1927 – 1936■ The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory, founded by Lawrence J. Henderson, is formed to

study exercise and environmental physiology. Laboratory Director David Bruce Dill conducts extensive research in extreme environmental conditions and often serves as a test subject in his own experiments.

■ Eugene M. Landis provided the first experimental verification of Starling’s hypothesis of fluid balance.

■ Philip Drinker and Louis Shaw develop the “iron lung”, a mechanical device for artificial respiration that was widely used in the management of patients with poliomyelitis.

■ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Julius Wagner-Jauregg “for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica.”

■ Heinrich Hering, Jr. demonstrates that increases in pressure within the carotid sinus of experimental animals cause decreases in arterial blood pressure and heart rate, providing an important contribution to the discovery of the baroreceptor reflex.

■ Charles Lindbergh makes the first nonstop solo transatlantic flight.

■ Popular vaudevillian Al Jolson astounds audiences with his nightclub act in The Jazz Singer, the first feature-length talkie.

■ Selmar Aschheim and Bernhardt Zondek develop the urine pregnancy test, forerunner of the modern home pregnancy test.

■ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarde d to Charles Nicolle “for his work on typhus.”

■ Albert Szent-Györgyi and Charles Glen King independently discover vitamin C.

■ George Corner and Willard Allen discover the hormone progesterone.

■ Donald Van Slyke introduces the concept of renal clearance.

■ APS hosts the XIII International Physiological Congress in Boston, MA.

■ In his Physiological Review article, Walter B. Cannon coined the term homeostasis to describe the mechanisms of the internal regulation of body composition.

■ Arthur Grollman introduced the acetylene method for determination of cardiac output. ■ Johannes Berger demonstrates that the electrical activity of the brain can be recorded through the intact skull, the

first description of the electroencephalogram.

■ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Christiaan Eijkman “for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin” and Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins “for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins.”

■ Stock market prices plummet (Nov.-Dec.). US securities lose $26 billion, marking the first financial disaster of the Great Depression.

■ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Karl Landsteiner “for his discovery of human blood groups.”

■ Arne Tiselius introduces electrophoresis for the separation of proteins.

■ Ludwig Haberlandt demonstrates that pregnancy can be prevented by injection of pregnancy hormones leading to the development of the modern birth control pills.

■ Eli Kennerly Marshall published irrefutable proof of renal tubular secretion in mammals.

■ Paul Carrer describes the structure and function of vitamin A.

■ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Otto Warburg “for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.”

■ Harry Fevold, Frederic Hisaw and Samuel Leonard discover, isolate, and purify the luteinizing hormone of the anterior pituitary gland.

■ William F. Hamilton utilizes the injection method to describe the changesin hemodynamics under physiological and pathological conditions.

■ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and Lord Edgar Douglas Adrian “for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons.”

■ Harvey W. Cushing pioneered in studying the regulatory functions of the pituitary and hypothalamus.

■ Amelia Earhart is first woman to fly Atlantic solo.

■ Hans Krebs describes the urea cycle.

■ Norman U. Meldrum isolates the important enzyme, carbonic anhydrase.

■ Henry Cuthbert Bazett demonstrated the influence of the hypothalamus on temperature control.

■ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Thomas H. Morgan “for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity.”

■ Robert Chambers first demonstrated that transepithelial secretion of organic dyes could be examined in isolated proximal renal tubules.

■ Adolf Hitler becomes German chancellor.

■ Franklin Delano Roosevelt inaugurated (“the only thing we have to fear is fear itself”) and launches the New Deal.

■ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot and William Parry Murphy “for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia.”

■ Harry Goldblatt demonstrated that partial constriction of the renal arteries in the dog produced hypertension.

■ Alfred Newton Richards and his colleagues, as well as James A. Shannon and Homer W. Smith, identified inulin as an ideal substance for the measurement of glomerular filtration rate.

■ Harry Goldblatt and coworkers reported that experimental renal artery stenosis elicits systemic hypertension.

■ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Hans Spemann “for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development.”

■ Henrik Dam discovers vitamin K.

■ Edward Kendall isolates cortisone from the adrenal cortex.

■ Nazis enact Nuremberg Laws against Jews to prevent “racial pollution.” Heinrich Himmler starts breeding program to produce “Aryan super race.”

■ Hans Selye introduces the concept of “stress,” and demonstrates that stress is a constant influence in our daily lives, extending the early work of Walter Cannon and giving rise to the concept of “fight or flight.”

■ Alexis Carrel and Charles Lindbergh develop the first artificial heart.

■ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936 was awarded jointly to Sir Henry Hallett Dale and Otto Loewi “for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses.”

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35

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6

David Bruce Dill Charles Lindbergh

Charles Nicolle

Frederic Hisaw

Arne Tiselius

Ludwig Haberlandt

William F. HamiltonAmelia Earhart

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Homer W. Smith

Henrik Dam

Sir Henry Hallett Dale