19TH CENTURY EUROPE

The Road to WW I

CONGRESS OF VIENNA,

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION,

ECONOMIC “ISMS”,

UNIFICATION&

IMPERIALISM

CONGRESS OF VIENNA Nations want peace after 1815 Belief that restoring old order would bring stability

“THE GREAT POWERS” Great Britain Austria Prussia Russia France

GOALS Prevent future French aggression

Made few serious demands on France so not to instigate revenge

Maintain peace through balance of powerAll Great Powers were to be of equal

strength through treaties and agreements Restore old Monarchs: Democracy a

threatBut French & American Revolution still

admired

NATIONALISM Result of French Revolution & resistance

to Napoleon’s invasions Italy & Germany try to unify in 1848 Stopped by Great Powers who fear them

DEMOCRACY PREVAILS By mid-1800’s, impact of Industrial

revolution led to demands for democracy throughout Western Europe

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

CAUSES: Scientific Farming Increased Population Abundant Natural Resources Geographic Location Strong Banking System Political Stability

EFFECTS: New Inventions

Machines Factories Improved Transportation

(steam engine- R.R.) Increasing Population

Move to Cities Karl Marx

Communism Government Reforms

(protective laws & unions)

THE ECONOMIC “ISMS” Capitalism Communism Socialism

CAPITALISM Example: USA

Laissez-faire Individual choice/ freedom of choice Individuals run the businessEconomic Classes: Rich and poor and

middle-classCompetition makes goods better and

cheaperGovernment: Democracy

SOCIALISM Government & Economy of the people

SOCIALISM– DOESN’T REALLY EXIST

Everyone agrees to share economyEveryone is equal in terms of moneyEach person will receive money according

to how much they needNo competitionSocial Classes: NONEGovernment: Should be democracy, but

dictator never stepped down

WHY NO SOCIALISM??? In history, the dictator had NEVER

stepped down! Problem with Marx’s theory, he didn’t

take in to account the nature of man

COMMUNISMGovernment controlled EconomyGovernment controls all business decisionsNo competitionEconomic Classes: Rich government and

Poor citizens (proletariat)Government: Dictator

HISTORY OF COMMUNISM Karl Marx said Industrialization would

lead to a two-class system: Bourgeoisie & Proletariat

Civil War would occur between rich & poor

Poor would win Dictator would take power just long

enough to set-up socialist society Dictator would step down

Reality: Communism not Socialism

UNIFICATION Italian & German Unification

ITALIAN UNIFICATION

FACTORS FAVORING ITALIAN UNIFICATION

Common culture, history, traditions, language (though diff. dialects)

Common Religion: Roman CatholicDislike for Austria who prevented earlier

attempt to unite

ROADBLOCKS TO ITALIAN UNIFICATION

Opposition by state rulers who were backed by Austria, so wanted Austria to remain powerful

Pope feared losing power over Papal States

Disagreement over type of government once united: democratic republic (favored by Mazzini), constitutional monarchy (favored by Cavour), confederation under Pope

Foreign Opposition: Austria would lose territory and influence France feared a powerful neighbor

WARS TO WIN ITALIAN UNIFICATION

Austro-Sardinian Wars (1859): Napoleon III helped b/c of promise of Nice and Savoy, and Sardinia got Lombardy

Conquest of 2 Sicilies by Garibaldi (1861): Kingdom of Italy declared, but Rome not capital because in hands of Pope & protected by French troops

Austro-Prussian War (1866): Italy allied with Prussia and gained Venetia

Franco-Prussian War (1870-71): French troops removed from Italy to fight Germany, Rome now capital

World War I (1914-18): Italy claimed rest of land still under Austrian rule.

THE SOUL, THE SWORD, THE BRAIN The Soul: Mazzini

Led first unification effort in 1848, inspiration of the people

The Sword: Garibaldi Led the “Red Shirts” from Sardinia to conquer

the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies on to Lombardy The Brain: Cavour

Prime Minister to King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia

He believes nationalism can only happen through smart diplomacy and well-chosen alliances

1871– Italy is Unified!

GERMAN UNIFICATION

REALPOLITIKGerman plan for government that meant:

Calculating politics in which idealism played no part.

Often pejoratively referred to amoral, coercive, or Machiavellian politics.

FACTORS FAVORING GERMAN UNIFICATION

Common language, history, culture, traditions

Industrial Revolution: Roads, railroads, growing trade united German states

Zollverein– customs union, NO tariffs within German Confederation EXCEPT Austria

ROADBLOCKS TO GERMAN UNIFICATION

Opposition by state rulers who feared losing power

Religion: Protestant North, Catholic South Jealousy & fear of Prussia; largest stateRivalry between Austria and Prussia over

control of smaller German statesOpposition from France who feared a

powerful bordering neighbor

BISMARCK: BLOOD & IRON Bismarck wanted Germany united!

Blood = War Iron = Industrialization

WARS TO WIN GERMAN UNIFICATION

V. Denmark (1864) for prestige and territory; Schleswig-

HolsteinAustro-Prussian War (1866)

Germans defeated Austria, and were very lenient in treaty, to keep Austria as ally in future war with France.

Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) Only a war against a foreign enemy could

unite Protestant North with Catholic South. Germany humiliates France and takes Alsace & Lorraine (France’s richest coal & iron deposits)

THE SOUL, THE SWORD, THE BRAIN The Soul: Kaiser Wilhelm I

King of Prussia, largest, wealthiest, industrialized state in un-unified Germany

The Sword: von MoltkeGeneral who led all 3 wars of German

Unfication The Brain: Bismarck

Prime Minister to Kaiser Wilhelm IBelieved in Realpolitik“Blood & Iron”

1871– Italy is Unified!

GERMANY VERY SUCCESSFUL Germany is unified in 1871!

Quickly surpasses Britain as most industrialized nation in Europe (2nd to only U.S.A.)

France & Germany HATE each other!!

IMPERIALISM The Policy of Extending the rule or

authority of one nation over foreign countries for the purpose of acquiring of colonies

Cause: Industrial Revolution and the need for raw materials and cheap labor

BRITISH EMPIRE Largest in the world: ¼ of world’s land

and people controlled by Britain

CHALLENGE TO BRITISH LEADERSHIP U.S. and Germany industrialized and

between 1870 and 1900 caused G.B. Production to drop from 1/3 of world’s total to 1/5.

Countries now charging tariffs on British goods to protect their own Industrialization.

Raw Materials on British Isles were depleting.

COLONIALISM SPREADS Other countries begin to recognize both the

economic gain of colonies as well as national pride.

France becomes 2nd largest empire. Dutch, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Italy, and

Germany all expand in Africa Austria-Hungary moves into Balkans (major

cause of WWI) Even U.S. gets involved (Cuba, Philipines,

Puerto Rico, Guam) Hope that where business goes, the flag will

follow

EUROPEAN PRIDE Countries took great PRIDE in colonies,

even more important than economic gain

Europeans believed they were superior and had a duty to spread their technology.

Racism became a strong element at this time

AFRICA DIVIDED In 1875, less than 10% of Africa

controlled by Europeans In 1900, over 90%

BRITISH TAKE CONTROL OF INDIA

INDIAN NATIONALISM GROWS Indian tax payers paid for all

technological improvements Indian workers did hard labor jobs Resented signs “For Europeans Only” Prevented from getting top jobs and the

few mid-level jobs they could get they received as much as 20 times less than their British counter-part

SOUTHEAST ASIA

IMPERIALISM OF ASIA

BRITAIN MOVES INTO CHINA China was self-sufficient with 300 million

people, more than all of Europe. Britain wanted to trade but China was

not interested– didn’t need it So, Britain introduced a highly addictive

drug into China and it led to the manipulation of China by the British

CHINA SEVERELY WEAKENED Unfair treaties with British

Opium Wars Unfair treaties with other Western

nations West tries to help but China just wants

them gone Refusing help weakens them more Open door policy ends colonization but

puts China at constant mercy of outsiders

JAPANESE RESPOND QUITE DIFFERENTLY

Copy the Best of the West Japanese economy grew to modern Industrialized

economy within 30 years Railroads built throughout country Coal production increased by over 21 times Many factories built Very little $ borrowed by U.S. and Europe to maintain

independence Japan copied BEST MILITARIES of the West German Army British Navy So strong could defeat Russia (Russo-Japanese War--

1904) Able to renegotiate unfair treaties made with U.S in

1850’s Began own imperial dominance

ROAD TO WWI HAS BEGUN !

Each European country & Japan want to be an Empire

France insists it will take back Alsace & Lorraine and make Germany pay

SIX Great Powers (not just 5)Germany & Great Britain– very strongFrance– mildly strongRussia & Austria-- weak