1930 Nobel Prizes1930 Nobel PrizesPhysics:Physics:

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata RamanSir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"of the effect named after him"

Literature:Literature:Sinclair Lewis Sinclair Lewis

"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters“to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters“

Peace:Peace:Lars Olof Jonathan (Nathan) Söderblom Lars Olof Jonathan (Nathan) Söderblom

Chemistry:Chemistry:Hans FischerHans Fischer

"for his researches into the constitution of haemin and "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin“chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin“

Physiology or Medicine:Physiology or Medicine: Karl LandsteinerKarl Landsteiner

““For his discovery of human blood groups”For his discovery of human blood groups”

Karl LandsteinerKarl Landsteiner

1868 born June 14 in Vienna. 1842 died June 26 in U.S.1868 born June 14 in Vienna. 1842 died June 26 in U.S.

1900 proposed that the cause of shock, jaundice, and 1900 proposed that the cause of shock, jaundice, and haemoglobinuria that had followed some earlier attempts at haemoglobinuria that had followed some earlier attempts at blood transfusions was not the result of disease but the blood transfusions was not the result of disease but the inherent differences between characteristics of an individuals inherent differences between characteristics of an individuals bloodblood

1901 experimented with blood cells seperated from their 1901 experimented with blood cells seperated from their serum (blood plasma with clotting factors removed) and serum (blood plasma with clotting factors removed) and observed that a reaction that resulted in clotting occurred in observed that a reaction that resulted in clotting occurred in some cases and not others.some cases and not others.

classified blood into the groups A, B, and O based on their classified blood into the groups A, B, and O based on their reactions with each other for which he was awarded the nobel reactions with each other for which he was awarded the nobel prize in 1930prize in 1930

Subsequently Dr. Lansteiner’s colleagues Alfred von Subsequently Dr. Lansteiner’s colleagues Alfred von Decastello and Adrano Sturli identified the group ABDecastello and Adrano Sturli identified the group AB

Lansteiner concluded the reactions were due to a specific Lansteiner concluded the reactions were due to a specific antigen (substance that stimulates a immune response) antigen (substance that stimulates a immune response) present in each individual blood group that can cause present in each individual blood group that can cause antibodies against another blood type resulting in its antibodies against another blood type resulting in its destruction destruction

Implications of discoveryImplications of discovery AnthropologyAnthropology

Concluded, after extensive research had been conducted Concluded, after extensive research had been conducted that the frequency of different blood groups in varying that the frequency of different blood groups in varying regions around the world could be used to draw conclusions regions around the world could be used to draw conclusions about the correlation between races and the origin of the about the correlation between races and the origin of the human race human race

L. and H. Hirschfeld “group A is more frequent than B in L. and H. Hirschfeld “group A is more frequent than B in northern Europeans, whereas the position is reversed in northern Europeans, whereas the position is reversed in several Asiatic races.several Asiatic races.

Coca and Snyder “the American Indians who, when Coca and Snyder “the American Indians who, when racially pure, belong almost exclusively to group O”racially pure, belong almost exclusively to group O”

Implications of discoveryImplications of discovery ForensicsForensics

CrimesCrimes Could be used to determine the difference between Could be used to determine the difference between

animal and human blood stains for forensic purposes animal and human blood stains for forensic purposes and in some cases could be used to distinguish and in some cases could be used to distinguish between the victim and accused if they belong to between the victim and accused if they belong to different blood groupsdifferent blood groups

PaternityPaternityCould be used to exclude or include the possibility of a Could be used to exclude or include the possibility of a person as a parent in paternity casesperson as a parent in paternity cases

Group A phenotype = A/A or A/O genotype Group A phenotype = A/A or A/O genotype

Group B phenotype = B/B or B/O genotype Group B phenotype = B/B or B/O genotype

Group O phenotype = O/O genotype Group O phenotype = O/O genotype

Group AB phenotype = A/B genotype Group AB phenotype = A/B genotype

Blood group inheritance

Mother/Father

O A B AB

O O O, A O, B A, B

A O, A O, A O, A,B,AB A, B, AB

B O, B O,A,B,AB O, B A, B, AB

AB A, B A, B, AB A, B, AB A, B, AB

Implications of discoverImplications of discover

TransfusionsTransfusions

Brief history before Brief history before Lansteiner’sLansteiner’s identification of groups identification of groups

1665- Richard Lower performs the first animal blood 1665- Richard Lower performs the first animal blood transfusion recorded using dogstransfusion recorded using dogs

1667- French physician Jean-Baptiste Denis transfuses 1667- French physician Jean-Baptiste Denis transfuses lamb’s blood into several patients without negative lamb’s blood into several patients without negative consequences until one diesconsequences until one dies

1818- James Blundell performs the first successful 1818- James Blundell performs the first successful transfusion of human to human bloodtransfusion of human to human blood

1825-1830-James Blundell performs 10 more 1825-1830-James Blundell performs 10 more transfusions 5 of which are beneficialtransfusions 5 of which are beneficial

Dr. Ludvig Hektoen of Chicago recommends checking blood type Dr. Ludvig Hektoen of Chicago recommends checking blood type of recipient with donor before transfusionof recipient with donor before transfusion

Dr. Reuben Ottenberg in New York performs the first transfusion Dr. Reuben Ottenberg in New York performs the first transfusion using cross matching with 128 successful cases, with almost no using cross matching with 128 successful cases, with almost no adverse transfusion reactionadverse transfusion reaction

After the invention of sodium citrate to prevent clotting and After the invention of sodium citrate to prevent clotting and citrate-glucose solution for longer storage, transfusions have citrate-glucose solution for longer storage, transfusions have become common place, and are used in a variety of treatmentsbecome common place, and are used in a variety of treatments

examples: severe blood loss in trauma, surgery, and the examples: severe blood loss in trauma, surgery, and the treatment of blood diseasestreatment of blood diseases

Other ContributionsOther Contributions

Helped determine the cause of polio, his research Helped determine the cause of polio, his research contributed to the eventual development of a vaccine contributed to the eventual development of a vaccine

discovered new facts about the immunology of syphilisdiscovered new facts about the immunology of syphilis

Discovered and named haptens-molecules that cause an Discovered and named haptens-molecules that cause an immune response when added to a carrier moleculeimmune response when added to a carrier molecule

1940 with 1940 with Alexander Wiener Alexander Wiener discovered another blood type discovered another blood type Rh factor- antigen that is either present or absent indicated Rh factor- antigen that is either present or absent indicated with a (+ or -). Important in pregnancy because if a with a (+ or -). Important in pregnancy because if a mother is Rh (-) and her baby is (+), the transfer of blood mother is Rh (-) and her baby is (+), the transfer of blood between them or if the mother has been previously between them or if the mother has been previously exposed will cause the mother to develop antibody’s againt exposed will cause the mother to develop antibody’s againt the babies blood.the babies blood.

Additional FactsAdditional Facts

According to the National Blood Data resource Center in the According to the National Blood Data resource Center in the year 2000 out of the 1,900 hospitals and 143 blood year 2000 out of the 1,900 hospitals and 143 blood collection centers participating, 13.9 million units of whole collection centers participating, 13.9 million units of whole blood were collected for use in transfusionsblood were collected for use in transfusions

Currently The International Society for Blood transfusion Currently The International Society for Blood transfusion (ISBT) recognizes 29 important blood groups(ISBT) recognizes 29 important blood groups

ResourcesResources From Noble LectureFrom Noble Lecture

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1930/landsteiner-lecturhttp://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1930/landsteiner-lecture.htmle.html

StatisticsStatisticshttp://www.aabb.org/Documents/Programs_and_Services/NBDRC/http://www.aabb.org/Documents/Programs_and_Services/NBDRC/research.htmresearch.htmhttp://iccbba.org/http://iccbba.org/

Bibliography and Other InformationBibliography and Other Information

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1930/landsteiner-bio.hthttp://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1930/landsteiner-bio.htmlmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_landsteiner.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_landsteiner.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/history/index.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/history/index.html

TablesTables

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_typeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_types