(1894) archeologic investigations in james and potomoc valleys (lost civilizations)

8/9/2019 (1894) Archeologic Investigations in James and Potomoc Valleys (Lost Civilizations)

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BOSTONPUBLICLIBRARY


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SM IT IIS ONI AN INSTITUTION; BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY: J. W. POWELL, DIRECTORA

ARCHEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS

IN

lMES AND POTOMAC VALLEYSBY

GERARD FOWKE

WASHINGTONGOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

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CONTENTSPagexluctory note (by William H. Holmes) 7

Dcluctory 9James and its tributaries 9Powhatan county 9Amelia county 10ioochland county , 11

Elk island 11Caledonia 12

Cumberland county 12Mayo farm 12Hooper rock 12

"luvanna county 123uckingbam county 14kelson county 11

Trails and habitations 14Steatite quarry 15

Rockbridge county 15Jotetourt county 16

Buchanan 16Gala 17Wood island 23Hook mill 23Near Iron Gate 24

Llleghany county 24Falling Spring 24Indian Draft 263ath county 27Sitlington 27Dickinson mound 27Withrow mounds 28Kleek mound 29AVilliamsville 30

lighland county 31Clover creek 31New Hampden 32Piedmont country 33

)range county 33ladison county 36hilpeper county 36

Wayland mill 36Aylor farm 37


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JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY [^Shenandoah and upper Potomac valleys.

Augusta countyRockingham county

TimbervilleLinville

Page countyKite placePrice farmLee Long farmPhilip Long farmBrubaker farmGander placeBowers farmBurner placeVeeny farmRuffner placeBauserman farmDeal farmHenry Brumback farmCullers farmJ. A. Brumback farmAlger farmRiley villeKeyser farmM. Long farm =IdaPrintz placeKoontz place

Shenandoah countyStrasburgVicinity of NewmarketWoodstock

Warren countyClarke county

Vicinity of BerryvilleWhitepost

Washington county, MarylandJefferson county, West VirginiaAllegany county, MarylandHampshire county, West VirginiaMineral county, West VirginiaGrant county, West VirginiaHardy county, West VirginiaPendleton county, West Virginia ...

ConclusionsIndex


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ILLUSTRATIONSPage

re 1. Carved bone from Gala, Botetourt county, Virginia 192. Shell disk from Gala, Botetourt county, Virginia 213. Currier from Gala, Botetourt county, Virginia 224. Gorget from Dickinson mound, Bath county, Virginia 2&5. Pipe from Williamsville, Virginia 306. Pipe from Clover creek, Highland county, Virginia 32'7. Bone needle from Linville, Virginia 408. Carved bone from Linville, Virginia 419. Carved bone from Linville, Virginia 42

10. Gorget from Philip Long mound, Page county, Virginia 4511. Unfinished pipe from Philip Long mound, Page county, Virginia.. 4612. Pipe from Philip Long mound, Page county, Virginia 4613. Spearhead from Deal mound, Page county, Virginia 4914. Pipe from Henry Brumback mound, Page county, Virginia 5115. Copper crescent from F. M. Huffman mound, Page county, Virginia. 5516. Pipe from F. M. Huffman mound, Page county, Virginia 5617. Paint cup from F. M. Huffman mound, Page county, Virginia 56

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INTRODUCTORY NOTEBy William H. Holmes

1889 the Bureau of Ethnology began systematic archeologic explo-ns on the Atlantic slope of the United States, the initial workg- in the tidewater territory of Maryland and Virginia. Whilework was in progress it became apparent that a clear uuderstand-)f the culture phenomena of this province required an examinationie Piedmont-Appalachian highland of Virginia, Maryland, andt Virginia. Accordingly, Mr Gerard Fowke, formerly associatedDr Cyrus Thomas in the exploration of the great mound regione Mississippi valley, was directed to take up the survey of this sec-Early in May, 1891, I joined Mr Fowke in a study of the lower

y of James river, the purpose being to give him a reasonableee of familiarity with tidewater archeology before entering theland.ie summers of 1891 and 1892 (and until the summer of 1893) wereted by Mr Fowke mainly to James, Shenandoah, and neighboringsys, and the accompanying report embodies the principal results offork. His explorations included all the territory within 5 miles ofFames, on each side, from Cape Henry almost to the head of itslate tributaries; both sides of the Potomac from the mouth of theocacy to Cumberland; the entire area of every county drained byShenandoah and the South branch of the Potomac; all of Orangety, with portions of the adjoining counties, and several countiesg the Appomattox and upper Roanoke. The report on the latterm, as also that of the tidewater country, is reserved for another;r. A brief sketch of particularly interesting features of the in vesti-m was published in the American Anthropologist for January, 1893.| Fowke was instructed to seek means of identifying the tribeserly occupying the region and of demonstrating their relations toMewater peoples on the one hand and to the inhabitants of Ohioiy on the other.ie results, though sufficiently definite on a number of points, failirnish satisfactory knowledge of the nationality of the former occu-i. It is clear, however, that the people, even if not of the sameks as those associated historically with the region, did not differ

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8 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY BURE,ETHN(greatly from tliem in habits, customs, or other features of culture,the occupancy was confined apparently to a single period ending \the final expulsion of the red man 140 years ago.There is no evidence of long-continued occupancy of any section orand the art remains do not appear to represent any localized cul

development. On the west the art forms affiliate with those of Cvalley and on the east with those of the tidewater country. Onnorth there are traces of Iroquoian influence and on the south adation into the southern Appalachian phases of art is shown. Tlis absolutely nothing in the archeologic evidence that is not sufficieaccounted for on the assumption that the highland districts of Mary!and the Virginias were overrun and at times occupied by the histtribes associated with the general region.


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GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS IN JAMES ANDPOTOMAC VALLEYSBy Gerard Fowke

INTRODUCTORY.tothe following' paper are given the results of a careful examination

e area drained by James and Potomac rivers, in Maryland, Vir-, and West Virginia. Constant inquiry and diligent search were) at every point for aboriginal remains of any character. NoBnce is made herein to scores of places at which such remains wereted to exist, but which failed to reveal anything falling within the'of the work; only those localities are mentioned in which definiteveries were made.mg the James and Potomac probably exist many village sitescemeteries covered by a thickness of soil that has hitherto con-d them: these will gradually be disclosed through excavations,ets, and other agencies, for the benefit of future explorers.Din various causes a few mounds and other indications of aboriginalmncy, which have been reported, could not be visited, but from theiptions given there is no reason to believe that an examination ofwould materially modify the conclusions derived from a study

ose here treated.THE JAMES AND ITS TRIBUTARIES.

POWHATAN COUNTY.the first settlement of Virginia in 1G07, James river, between

rater and the Blue ridge, was claimed by the Monacan, knownas the Tuskarora. 1 They removed soon after to North Carolina,e they lived until 1712, when they migrated northward and wereporated with the ^New York Indians as the Sixth Nation.1G08 an expedition ascended the river 40 miles above the falls,vering 2 villagesMowhemeuchouch (or Mohemanco) and Mas-flferson, Thomas, Notes on Virginia, p. 156. John Haywood (Nat. & Abor. Hist.inessee) says that in 1730 a part of the Iroquois were at the foot of the moiin-Between Tennessee and North Carolina, the king's town less than a day'siy from the foot of the mountains. He also identifies them with the Monacan.

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10 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY [Jjjjsinacak; 1 the former, the outpost or most easterly settlement oMonacan, was 17 miles above the falls at Richmond, on the souside of the river, near Huguenot springs. The old name of thelthough in a modified form, is retained by the railway station ofManopposite that point. The only evidences uow remaining are thedrippings, which are abundant; all else that may have existed hasdestroyed by more than two centuries of constant cultivation.northern side of the river a great inauy arrowpoints and spear]are to be found; and on the bottom lands many chips and unfinimplements occur. Nearly all these are made of quartz or quaithough there are some pieces of worked flint among them. It isble that in the lowlands, subject to overflow, the silt deposited by 1has covered from sight many temporary camping places. At Bos4 miles above the old village, a ledge of rock crosses the river, fornnatural dam, with long pools of deep water above and below, iare noted fishing places; arrowheads and pottery fragments are :dant in the vicinity. Near the dam a steatite pipe and somements of pottery were found about 30 inches below the surfacf mud any remains which may have been exposed by caving in ofmiiks before timber began to grow. The same cause is raisingeneral level ; within the last fifty years 8 or 10 feet of soil have beensited on the lower portions.ere are very few gullies or bare spots along the banks; but aty every place along both sides, for more than 2 miles from the head,ncli the ground could be examined at all, the usual indicationsdian occupancy are visible. When the ground on ridges is plowedame indications may be seen. Skeletons have been found in threeson the southern side of the island, near the ferry landing; onorthern side, just opposite the first, at some distance from the bank>n the edge of the bank nearly a mile below the latter. At the lasttensive washout had taken place, and many bones were afterwardI in the bank, as well as lying at the base where they had fallen,bank has been sloped down and trees cut to cover it, and bushesveeds allowed to grow thickly over it, so that nothing can now be

ISTo excavations can be made, as a very small hole might give thea start, during floods, that would cause the loss of many acres.,econd burial place mentioned was discovered by plowing severals deeper than usual. Many bones were unearthed, but as theid has since filled 5 or G feet through the agency of freshets,rations are impracticable.ith 1 says the chief habitation of the Monacan was at Rasauweak;is map this settlement is shown on the point within the twodies of the river. Jefferson,2 also, says their principal town was at>rks of the James.3 But the point of land between the two riversgular, infertile, rather difficult of access, and nothing is found to

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lory of Virginia, op. cit., vol. i, p. 134.)le of Indian tribes in Virginia, in his Notes, op. fit.it portion of the James above the moutb of the liivauna was formerly calledmanna.


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12 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY [show that it was ever occupied by Indians. On the other handisland is well protected from assault, the soil is all alluvium, the jalong each sic1 i at the upper end is fully as high as any of the boland on either side of the river, and many specimens of steatitetery, some rough, others tolerably well finished, have been found oisland, whereas such are extremely rare elsewhere in the vicinity,villages near here, to be mentioned presently, may have been p(nent, or only temporary, but their sites were in no way prefeibeing either surrounded or submerged in every considerable frtAltogether it is very probable that the main town of the Monacalon Elk island.

CALEDONIA.A steatite quarry showing Indian work may be found a mile

the village of Caledonia, which is about 6 miles from Columbia,been examined by Mr Cushiug.

CUMBERLAND COUNTY.MAYO FARM.

On the farm of Dr Edward Mayo, opposite Columbia, the bottabout 300 yards in width, and like nearly all the bottom landvicinity is highest near the river. In 1870 this ridge was greatly eiand many skeletons were visible after the water had subsided. Noof them now remains, and the ground is so torn into depressionheaped into minor ridges by that and later floods, and so disturbcultivation, that it is impossible to determine, otherwise than bying along a series of trenches, where any burials have been made,it was a village site is sufficiently proven by the great quantitbroken and burned stones, quartz chips and spalls, and broken pcboth of clay and steatite, scattered about on the surface.

HOOPER ROCK.On the south side of the river, 2 miles below Columbia, is a le(

cliff, known as Hooper rock. It contains a vein or stratum of siwhich does not, however, seem to have been worked. In the \somewhat less than a mile back of this, is an aboriginal quarry,many broken or unfinished vessels have been found. It is coverew lowlands are subject to overflow.ee miles above Columbia, on the farm of Major Allen Gait, was aarea along- the river bank, several feet higher than the ground near

iijill, and so sandy as not to be worth cultivating. This sand banklave been due to the great flood of 1770, at which time much sedi-was deposited in the river bottoms, but it had never been entirelyed by water since the whites occupied the country until the freshet

e 70. When the water receded it was found that fully 4 feet of theit ce had been removed, revealing not less than 40 or 50 " fireplaces"ired at intervals, generally 30 to 40 feet apart. Lying among theand burned earth, or scattered close about, were many burneds, fragments of pottery, animal bones, mostly broken, some of themled, arrowheads, great quantities of chips and broken arrows, andindications of a former Indian town. Most of the arrowheadsof quartz, a few being of flint or crystal. The remains werelant, but nearly all were carried away by local collectors. Note pottery was found, nor any earthenware with handles.Itered between the fire beds were the graves, readily distill-ed by the darker color of the earth. They were circular, or nearlyout 3 feet in diameter, and none of them more than 18 or 20 inchesOne contained the skeletons of a woman and a child, one ofa man

woman, a few those of two women, but most of them disclosed thens of only one individual in each.j fire beds were G or 8 inches thick, and several feet in diameter.3 fires were made in huts or wigwams, the latter were far enoughto allow considerable space around each one, the burials beingin the open spaces between. More than 25 graves were carefullyined, but no relics were found in any of them; if anything hadburied with the bodies, it was of a perishable nature. In most ofthe bones crumbled upon exposure; only one skull was taken out;. Human bones were found nearly half a mile below the cem-later in the season; but there was nothing about them to indicate;he place in which they were found was originally a burial ground,n that the bones were near their original position ; they may have

^washed there.| j area denuded by the freshet extended far beyond the limits} village site; in fact the whole bottom was bared to a greater orextent. Since this occurrence the ground has been inundatedor four times; this, with constant cultivation, has destroyed allance of definite order or arrangement. A great amount ofd stones, human and animal bones, quartz chips, spalls, and unfiu-pieces, and numerous fragments of pottery are strewn in confusion;he surface.Gay, who assisted in these investigations, describes the skullsng flat at the occiput and having high or pointed parietals, the

>yt being probably 120 feet above the water. The river makes aof about 3 miles, the isthmus formed being not more than half

i wide. The fourth terrace and the one next above it are on thesula, which was an ancient island half a mile from the hills, theterrace extending across the intervening space.i fourth terrace is entirely absent, except on the side next theOn it stands a mound, which after much cultivation is 30 feetmeter and 3 feet high. A trench 1G feet wide was run through it:he northern side, but the only trace of human bones observed wasetal and part of a frontal bone at a point feet outward from the and just above the bottom. Two feet farther in was a lec-lar hole with rounded corners, but not having a well-defined or


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28 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY tBURETH

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symmetric outline. It measured 2 by 3 feet, and extended 2 feet'the original soil, the longer axis being east and west. Nothing11found in this cavity except a small arrowhead which had been th 11"in with the earth. Loose in the earth above the hole, and near thof the mound, were some small pieces of mica and a perforatedgorget. Farther along were a flint knife, some broken arrowsseveral chips. About a foot below the summit were a sheet ofand a small piece of galena. In the original soil, with its noredge just at the center, was an irregular excavation about 3 byand a foot deep, the longer axis being north and south. The b(

of this hole, over a spare 15 by 24 inwas covered with a bright red substwhich had been deposited either in astate or had afterward dissolved; itrated the clay and gravel to a deptlinches at the center, gradually thiiout toward the edges until it disappeIn this red deposit were 3 gorgets,with a single hole. All were fiuishetpolished to the highest degree; one

3, trated in figure 4) was made of argfone was of dark chocolate slate, theof syenite. All of these specimenscoated with the red paint. The eartabove them had the color of that in animal matter has decayed; but noremained to show that an intermenever taken place.

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WITHIN >W MOUNDS. I'l

Fig. 4.Gorget from Dickinson moundBath county, Virginia.

On" the farm of Mr Withrow, adjcthe Dickinson place, are 2 mounds,first opened, once circular and 4 feetis now 30 by 40 feet, longer east andand not over 18 inches high. Bonesbeen plowed out for many years. Tl

tire mound, except a few feet at the eastern side, was removegraves, from 2 to 4 feet across, were found beneath it. In sometraces of bone lying on the clay at the bottom, the earth havinpeculiar appearance due to decay of animal matter; but in mostwas no sign of bone, though the color showed what their puhad been. After these graves were filled a large number of skeletnot bodieshad been placed on the natural surface, and a hivearth about a foot thick placed over them; then other skeletonssimilarly laid down and covered. Only the upper layer had beei


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HUMAN REMAINS IN WITHROW MOUNDS 29t of the bones were in the southwestern quarter of the mound, anass G inches thick, all in confusion, as if they had been thrownmiscuously. On the southern side of the mound they extendededge of the earth that had been plowed down, while on thern side they did not reach more than half way from the top to

irgin of the base. For the first 8 or 10 feet from its westernhe bone stratum was continuous ; after this there were intervalsi 12 inches from which it was absent; then perhaps 5 or G skele-'ould be found mingled in a heap; and so they continued untildistance past the center. Wherever single skeletons, or notman 2 together, occurred, large stones had been piled on them;as not the case where several were buried in a small area. Per-;he remains covered with stones had been interred in the fleshlis was a preventive against wild animals digging after them.single skeletons lay directly on small masses of human bonesI until nearly destroyed, only small calcined pieces remaining.of these burned pieces, especially the fragments of skull, Mere

i bluish-green on one or both sides, the stain resembling thatced by copper; but a careful analysis shows no trace of thatA similar deposit was at the bottom of one of the graves underound. No burial accompaniments of any kind were found; theof one child only were seen, though many of the bones unearthedsmall enough to pertain to children. It was not possible toxr any of the bones entire.second mound on the Withrow tract is 25 feet across and 2 J,made of earth and stone in equal quantities. It is surroundedshallow ditch about 3 feet wide, containing from G to 12 inches ofmuck.lie construction of this mound a hole had been dug to a depth of;hes and the bottom covered with a layer of burned human bones15 by 20 inches, an inch thick at the middle and running to a

ir edge all around, in which were 3 black flint arrowheads. Onhaired bone a body had been laid. No trace of bones remained,le "grave earth" previously described was distinct in an area 2feet, with a thickness of 2 inches. Stones, some fully 100 poundsight, had been placed over the body until they reached a thick-)f 1 feet and extended about 10 feet on every side; then earth hadpiled on which tilled in the spaces between the rocks. Some frag-* of the burned bones were of the same bluish-green color as thosethe first mound.

KLEEK MOUND.the form of A. G. Kleek, 12 miles north of Millboro depot, is ad not more than a foot in height and 10 feet in diameter, neardge ol a slate bluff about 100 feet high. A trench was cutgh it, but neither human remains nor art relics of any descriptionfound.


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30 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY rumLetiAfter a freshet some years ago a number of arrowheads, stone 1

ets, and bullets were found in the lowland, where the Millboro S]and Warm Springs turnpike crosses the river. No aboriginal reare now traceable. WILL1AMSVILLE.There are 2 mound groups near this village, one on either side

Bullpasture. The first, consisting of 5 small stone mounds, is cland of Mr Wallace, half a mile from Williams vi lie, on a plateau100 feet above the river. All were made in the same way; the sisoil had been removed and the rocks piled up to a height of 2 feea space 15 or 16 feet in diameter. Three of them yielded nothingone, lying under the rocks and on the undisturbed earth, were aber of flint implements, including some broken or unfinished onea few cores; 3 fine slate gorgets, each with a single perforation; aof wad; and a fine monitor pipe (figure 5). In the fifth mound ^

mit

mib

m

Fig. 5.Pipe from Williamsville, Virginia.rectangular tablet or gorget, small and not well finished; a stoneshaped like our common clay pipes; and three columellas, one (lengthwise, another through one end. No trace of bone or pcould be found in any of them.The second group is on the farm of Major John T. Byrd. Onstone, about 10 feet in diameter and 3 feet high, and contained min the way of relics save 2 or 3 small lumps of charcoal. A lsimilar in size and barrenness stood near this one.The other mounds were of earth, the larger 2 feet high and 25 1

diameter. Near its center was an irregular hole 4 by 8 feet, exte2i feet into the subsoil, and filled with earth in which a large qu;of ashes and charcoal were mingled; part of the earth was burneAll this mixture, which had been carried from some other placthrown into the hole, was very hard and dry, while the remaimthe mound was soft and even muddy. If an interment had everplace here it would seem the skeleton must be perfectly preservedthere were no remains of any character in the entire mound exc

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fGT] MOUNDS AT WILLIAM6VILLE 31of mica, trimmed smooth on the edges, which was found loose inirth a foot below the summit.\ last mound was 18 inches high and 20 feet in diameter. Parti-f charcoal occurring 2 feet below the natural surface in the central>n showed that a hole had been dug to that depth and then tilled.itamed one broken arrowpoiut.di earth mound had a depression around the base, whence eartheeu taken to construct it.

HIGHLAND COUNTY.CLOVER CHEEK.

the farm of Mr George Revercomb; 5 miles above the mouth oflallpasture, is a mound 3 feet high and CO feet in diameter. Then on which it stands contains about 200 acres of fertile land, allich is subject to frequent overflow.40 years human bones and teeth have been plowed out everythe mound was cultivated. Arrowheads and flint chips arerous in the field around; but the only indications in the vicinitytillage or camp are found on the top of a high rounded knoll a'elow the mound, where quantities of mussel and periwinkle shellsbeen plowed up. ,finning at the northwestern side a trench 35 feet wide was carriedj to the opposite margin. Human bones were found almost to theaf the excavation on every side.18 feet outward from the center was a hole 3 feet in diameter, dugthe mound had been carried to a height of 2 feet, and extendinggh the clayey subsoil to the underlying gravel. In the bottomlayer of bone about an inch thick. On this was a layer 2 inchesof charcoal containing linden, oak, and poplar bark, small twigs,everal fragments of charred cloth. Resting on this was a secondof bone, just above which were fragments of a pot whose capacity>een 5 or 6 gallons. This seemed to have been placed in the hole)ken, as many of the pieces held their proper position around theof the cavity, winch was lined with charred cloth. In and aboveBssel were 10 or 12 large stones. The character of the bones could

s determined, as they were entirely decayed, forming a soft, stickydetons, or traces of them, were continually discovered. None ofiinaiuiug seemed to have been buried at full length, though this istain. Often a thin layer of decayed bone ouly a few inches acrossI be all that was left. Usually the skeletons occurred singly;ames 3 or 4, in one place 5, skulls were found almost in contact,he bones whose condition was such as to allow of examination?d to have been compactly bundled. In many instances bowldersplaced on the bones, and in 2 or 3 cases bodies had been laid on


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32 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY [BUF WETH

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bowlders and others piled above them. Graves and barbecuefrom 2 to 4 feet across and from G inches to 3 feet apart, some cfew inches deep, others reaching down into the gravel, occupied a30 feet in diameter under the central portion of the mound. Bowwere found in every one, those in the graves showing no marks owhile all the others had been much burned.Eight feet nearly west of the center of the mound was a bar

hole, dug after the mound had reached the height of 2 feet, whicltained a large quantity of ashes, burned earth and stones, and chaAmong the last were nearly a quart of charred corn and beans,in small quantities, with a few fragments of cloth, were found ii|pother holes, while charred bark was plentiful. In each of two holean arrowpoint. Shortly before ti.e center was reached a brokentite pipe (figure G) was found near the top, close to but not anionremains of 2 or 3 skeletons. It bore evidence of long service,feet beyond the center, at the bottom of the mound, were theinents of a large pot, piled together as if broken and thrown in.

Near the southeastern edge of the uioulfeet from the center, was the largest hole fIt measured 5 feet across and extended 1the surface of the gravel nearly a foot, or i3 feet below the bottom of the mound. Itained no trace of bone, very little chasome ashes, two or three patches of biearth, apparently burned in place, and 1 jcart load of bowlders of various sizes, one v iing fully 100 pounds, some of them bn

j

others not. It was probably a barbecue 1The remains of between 75 and 100 skel

were exhumed; the number plowed outviously is not known. Often it was impossible to say whether adeposit represented one or several bodies. They were not buriregular order, but a few had been interred at a time, and the ra


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] REMAINS AT NEW HAMPDEN 33jositioii of the limestone in which it was imbedded. It is mostlyform of small nodules or fragments, although some of it is inter-

led Avith tbe limestone. Over a considerable area on the north-l and at the top of the ridge the earth had been much dug overaborigines for the purpose of procuring the flint. Most of themaining arc quite small, few being larger than would contain a

rljd of earth. The largest are on top of the ridge, where a fewdepth of 2 to 3i feet with a diameter of 20 to 30 feet. The latteru area of about an acre; the others are so scattered that it ist to estimate their extent, probably G acres in all. There is no

iij> of stone at any point where digging has been done, and it| s that the searchers for the material, having learned that thedales and fragments were distributed through the soil, excavatedin in such spots as proved to contain them in greatest abundance,?, no eflbrt to quarry out the stone in which they occur. Ati places on the summit of the ridge, where the flint projectedthe ground, it had been battered off apparently with stones, but3 no evidence that quarrying was resorted to.portion of the hill as is not timbered has a heavy blue-grass

id the ground is visible only in a few small spots where animalsarrowed. Flint chips and flakes were found at several of these.foot of the spur at its northwestern terminus is a spring, aroundthese indications of manufacture are abundant; and it is

id that before the grass had become so thick a great manyor unlinished implements were picked up. Spalls and chips

undant in the face of the bank around the spring, but it canascertained except by excavation how far they extend. So

could be learned the space covered by this workshop seems tooI to have been utilized for flaking more than a small part of thetat could have been obtained by the amount of digging apparent., however, be more extensive than reported, or there may bein the vicinity which have been overlooked.

THE PIEDMONT COUNTRY.ORANGE COUNTY.

country along the upper portion of the Rappahannock and itsiries was inhabited by tribes known collectively as the Mana-They probably migrated westward and united with tribes beyondno whose names they took. They and the Monacau were allied;t the Powhatan, though the dialects of these tribes were soe that interpreters were required. 1ill be proper to describe here a mound, evidently a tribal burialsituated in the former territory of the Manahoac and due prob-o their labor.

Jefferson, Notes, pp. 149, 156.BULL. W=23 3


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34 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY

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[C

The mound stands on the right bank of Rapidan river, a milethe boundary between Orange and Greene counties. Originallyelliptical in form, with the longer axis nearly east and west; but tlin shifting its channel some years ago undermined and carried a^ oeastern portion. Estimates as to the amount removed, made by jwho saw the mound intact, vary from one-half to two-thirds of tinstructure. For several years more or less of the earth coinpc ipfell in at every freshet, thus keeping a vertical section exposed tDuring this time the different strata of bone were plainly visibleperiods of low water fragments of human bones were strewn ahshore beneath. Afterward the river took a new course aud thon the exposed side of the mound soon assumed its natural slo]present the base of that portion still remaining measures 42 bywith the longer axis nearly north and south. A considerablethis has been hauled away, leaving a depression at the midd20 feet across and extending almost to the bottom of the moma result, the interior was very muddy, the bones extremely sst exactly at the middle of the bank, was a grave 4 feet inr and 10 inches deep, in which lay the skeleton of an adult,n the right side, nearly straight, with the head toward the sout li.olumellas 2J to 3 inches long and one G inches long lay by the

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n the bank was 6 feet from the center, 14 skeletons mingled withrere discovered at its eastern end. They occupied a space 4 feetleter and a little more than 3 feet in thickness, extending a foothe original level. A clay pipe, many MargiueUa shells, 2 longlias, and the cremated bones of a child and an adult were amongFour of the skulls lay almost in a vertical line separated by 2dies of earth.lin a few inches of this deposit, toward the center, was a small3d a foot thick, near the middle of which was a thin stratum ofmated bones of a youth and an adult; scattered through it wereite platform pipes, 4 panther claws, and 4 columellas. Five ors also were found. Immediately below lay the bones of an infantr proper position, with disk and Marginella shell beads; a littlethe center on the bottom of the mound were the remains ofr infant, who evidently had been born but a few days, and withwere 38 columellas and many disk beads. the center of the mound, in soft black earth apparently result-in decay of organic matter, was a bone deposit 8 feet across. At


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40 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY [

1:'

were a gorget of fine finish; a lot of red and yellow ocher; acolumella; disk beads; a net or weaving needle, highly polishecuse, with a hole in the end opposite the point (figure 7); 1 a bonement in the form of a comb, and tlie upper portion of anothera yoke or Y shape, delicately worked and covered with incised(figures 8 and 9). It will thus be seen that the number ofaccompaniments was unusually large for this section.

Over these remains, at the level of the bottommound, was a folded skeleton, resting on the leflthe head to the south, with which were 2 columella5 the other inches long, the latter having a bomstuck in the perforation and broken off even wiiend of the shell. Just at the northern edge ograve were the bones of an infant; upon them wouter whorl of a conch shell which had beenfilled with about a pint of Marginella shells and inover the body. Above the conch, with less than aiof earth between, lay the skull of an adult whose skwhich rested on the right side, was doubled, thebeing toward the south.At the center, a foot above the bottom, were 1

' bones, of large size, cremated before the flesh hatremoved; some fragments only 2 or 3 inches lonburned to a cinder at one end while the otheiwere as fresh in appearance as any bones founcolumella and a panther claw were with them, bihave fallen from the bone stratum above. In theunder the burned bone was considerable charcoalreached a few inches north of it and stopped at thof a grave a foot deep and 4 feet across, in which2 skeletons; one doubled, on right side, head tthe south; the other apparently in the same pcbut so decayed as to make this uncertain. Wiifirst were 2 bone needles near the top of the skull, :mellas 5 to G inches long under the skull, and acrvstal near the chest; with the other were 5 coluta flint knife, a flint drill, and a lot of shell beatlatter scattered over a foot in area.

Immediately north of this grave was anotherdeep containing the skeleton of an adult; the skehan infant with columellas and M


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1| >GY-|!t J EXCAVATIONS AT LINVILLE 41lined tlie earth about them a bright red, .'i bone polishers, 4 bone3, and G quartz crystals, one of the latter with a slight groove1 a projection from the end. Over this was a layer of charcoaling upward to the 10 foot .stratum of bone above mentioned, andling several hundred Marginella shel's that showed indications ofbeen burned. Above the northern margin of the charcoal layerskull by which lay 14 columellas; G inches to the northwardwas another skull with a flint

! arrowheads, some cores and2 bone polishers and 2 bone;; and a foot northward from

1 1 was a third with 3 columellas,were all at the bottom of thend it was impossible to tracemection between them and thelones.ive southwest of the center con-a doubled skeleton, on the leftead toward the south; by thely the lower portion of the orna-hown in figure 9, 1 and a numbertnal ribs 5 or G inches long andly pointed at one end; at thern edge of the grave on the origLrface was a mass of red ocher.this level to the top of the

I, over the grave and on everyit,was a mixture of bones, manyn burned ; beads, both shell andand many columellas,tit feet east of the center was ashape burial pit G by 8 feet at

p, extending the entire depth ofound, the sides being slightlyred. An inverted pot, holdingli pints, lay at one side. There-scores of individual skeletons,the bones WerecrUSlied, broken, FlG - 8.Carved bone from Linville, Virginia.isplaced, so that very few pieces of skull more than 2 or 3 inchesmeter were found. Under this deposit was a grave a foot deep,north and south by -">.] feet east and west. In this were 18 skel-including those of 2 infants with whom were mussel shells andbeads. Among them were a piece of decayed wood (apparently aKnot), 22 columellas, a celt, some disk beads, a bone needle,)otsherds. At the northwestern corner, partly on the natural

One of these " combs' 1 is 15$ inches, the other 17 inches, in length.


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42 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY ruis;RTHlsurface and partly within the grave, was a doubled skeleton, oiside, with head toward the south. Behind the head was a pot lyirits side, broken in pieces by the pressure of the earth, and conta:a tortoise shell and fragments of animal bones. Almost touchinpot, on the opposite side, was another skull lying vertex upward o

scapula? and backlthe arms were inproper places, butbones of the legslower part of thewere not distiugable among those \rested upon them.apparently was aeton burial, witheffort to place the 1as they belonged,der and in contactone scapula was ,tella belonging-much larger persoiThe bones iu the i

portion of the fnshape pit were coious with a stratumthick, 25 feet lonof 10 feet. This tnated at the exinorthern edge wisimilar but slismaller pit.Of necessity the

or bank of the twas in a very irreline, each deposit, ethe 25-foot bonehaving been thoroiworked out as disced. The projectingtions were next rerrwith the same fire

In

1

Fin. !).Caryod bono from Linville, Virginia. results as alreadyscribed, thouerhwas nothing of striking interest found in them. When the lini

rectified the face was 12 feet north of the center point. Here 3*i I

pa:

lei

h


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Y] EXCAVATIONS AT LINVILLE 43

icident with the face at the western side was the edge of a saucer-depression in the original soil, a little more than 4 feet across

3 inches deep at the center. It contained a bed of ashes and>al o inches thick at the middle and gradually thinning towardles. On this and nearly parallel lay the arm and leg bones ofts, burned black, with no traces of other bones belonging to thebodies. Lying on them, in contact, was the spinal column of anvery soft from decay, not in the least degree charred or even-stained. The skull lay at one side of the depression; at thete side was the head of a humerus; between these were manybones so decayed that their character could not be ascertained,e vertebrae were in their proper position, the unburued boneshave belonged to more than one individual, whose remains haditly been placed on the cremated bones after the latter had becometli of the center, G feet from the cremated bones, was a skeletonand a half above the bottom of the mound, with a number of shellA few feet east of this was a grave 8 inches deep, large enoughtain only a body closely folded, which rested on its left side, with"oward the south. At the top of the skull was a broken clay pipe.tot lower down and almost at the limit of the burials was a larger, concave on both sidesJbut not otherwise dressed,he funnel-shape pit which terminated the large bone stratum, ass in a few places in the mass itself, were found bones which, judgingheir position, may have belonged to a bundled or doubled skeleton,le evidence is too slight to state this as a fact. Only one relicbund in the northern half of this bone-beda dressed piece ofsi shell an inch and a half square with a hole drilled near theler the pit was the end of a grave a little more than a foot deep,i 3 feet wide, and extending 12 feet on a line exactly east andIn it were ID skeletons, including those of 3 infants and of 2 or 3

children. Only one was doubled, all the other bones having beenscuously thrown in. The only specimens found were a few Mar-a shells and disk beads.3 soil of the bottom is the black loam found along water coursesi overflow frequently; it is very muddy when wet, but easily dugdry. This probably accounts for the location of the mound.

r higher places close by on each side of the creek afford amide level\ for the construction of such a tumulus, but the soil is a limestonedifficult to work by aboriginal methods. The many ways in which3inains were deposited are explicable only by the supposition thatvas long a general burial place. But there was no village or campe immediate vicinity, for no burned earth or stones, no ashes or[il bones, very few pottery fragments, and not half a dozen flinti were found in theentire structure. The dismembered condition of


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44 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY [{^ijremains and the absence of relics in the bone-beds denote the peiical collection and interment of skeletons, while the position olbones and the finding of various relics in nearly every grave with1 or 2 skeletons indicate that other persons were buried soondeath. This was especially the case of infants, nearly all of whombeen interred with many beads.Moreover, the bodies occurred at all levels. In many places gi

had been dug after the mound had been partly or even wholly complIn othersespecially in the bone-beds and in 2 or 3 smaller depsomewhat similarbones seem to have been laid or thrown oisurface of the mound and covered with soil. The earth was so uuiliin color and consistency that this could not be proved.The total number of skulls found was 388, but in the bone-bet

well as in other places where the bones were much broken, only 1wTere counted of which enough remained in position to make cethere could be no duplication. Neither was any account taken ofragments of cremated skulls found in more than 20 differentThe mound had been dug into several times previously, in a desuway, yielding fragmentary skulls to everyone who chose to conexcavation. A great many have been destroyed by the plow,gether it is probably safe to say that as originally constructedwas the cemetery of not less than 800 individuals. There is nomound nor any indication of another burial place in the neighborlbut half a mile southward, on the opposite side of the creek, aquantity of chips, spalls, and unfinished implements of flint foreithe locality have been found.

PAGE COUNTY.KITE PLACE.

On the land of A. J. Kite, one-fourth of a mile west of Groveon a narrow ridge, is a mound nearly leveled by cultivation. It is75 feet long, north and south, 20 feet wide, and a foot high. Mrstates that a few years ago he found near the extreme northernjust beneath the surface, 17 extended bodies radiating like the spola wheel, the skulls lying almost in contact. Over the face o1skeleton was a sheet of mica about 10 by 12 inches and nearly anthick, supported by a stone on each side of the skull, no other sbeing found. The oidy art relics were a few gorgets. Afterward, ne;center of the mound, Mr Kite unearthed a sandstone platform pipea turtle carved on top of the bowl, the legs and tail in relief on the the head projecting on the side opposite the stem hole; also ab(peck of well-finished quartzite arrowpoints or spearheads.At the extreme southern end a, few bowlders rested on the ori

surface over a narrow space about 5 feet long, near one end of ^wras a side-notched ax and near the other end a sheet of mica; betthem was a slate gorget with 2 perforations. A gorget was foui

1

I

t


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KfY] FIRE BEDS ON KITE PLACE 45oint on the bottom; and chips of quartzite, scraps of mica, andof arrows were abundant through the entire structure.:he bottom laud below this mound the hood of 1870 uncovereden 200 and 300 aboriginal fire beds, from 1 to G feet in diameter,on the bare surface or ou a stratum of bowlders carefully placed.tities of rlakings, broken and burned bones, burned stones, andindications of a village site were washed out.

PRICE FARM.the farm of 0. D. Price, half a mile north of Alma, on the summitill overlooking the largest bottom on the Shenandoah, is a mound28 feet and 2 feet high, composed ofand stone in about equal quantities.

| the center, over an area 4 feet in diam-ine stones reached to the hard gravellyil. No relics or traces of bone were init, but it was evident from the appear ->f the earth that a body, or bodies, haddeposited in it.

LEE LONG FARM.a high point on the farm of Lee Long,ling the Price place on the north, is acairn similar to many others in tins

n. Nothing was found in it.PHILIP LONG FARM.

the farm of Philip Long, 3 miles southof White House ford, are 3 mounds

l, after much mutilation by plow and5, are not more than 2 feet high, andure, the first, 50 by 25 feet, the longerlortheast and southwest; the second, 25lorthwest from the first and parallel toby 28 feet; and the third, 10 feet northe second, 37 by 25 feet, the longer axisi west and southeast. They are men-d in Kercheval's History of the Valley,h also states that many Indian gravesimmediately around them; but no trace of these can be found,

it is probable that the author alludes to depressions from whichl was taken to form the mounds.the first the central portion was excavated over an area 12 by 25 feet,everal places southwest of the center small fragments of bone wered, but not enough to denote the number or position of the bodies,earth around them was unchanged in appearance or color. Six

Fig. 10.Gorget from Philip Longmound, Page county, Virginia.


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46 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY rumLetfeet southwest of the center in ;i space not more than 4 feet square4 deposits of relics, all on the original surface, with only one of 'jiwere any traces of bone. These consisted of a striped slate g(figure 10), a rectangular slate gorget with 2 holes, some red


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LOGY EXCAVATIONS ON BOWERS FARM 47| to have stood. No elevation is now apparent, but arrowheadsshippings are very plentiful.

GANDER PLACE.the top of a hill near the house of D. H. Gander, half a mile above

,e House ford and nearly opposite the mouth of Massanutten:, was a small stone mound which has beeu destroyed. Ou an

Jsite island the Hood of 1870 washed out burned stones, fragmentsttery, flint drippings, aud several skeletons.

BOWERS FARM.the farm of J. C. Bowers, 3 miles west of Luray, opposite theh of Mill creek, on the first ridge rising above the river, is a

jid of earth and stone 30 feet in diameter and 30 inches high.he northern side is a depression 15 by 30 feet, 2 feet deep, thebeing continuous from its bottom to the top of the mound. Most

3 stones were at the central portion where several wagon loads oflers had been carefully laid up in the form of a V, with the open-oward the east. From the apex to the extremity of either armjetween 12 and 13 feet. The right or southern arm rested on theiturbed original surface. No relics or traces of bone were found inder it. Beneath the left or northern branch was an irregular exca-n filled with large stones, between which very little eaith had;d. The western end of the excavation was nearly circular, 4 feet ineter and a foot in depth, the bottom being covered with a mixture ofclay and sand, which had been put there while wet, and pounded

th and level. It was as hard as cement and under the pick splitsmall flakes. Traces of bony substance were found in it; also 3ets sufficiently far apart to denote that they belonged to differentiduals. One, similar to that illustrated in figure 10, was of green; another was of black slate, rectangular, with two perforations; the,like the second in form, of black shale, much softened by moisture.3iich a foot in width joined the northeastern side of this grave toler measuring 5 to feet across, with an average depth of 2 feet,ddes of which were covered with a substance similar to that onbottom of the first. It was roughly made, with no attempt atlarity or symmetry, and contained no relics or traces of bones. Anvation a foot wide and the same in depth, with smooth, even sidesbottom, extended 2A feet from the eastern side; nothing was found. The arrangement of bowlders and the peculiar shape of thee pits in this mound were different from anything else observedLienaudoah valley.

BURNER PLACE.the river bottom, half a mile above the Bowers farm, near Jacobler's distillery, a village site was uncovered by the Hood of 1870.


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48 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY [1Little information concerning these remains or the character oiart products uncovered by the freshet was obtainable.

VEENY FARM.On a hill on the farm of Lee Teeny, half a mile above the Bi

place, are 2 small mounds, both of which have been opened,reported that pottery was found in one.

RUFFNER PLACE.For nearly a mile along the bottom lands of Reuben and Ben Rui

below Ruffner ford, a mile north of Hamburg, the Hood of 1870 discat intervals hearths and fireplaces, probably over 200 in all.were close to the river bank and from 2 to feet in diameter. (,tities of flint and quartzite chips, burned stones, fragments of polmany fine arrowpoints and spearheads (one of Flint ridge stone)a very large black steatite platform pipe have been found.

ISAl'SERMAN FARM.On the farm of George Bauserman, a mile and a half above I

ferry and 3 miles northwest of Luray, is a village site on a lowoverlooking the bottom. Chippiugs are abundant, and manyhave been found here and in the adjacent bottom lands. TheIndian massacre in the valley occurred at this point in 1700.

DEAL FARM.Three miles northwest of Luray, opposite Shuler, at Bixler fenthe farm of Mrs Deal, are 2 mounds on a plateau that rises aboi

feet above the river bottom. They are a hundred yards apart onnearly northwest and southeast. The one nearer the bluff is 2in diameter and 18 inches above the surrounding level. On thenoiside the slope continues unbroken to the bottom of a ditch a footand 4 feet wide which embraces a third of the circumference. Tliface of the mound was covered with a single stratum of bowlders,appearing below these until within 4 or 5 feet of the center onside. Here they began to increase in numbers and finally externthe bottom of a pit 4 feet in diameter which reached to the gr;subsoil at a depth of 18 inches. Across the bottom of the ]irregular spots and patches not wider at any point than 18 inehe;a streak of powdered specular iron ore. On this, close to one e(the pit, were some scraps of mica, a few flint fragments, piec(juartz crystal, a. lump of red ocher, a slate gorget with two perforiand curving sides, a rectangular gorget with two perforation:another of similar shape but with one perforation, and a chalecspearhead nearly inches long (figure 13). There was no trace ofEvidently a body had been deposited at the bottom of the gravethe accompanying articles, stones placed over it until they reach

ir

A

fo

01

ll

it


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TGY'l MOUNDS ON DEAL FARM 49'pe of the removed earth, which had been thrown out on everyike, earth piled over and around them, and the mound coveredlayer of bowlders.other mound was somewhat larger, being 24 feet across and 2igh. It had been previously excavated, but examination of sois remained undisturbed showed that it was constructed in theiianner as the first. Four feet from its base was the inner mar-a shallow ditch extending two-thirds of the way around on theru, western, and southern sides.

HENRY BRUMBACK FARM.he farm of Henry Brumback, 3.1 miles north of Luray, near thei: Pass run, just above its continence with Hawksbill creek, is a3 feet high and 80 feet in diameter; butbeing cultivated it was 8 or 9 feet in

. The bottom is level, subject to over-tid composed entirely of material depos-' the creek, none of it being due to the>osition of rock in place. Bowlders ofg size from the foothills on the eastsparsely along the stream, but conincrease in numbers toward the hill

le ground is covered with them. Spalls,fragments, and entire specimens aremt on the surface; and though all thejoint unmistakably to a comparativelydate for the deposition of the soil,)f these objects are perfect types bothi and material of the "paleolithic" im-lts from the gravels.circles were marked oft from the centermound, the radii in multiples of 5 feet,a diameter of 50 feet to the outer cir-Tiis area was excavated to a depth of 2slow the surrounding level, each /oneentirely removed before the one nextr was touched. In the outer zone at10 different deposits of human bonesfound at various depths, a dozen orof them being remains of cremated>ns. They were so decayed that theI of burial or number of individuals wasterminable. None 1 extended beyond thecircle. On the eastern side was a small pile of stones on theil level; nothing was found under them,bull w=23 4

Fig. 13.Spearhead from Dealmound Page county, Virginia.


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t

50 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGYAt the beginning of the second zone, 20 feet from the ce

tlie northern side,were 3 skulls almost in contact and lying onthe longer bones which were much decayed and broken. Two tthese were 2 others under the same conditions. For severaeach side and toward the center from these skulls every sthe pick uncovered human bones, most of them soft as weNortheast of the center, mostly in this zone but partly in tone, was a thin layer of pine bark charcoal with some small o;or limbs, apparently spread with some care over the surfacmound as it stood at this stage. Below it the earth showed lof fire; but resting on and coextensive with it was a stiburned earth having considerable variation in thickness. Abut smaller deposit was near the skulls above mentioned.

Sixteen feet south of the center were the remains of a youngconsisting of a skull with the nubs of the horns, a portion of tijaw, some cervical and dorsal vertebrae, the latter with theattached, the pelvic bones, and a few caudal vertebrae. Nolimbs or scapuhe were present, though all the bones foundtheir proper relative positions, the ribs extending into the earas if the body of the carcass had been thrown on the grccovered with earth during the construction of the mound. On tsubsoil a few inches west of these bones, and 8 or 10 inch'was a folded human skeleton. The teeth were much worn, tslender but long, the femur measuring 18 inches.On the eastern side was a cart load of bowlders covering an

skeleton, with the head toward the north; near the hips wer


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"I

"] RELICS FROM BRUMBACK FARM 51it disappeared; while in one part there were several thin layersinterstratitied with thicker layers of earth, making the depositthrough a vertical space of 2 feet. One large and several small

nl|[las and also a rude clay pipe were among the bones.e third zone, nearly north of the center, 2 feet above the bottom,ng-stemmed steatite pipe ; south of the center a grave 5by 8 feet,

tlj.n axis east and west, extended through the 2 feet of sand sub-he yellow clay beneath. The bottom was covered by a masscoal and burned earth, on which the disarticulated skeletonsmore individuals had been thrown at random after the fired down ; burned and unburned fragments of bone were mingled,he cremation was not a part of the burial ceremony; no relicsith them, but in the earth just above were many fragments of anflat bone ornament. Over a small portion of the bottom was aile which extended upward into the body of the mound ; the sand;ed had been thrown back after the bones were interred. A)rth of east from the center was a kettle-shape pit 5 feet in

6

*#.-:

Fig. 14.Pipe from Henrj Brr.mback mound, Page county, Virginia.sr at the top and 2 feet deep. The bottom was lined withd, some of the pieces being (J inches in diameter, Another, north(a foot of solid earth separating them), was 3 feet in diameterlehes deep, with the usual contents of charcoal and decayed bone.' north of the center was a fourth pit, 6 feet in diameter and 30dee]), extending to the solid gravel. The bottom was coveredinches of charcoal; scattered through this was nearly a cartburned stones, none of them weighing more than 8 or 10 pounds,fragments of bone and a steatite platform pipe (figure 14) laybottom. The next stratum of (5 inches was of earth; then aS by 2 feet, the main axis east and west, was covered withil, in and on which were traces of bone. Whether the circular

ajhad been tilled to a depth of only 12 inches and the secondsuts made at once, or whether it had been made level with the

i and another grave dug afterward, could not be determined.


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52 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY [i

1

West of these was a grave 3 feet in diameter and a. foot deepwest of this, or northwest of the center, was another, by 2 feenorth and south, in which were G columellas close to a skull tbeen partially burned, the teeth being completely calcined. Soiof the center was a shallow grave G by 4 feet, extending northesouthwest; the bottom was covered with charcoal intermingldecayed bone. These 8 gravesor 7 separate pitswere tinalmost in a circle around the central part of the mound, but atdistances from one another.In the fourth zone, south of the center, several columellas, at

a number of shell disk beads, were found at the original surfaquartz and quartzite, one of them stemmed, the only specimtkind found in the mound. A few inches south of these, aihiiiher, were numerous soft and broken columellas. Others w 7at various places in the block, sometimes with decayed botimes alone, all traces of the bodies with which they had beeihaving disappeared. Northeastward from the center weipieces of a small but very thick pot.Beneath this area were 3 graves, south, northwest, and no

the central point, each large enough to contain several bodiresent town of Winchester.skarora, near Martinsburg.nedo, who occupied the north fork of the Shenando ah until 1732i they were exterminated by hostile tribes from the south.tawba, from South Carolina.laware, from the Susquehanna.squehanna, or Susquehanough, who were driven from the head ofapeake bay and settled on the headwaters of the Potomac.nela, on the upper Potomac.scataway, or Pascataway, from the head of Chesapeake bay.k Nations.terokee.}rcheval, in his History of the Valley, says that "Shawnee cabins""Shawnee springs," near Winchester, received their names fromements of this tribe, who had, besides, a considerable village atL) marsh, 3 or 1 miles northwest of Winchester, where signs of wigwams were visible years after the country was settled. Hesays the Tuskarora were living on the creek of that name after\vhites came into the country.


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72 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY [|RE. irHNC

1

These various tribes hunted and fought over all this region. Ejyear, before going into winter quarters, they set fire to the dry giin order to prevent timber from growing and thus diminishing the*of their hunting grounds. For this reason the country was alndevoid of trees, except aloDg the streams and to some extent inmountains, the forests which now exist having sprung up since Spwood's day.

In 1744 one of the chiefs of the Six Nations, at the treaty of Icaster, Pennsylvania, claimed that all the country west of the Blue ribelonged to his people by right of conquest, and a clear title to it cdonly be obtained from them. 1 How long they may have been in possion of it is not known. Golden 2 states that they formerly lived nearpresent site of Montreal, whence they were driven by the AdirondIndians shortly before the French settled in Canada in 1603, and setwhere they were found by the whites, and that they did not extend tconquests into the south till furnished with firearms by the English;Smith records that he saw several canoes full of them in Ohesapobay in 1008, and that they were then known and feared by all the eern Indians. He speaks of procuring from them arrows, shields, ibut makes no mention of firearms or other weapons that they could 1obtained from the whites, which is very good evidence they didpossess them at that time. By the seaboard Indians they were ca" Massawomec," but are better known by the various names of MilMengwe, Iroquois, Maqua, and Five Nations, or, after the admisof the Tuskarora, Six Nations.

1

Besides the aboriginal villages above mentioned, a number of SInee had settlements along South branch until the whites became nuious enough to drive them out; the villages above Eomney may 1belonged to them. At the same period the Delaware wererepreseiby a branch upon the Cacapon; while the Seneca had a village opptHanging rock, and another at the mouth of Seneca creek, which t;its name from that fact. It is not known to what nation or tribeSenedo belonged, as there is no reference to them in the older boit is possible that the name was invented to account for the tShenandoah, which is popularly derived from them and lnterpn"Sparkling daughter of the shining stars.' 1 On the earliest deecis spelled "Geraudo," and by successive orthographic changesreached its present form. It is really a corruption of the Iroqmword "Tyonondoa," meaning literally "there it has a large (hmountain; " that is, " in that place there is a high range of mountaiOn some old maps the name "The Endless Mountains" is given to sof the ranges of Pennsylvania and Virginia, probably an attem}translation of the above meaning; the descriptive portion of the ?

'Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania, vol. IV, p. 512.2 Cohleu C, History of the Five Nations, 1747. 23.


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OLOGYfKE ] CONCLUSIONS 73sto the elevation instead of to the length of the chain. Theseintic but incorrect translations of Indian words are common. Foriple, "Kentucky," which is nearly always interpreted "Dark anddy ground," is almost certainly derived from an Iroquoian word con-ng the idea " a place where the grazing is good "at least, the wordng that meaning is almost identical in sound with "Kentucky,"e there is no Indian word with anything like the popular meaning-bears the slightest resemblance to it. 1le Alleghany mountains, in this part of the range at any rate, seemive been a dividing line between theeastern and the western Indians.;h branch and Shenandoah valleys were the great thoroughfaresin modern times, and may long have been so, between the northsouth, for the one- while the others followed Tygart Valley andriver.

lere is nowhere any evidence of an ancient or long-continued occu-py of this region by the Indians; on the contrary, the archeologicoveries are in accord with the historical and "traditional statementsmore thau one stock or people were in the habit of resorting tocountry. The village sites, as would be expected, are along thecipal watercourses, in fertile bottoms easily tilled, and the ceme-ss are at the same spots. The stone mounds, on the contrary, aretered at random, with no other apparent object in their locationl the selection of a commanding outlook. It is not to be supposedany people would carry their dead to an inconvenient spot and bury1 in a manner so different from that in which most of their interts were made. There is not, however, sufficient diversity in thesees to permit a classification that would attribute particular formsertain tribes.is worthy of note that many of the pipes and most of the gorgetsd in this section, whether in the earth or stone mounds, veryely resemble in style, finish, and material those considered typicalle mound-building tribes of Ohio. It would be of interest to knowther this coincidence is accidental, or whether it may result frommuuication between the different peoples. If the latter, it woulde the effect of reducing considerably the length of time that is gen-y supposed to have elapsed since the construction of the westernnds.

'Communicated by Mr J. N. B. Hewitt.


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INDEXPage

jder place. Stone mounds on 02farm. Occurrence of mound on. .. 54NY county, Md., Aboriginal re-in 04iany county, Ta., Archeology of. 24

. county, Archeology of 10:, Fragments of, found in Rever-mound 32heads. Occurrence of, in graves.. 60 barbecue hole 20 mounds. . . 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 44,46, 54. 57,

59, 68. 09-, with human remains . 21,23, 24, 27, 29, 39,

41,50,52,631 in human vertebra 21racter of, cm Gait farm 13ndance of, on Brubaker farm 47, Koontz place 58d near Buchanan 17Columbia 14Gala 17

i Gay place 14Haynie farm 01Nelson county 14, 15Powhatan county 10Rockbridge county 10Raffner place 48head SHor, Occurrence of, nearGate 24mains, General character of 8ta county, Mounds in 37See Perforator.Grooved, found near Gala 175-notched, found in Nelson county. 15d near Buchanan 17urrence of, on Kite mound 44-, in Newmarket mound 50farm, Aboriginal quarry on 37farm, Occurrence of mound on .. 68CUEholes. Occurrenceof, near Pall-pring 26 , Gala 18 , in Revercombmound 32

, on Taylor farm 62:ounty, Aboriginal remains in 27rman farm. Village site on 48, Absence of, in certain mounds... 53id near Gala . 17urrence of, in mounds 16

, with human remains . 20, 21, 23, 24, 37, 44le and shell, in Real don mound ... 63bund near Gala 17

PageBeads, Bone and shell, Occurrence of.with human remains 23 , copper, Occurrence of, in Alger mound 54

, disk, Occurrence of, in Brumbackmound 52 , , , with human remains 09, 40,43 , glass. Occurrence of, in graves 0G , , , on village site 65 . shell, Occurrence of, with human re-mains 20,22.40,43 , . in Linvillo mound 38

Beans, Charred, in Revercomb mound . . 32Bear skull, Occurrence of, in barbecue

hole 19. 20Bear tusk, Occurrence of, in Bushongmound 00

, , grave 20Berryville, Aboriginal remains near. ... 01Bones, Animal, found near Gala 17 , , Occurrence of, in barbecue hole. ... 20 , , , grave 23. 21 , , , with human remains 41,12Botetourt county, Archeology of 1Bowers farm, Aboriginal remains on ... ,7Bowlders. Human remainseoveredby-50, 55, 03, 09 , Occurrence of, in grave 20, 21 , t'se of, in mound construction 54, 55, 58 , Occurrence of, on Bowers mound 47 , , in Brumback mound 52 , on Deal mound 4SBowles farm, Aboriginal remains on 03Bowman, S. M., Mound on farm of 37Brown, Alexander, Remains on farm of. 14Brubaker farm, Aboriginal remains on. 40Brumback, Henry, Aboriginal remainson farm of 49 . J. A., Occurrence of cairn on farm of 54

Buchanan, Aboriginal remains near 10Buckingham county, Aboriginal fireplace

in 14Buffalo, Occurrence of remains of 50Bullets, Occurrenceof, near Kleckmound 30 . with human remains 27Burner place, Tillage site at 47Burwell, Blair, Aboriginal remains onfarm of 10Bushong farm. Occurrence of mound on 59Byrd. John T.. Mound group on farm of 30Cairn, Probable use of 71 , Occurrence of, above mouth of the Con-ococheague 63 , on Brumback farm 54

75


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76 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGYPage

Cairn, Occurrence of, on Huffman farm. 57 , Long farm 45 , in Allegany county 64 , Hampshire county 65 , Hardy county 67 , , J efferson county 64 , , Warren county 60 . near Hancock 64 , Petersburg 67Caledonia, Steatite quarry near 12Catawba, Early habitat of the 71 , Tradition of battle between Delawareand 65

Catlett place, Mounds on 61Cave, Burial, on Stauffer farm 63 , Occurrence of, on Keyser farm 57Celts, Occurrence of, in barbecue holes.. 19 . with human remains 21, 27, 63 , on Gay place 14 , near Buchanan 17,- , - Gala 17 , on Koontz place 58 of adze-shape in Nelson county 15Celt scraper, Occurrence of, with humanremains - 40

, , in Long mound 46Cemetery, Occurrence of, on Herriottfarm 65 , near Iron Gate 24 , in Washington county 63 , near village site 73 , at Palling' Spring 24

Charcoal, Occurrence of, with humanremains - 40, 41, 53

.in mounds 18, 30, 31, 32, 38, 43, 50,51, 52, 54, 56 lining of burial pits 35

Cherokee, Mention of, by Payton 71Cinela, Early habitat of the 71Clarke county, Archeology of 61Cloth, Fragments of, in Revercombmound 31, 32

Clover creek, Archeologic remains on. 31Colden, C, on Iroquois habitat 72Columbia, Aboriginal remains near 12Columellas, Burial of, with .human re-mains 25,38,39,40,41,42 , Occurrence of, in Brumback mound. . 50, 51, 52 , Drilled, in Williamsville mound 30

Combs, bone, Occurrence of, with humanremains 41, 42

"bur"a! |_ethno|

]

Conch. Burial of, with human remains. .Cooking, Ancient method ofCopper, Occurrence of, in mounds . See Bead, Ornament.Cores, Occurrence oi, with human re-mains , in Williamsville mound

Corn, Charred, found near Gala- , , in Revercomb mound , Occurrence of, in barbecue holeCraig, N. B., on application of Iroquoian

I ribal names..

25,401816

4130173220

7264

Crystal, quartz, Burial of, with humanremains 40, 41, 46, , , Occurrence of, in mounds 46, 48,

Culler farm, Description of mound on..Culpeper county, Aboriginal remains

inCumberland county, Archeology ofCunningham mound, Description ofCupstone,Occurrence of, in burial mound.Currier. See ScraperCushing, P. H., Exploration byDeal farm, Occurrence of mounds on . .Deer bones, Occurrence of, in barbecue

holes, , with human remains

Delaware, Early habitat of the , Settlement of the, on the Cacapon , Tradition of battle between Catawbaand

Depressions, Artificial, near Tobacco-ville , Occurrence of, in Indian mounds.. 31,43,

Dickinson mound, Description ofDisease, Apparent effect of, on human re-mains

Disks, shell, Occurrence of, with humanremains - , Use of, as legging ornaments

Drill, Burial of, with human remains found near Gala , Bone, found in Linville moundDuidy farm, Occurrence of mounds on..Ellerslee, Occurrence of village site nearElk island. Remains onFalling spring, Remains atFirebed, Occurrence of, near barbecueholes , Buchanan

_, , at Funk place , near Kite place , at Riddel placeFirepits, Occurrence of, near GalaFireplace, Remains of, in Buckinghamcounty on Gait farm , Occurrence of, in Hampshire county. , on Herriott farm , at Ruffner place

Fisher farm, Description of mounds on .Fishhooks, Bone, found near Gala_, _ occurrence of, in barbecue hole

t _, , with human remains 21,Flood. See Freshet.Fluvanna county, Archeology ofForests, Indian method of burningFort Seybert, Occurrence of mound nearFreshet, Aboriginal remains exposed by

12, 13, 14, 23, 24, 27, 30, 34, 45, 46, 47, 48,Punk place, Description of mound onGala, Aboriginal remains near


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ILOGY

l. Occurrence of, in Dickinson(1

Illen, Remains on farm ofR, D. H., Mound near place of. . .>R., Description of skulls byland county. Archeology ofr, Resemblance of, to those of

INDEXPage

2813471311

irrence of, with human remains. . 27, 40. 52, in mounds. . . 28, 30, 44. 45, 46. 47, 48, 53, 54,

56, 60, 69county, Aboriginal remains in... 66ITE, Occurrence of, in buriald 68,69, Triple burial in single 253, Examination of, in Hampshirey 66urrence of, in mounds . - 28, 32. 35, 39, 41, 44,

45, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 61, 63, 64, 68, 70, near Gala 18,20,21tection of. by slabs 54, 60le, in Mineral county 66e Human remains, Mound, Pit.\.rrel, Occurrence of, in Watermoundtown, "Workshop site near"ON farm Workshop site on:r place, Cairn onhire county, Aboriginal remainsCK, Aboriginal remains nearcounty, Aboriginal remains in .N farm, Stone mounds onson farm, Cairns onETS, iron, Occurrence of, in graves.on village site, Occurrence of, near Kleek

id-, in Water Lick mound

E farm Cairns on30D,John, on early Monacan hab-HS, Aboriginal, at Ruffner place. .ITE, Burialof. withhuman remains.dtt farm, Village site and ceme-onT, J. X. B., on etymology of Ken-V*

\ND county', Archeology of)ccurrence of, on Koontz place. . .in Xelson county

, W. H., Exploration byoductory note byMILL, Aboriginal remains atR rock. Quarry nearJacob, Mouiid on farm ofAN, F. M., Mound on farm ofremains, Absence of, in Williams-mound'remated, in Prumback mound.-.. 49,-, Linville mound 38,reniation of 29,ndications of wounds inromiscuous burial of. 29, 31, 34, 36, 38.

61.71636570

64636769G46665

306161

948

40, 41

65


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78 JAMES AND POTOMAC ARCHEOLOGY rmLetRE.ETHN

(1894) archeologic investigations in james and potomoc valleys (lost civilizations)

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