmutsuka-tva,am,n. sorrow, regret,longingdesire.Sam-vtsukaya,Nom. P.-utsukayati, -yitum,to cause tolongfor,cause to be fond of,makeattachedto.sam-ut-sri(-ud-sri),Caus.P.-sara-sam-utsarana.sam-ud-grah.1079yali,-yitum,to cause to moveaway,driveaway;togive away.tiam-utsdmna, am,n. the act ofexpellingordrivingto adistance,driving away; pursuing,hunt-ing.*9"1*1. sam-ut-srij(-ud-s),cl.6.P.-sri-jati, -srashtum,topourout orshed forthtogether,pourout, shed; tosendforth,give forth,castforth,letgo,letloose, dismiss; to leaveorabandonorlayasidecompletely;toput off;tolose; toplaceorputdown,throwforth oraway.Sam-utsarga, fie,m.pouringout orsheddingforthtogether, castingorgivingforth,givingaway;leaving, abandoning; evacuation(ofthe bowels orbladder),feculentdischarge.Sam-utsrijat,an,anti,at,lettingloose,lettinggo.Sam-iitsrijya,ind.having whollyabandoned orgivenup, havingcastaway.Sam-utsriehta, as, a, am,altogether pouredorshedforth,castforth, givenaway;letloose,whollygiven uporabandoned.W^r^H, sam-ut-srip (-ud-s),cl. I. P.-sarpati,&c.,toglideorsoarupwardstogether; togoupwards, ascend,rise.jcwTsam-utsedha, as,m.(fr.rt. I. sidhwith lid andearn), elevation,height; swelling up,intumescence, fatness,thickness.*tg^sam-udorsam-und,cl.7.P.-unatti,-unditiim, to moistenthoroughly,sprinkleallover,water,wet.2.sam-udya,ind.(forI. seep. 1037,col.i),havingsprinkledallover,havingmoistened.I.iam-udra, as, m.[cf.vdra,an-udra"],thewaters abovethefirmament,the aerial ocean orsky(Ved.;inNaigh.I.3.enumeratedamongthe an-tarikfha-ndmani);acollectionofwater,sea,ocean,(sevenseas are enumerated inVishnu-Purana II.4,viz. thesea ofLavana,'salt-water;' Ikshu,*sugar-canejuiceorsyrup;' Sur3,'wine;' Ghrita,'clarifiedbutter;' Dadhi,'curds;'Dugdha,'milk;' Jala,'fresh water') ;asymbolicalexpressionfor thenum-ber four(thenumber of oceansbeing only four,accordingtoonereckoning);theOcean(personifiedandrepresentedas thekingofrivers); epithetofS'iva ;a kind ofmetre; N.ofaplace; ofa work;(as,a, am),Ved.havinga collection ofwater,watery, flowing; (a),f. theplantcalledzedo;iry(=sati);the Sami tree.Samudra-kapha, as,m.'sea-foam,'cuttle-fish bone.Samudra-kdntd,f.'sea-beloved,'a river.Samudra-kukshi, is, f.the shoreoftheoc&ai.Samitdra-ga,as, a,am,ocean-going, sea-faring;flowingtowardsthe ocean;(as),m. asea-farer, seaman; sea-trader;(a),f. ariver.Sumudra-gamana, am,n.goingorvoyag-ing bysea ;sea-roving. Samvdra-gdmin,i, inl,-i,sea-going,sea-faring. Samudra-gupta,as, m.,N. of akingof theGupta dynasty.Samudra-grilia, am,n. a sort ofsummer-housebuilt in themidst of water(=jala-yantra-gr{ha, q.v.).Sa-mudra-an'-ro6A,cl.I.\.-rabhate,Sec.,totakewellholdof;toclaspor embracemutually.Saiii-parirab/iya,ind.havingmutuallyembraced.*! Kc} sam-pari-vri,cl.5.P.A.-vrinoti,-vrinulc. Sec.,to surroundcompletely, encompass,encircle: Caus.-varai/ati, Sec.,to surround.i-parivarita, as, a,am, entirelysurroundedorencompassed.^'tm-parivarya,ind.havingencircled orencom-passed.Sam-parii'rita, at, a,am(Ved.alsosam-pari), completelysurrounded.fSasam-parikirtita.sam-purayat.^tam-pari-vrij,Caus.-varjayati,-yitum,to shunoravoidutterly,forsake,abandon.Hm(Vjrlsam-pari-vrit,cl. I.A.-vartate,Sec.,to turncompletelyround,roll round, revolve ;to exist ;to turnback,return;to turn backfrom,desist from(with abl.): Caus.-tartayati, -yitum,to causetoturnround,lead round,lead about.Sam-parivartya,ind.havingmadetoturnround,havingled round.Jsam-parisoshana,am,n.(fr.rt. ju.shwithpariandsam),becoming completelydriedup, withering up,emaciation.t)Mjf^tq;isam-pari-shcaiij.Seert.svanj.Sam-parishvakta, as,d,am, mutuallyembraced,closelyembraced.Sam-parishvajya,ind.havingmutuallyembraced.HJ-ufCffTsam-pari-hrish,Caus. -harsha-yati, -yitum,tomakecompletelyhappy, delight.,. . .sum-pare (-pard-i,see rt.5. i),cl.2. P.-paraiti.Sec.,tocometogether(in conflict) ;togo away,go beyond(especiallytoanotherworldor futurestate).Sam-pardya,as