19th century Nationalism & Imperialism

Napoleonic Empire 1812

Congress of Vienna

Austria, Russia, Prussia & England (later France)

Age of Diplomacy

• Will govern by accord, diplomatic balance of power within Europe.

• Decides to restore order in the old, conservative ways – with KINGS.

• No wars between the states of Europe• Promotion of national interests– WHAT IS NATIONALISM? How do you get people

behind it?

European Imperialism

• Imperialism becomes intricately tied to Nationalism both economically and politically.– An expression of a nation’s wealth and influence– Furthering the previous colonial interests to

supply raw goods for production of finished goods through industrialization.

– Primary areas: Africa, Asia, Latin America

Imperial Problems

• German and Italian Unification in the 1860-70s.

• Attempts to control the rate of change and prevent political upheaval.

• Nationalism fuels unification through “non-wars.”

• Franco-Prussian War, Austrian-Prussian War.• Crimean War 1855

Concerns over Russia’s expansion in Crimean War (1855) •Declining Ottoman Empire, including SE Europe.•Access to Mediterranean•Shift of balance of powerFr & Eng. Help the Ottomans AGAINST Russia

British Empire 19th c.

French English venture for access to the Red Sea from Mediterranean; crucial for access to Asia by Europe.

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Opening of Suez Canal, 1869

Congress of Berlin 1872

•Gathered to apportion the empires of Europe•Competition for colonies among non-empires sets up alliances for WW I•Otto von Bismarck sets up this conference to try to deal with •Partitioning of Africa•Decline of the Ottoman Empire•Territories in Asia•Stop expansion of Russia

Ottoman Empire ca. 1900 -- Decline

•Ottoman Empire declines over several centuries•Attempts to save by reforming Sultans over the 19th century•Major Problems:•Provincial structure, unruly army (Janissaries)•Economic threat from European industrialization as well as colonial interests•Some Ottoman provinces resist colonization by Europeans.•Egypt is critical to England’s overseas trade.•Egypt is semi-autonomous, under governer Muhammad Ali (after napoleon)

Selim III

Tried to initiate reforms of Ottoman military

Killed in coup d’etat in1806.

Muhammad AliBorn: Macedonia, 1769

Led Albanian contingent against Napoleon: 1799

Granted title of Pasha and made governor of Egypt: 1805

Conquered Sudan: 1822-1823

Put down insurrection in Crete: 1824

Conquered Ottoman provinces of Palestine, Syria: 1831

Treaty of London denies Ali rule over Levant but forces emperor to recognize Ali’s dynastic rule over Egypt

Died: 1849

Mahmud IIBorn: 1785

Became Sultan: 1808

Abolished Jannisaries: 1826

Initiated Tanzimat reforms: 1839

Died: 1839

Young Turks

• Calls for a new Ottoman constitution• 1876: radicals seize power and force Sultan

Abdul Hamid II to grant constitution• Hamid then suspended the constitution and

ruled without parliament• Committee/Society of Union and Progress

formed in 1889 – Wanted restoration of constitutional rule

Asia in 1914

I

Europe in 1914 at the outbreak of war

Russia at the end of the 19th century•Autocratic, antiquated military, under-industrialized.•Sergei Witte urged Nicholas II to accelerate industry, refused.•1905 Russo-Japanese War, navy destroyed•Shocking blow; the “last war” had been the Napoleonic, which the Russians “won” against Nap.•Little social reform since liberation of serfs 1861•No constitution under Nicholas II•Finally forced to call the Duma in 1905, disbands shortly thereafter (aborted revolution)

Romanov Dynasty

Russia enters WW I as part of the Triple Entente (England, Russia, France) against Germany, Italy and Austro-HungaryAfter 3 years and massive destruction, Bolshevik Revolution breaks out at home; Russia forced to withdraw.Romanov family exiled, later killed.

Bolsheviks come to power

Treaty of Brest Litovsk

• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk gets Russia out of the war; tremendous losses to Russia.

• Most of western lands that were industrialized, natural resources, agricultural lands.

Western Front WW I

• War continues on western front for another year.

• Trench Warfare• Technology of war• Tremendous losses to all• Attrition• Collapse in 1918, Treaty of Versailles– Act 231 = War Guilt Clause to Germany