THE COLD WAR

1953-1963

EISENHOWER’S ELECTION

Ike

Background

Soft on communism?

Secretary of State Foster Dulles

“Rolling Back” Communism

NEW POLICIES

New Look

The CIA

Massive Retaliation

Brinkmanship

CHANGES IN THE SOVIET UNION The Death of Stalin

George Malenkov

Nikita Khrushchev

“Peaceful co-existence”

Avoiding a nuclear holocaust

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Economic Factors

Military spending versus consumer goods.

GNP

Results of less military spending.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS April 1955

The Austrian State Treaty

July 1955

The Geneva Summit

Arms Race Discussions

•Soviet Proposals: Mutual disbandment of NATO and the Warsaw Pact. •Withdrawal of foreign troops from Europe followed by the drawing up of a European Security Treaty.•Free elections to be carried out for a reunified German government.

•U.S. Proposals: An “open skies” proposal. •This meant each side would exchange plans of military installations and allow aerial surveillance of each other’s installations.

•U.S. Reaction: Hostile. •These ideas were unacceptable to the West European governments and no agreement was reached on any of these proposals.

•Soviet Reaction: Hostile.•The Soviets did not even bother to make a formal reply. •They dismissed it as “nothing more than a bold espionage plot”. •(The United States went ahead and used the U-2 planes.)

RESULTS OF THE GENEVA SUMMIT

Was the Geneva Summit a failure?

Nikolai Bulganin

INCREASED TENSIONS Why did East-West

tension increase again after 1955?

Dag Hammarskjöld

Gamal Abdel Nasser

The Suez Canal

UNEF

INCREASED TENSIONS

Khrushchev’s De-Stalinization Speech

The Eisenhower Doctrine

The Technology Race

THE TECHNOLOGY RACE

Sputnik I and II

The Missile Gap

The Gaither Report

Fallout Shelters

THE SPACE RACE

Education

U-2 Spy Planes

NASA

BERLIN

Living in West Berlin

Propaganda and Espionage

Khrushchev’s proposal

Walter Ulbricht

Summit Results

OOPS!

The Spirit of Camp David

The U-2 Spy Plane

U.S. Claims

Gary Powers

ECONOMICS IN CUBA

U.S. Domination

Sugar

Exports

Unemployment

CUBA: THE RISE OF CASTRO

Background

Resentment towards America

Cuban People’s Party

General Fulgencio Batista

Methods of Enforcement

REBELLION

July 26, 1953

Moncada Army Barracks

Trial and Arrests

History Will Absolve Me

Cuba’s new hero

THE RISE OF CASTRO

May 1955

General Amnesty

Castro moves to Mexico

Student Protests

April 1956

Political Support

THE RISE OF CASTRO

December 2, 1956

Castro Returns

Sierra Maestra Mountains

False Claims

February 1957

Castro’s New Image

THE RISE OF CASTRO

The Role of the Catholic Church

The 26th of July Movement

Small numbers

Summer 1958

New Year’s Day 1959

Changes

RELATIONS WITH THE USA

Moving to America

Eisenhower vs. Castro

Nationalized Businesses

Embargos

RELATIONS WITH THE SOVIETS

Visits from the Soviets

Trade Agreements

Oil and Sugar

Anti-American Sentiment

THE BAY OF PIGS INVASION

Origins

The Plan

The Attack

Outcome

Reasons

Results

KENNEDY NEW POLICY

Flexible Response

Conventional forces

Nuclear arsenal

CIA

Assisting countries against Communism

Negotiations with the USSR

THE WALL

The Vienna Summit of 1961

Reasons for the Wall

August 13, 1961

WHAT DID THE BUILDING OF THE WALL MEAN…..

For Khrushchev?

For Walter Ulbricht?

For the Citizens of Berlin?

For the Cold War?

The Symbol of the Cold War

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

Why did Khrushchev put missiles in Cuba?

Intermediate Range ballistic missiles (IRBMs)

Missiles in Turkey

Protecting Communism in Cuba.

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

October 14, 1962

First Strike Capability

Upcoming Elections

13 Days

Quarantine

October 24, 1962

Khrushchev’s Telegrams

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

U-2 Spy Plane Incident

Ambassador Llewellyn (Tommy) Thompson

Attorney General Robert Kennedy

Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin

The Secret Deal

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

How effective was Kennedy’s handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

The Traditional View

The Revisionist View

New Interpretations

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

What conclusions can be reached about Khrushchev’s actions?

Results for the Soviets?

The Soviet Military perspective

Khrushchev’s relationship with Castro

WHAT WERE THE RESULTS OF THE CRISIS…

For the USA?

For the USSR?

For Cuba?

For China?

For the International Situation?

BACK TO BERLIN

June 26, 1963

Ich bin ein Berliner!

http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x6px15_jfk-ich-bin-ein-berliner-1963_news