1960’s – A Time of Change

Chapters 21 & 24

1960’s Timeline

1959 Fidel Castro seized power in Cuba 1960 Pres. Kennedy elected 1961 Berlin Wall built in Germany 1963 March on Washington 1963 South Vietnamese government overthrown 1963 JFK Assassinated 1963 Equal Pay Act passed by Congress 1964 Pres. Johnson elected 1965 La Huelga – grape strike 1966 Black Panther Party begins 1966 Gandhi becomes Prime Minister of India 1967 6 Day War Israel v. many Arab nations 1968 Kerner Commission releases report 1968 N. Korea takes a U.S. Navy ship – crew released 1 year later 1968 American Indian Movement organized 1968 Pres. Nixon elected 1973 U.S. forces negotiate a peace treaty in Vietnam 1975 N. Vietnamese capture S. Vietnamese capital (Saigon)

I Spy…Pg. 1 and 2 in Packet

Key Vocabulary– Domino Theory– Ho Chi Minh– Vietcong– Escalation– Defoliants – List the

most widely used– Search-and-destroy

missions– Ngo Dinh Diem– Le Loi– Vietminh– Vietnamization

Map Skills (Pg.707/714)

– Locate the following: Vietnam Mekong Delta Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City Red River Delta DMZ Cambodia Laos Ho Chi Minh Trail

1960 Election

22 Amendment stopped Eisenhower from running for another term.

What is the 22 Amendment???

JFK – LARGER than LifeDuring life AND in Death

Ask anyone who was alive on November 22, 1963 where

they were on that day and they will be able to tell you where they were and what they were doing when they heard the terrible news...

Their beloved president was DEAD!

JFK – Has gone down as one of the best Presidents in US History…

We are going to use our

“Detective Hats” to prove (or disprove) this statement

Turn to Pg. 3 in Packet

Debate: Opening Remarks

Kennedy

0-7:30

Nixon

7:30-10:00

Positives / Negatives of Each

Nixon Experienced Mature looking Stood on camera

during debates looking worn out

JFK Vibrant Good/young looking Catholic Stood on camera

during debates looking fit, energetic & relaxed

Selection of LBJ

1960 Inauguration &

White House Make Over Jackie brought “appreciation of arts” to the

White House and organized a major restoration on the White House.

First time young kids were in White House since Theodore Roosevelt (1901)

Reality – Family took effort to control public appearance– JFK – did not take photos in his glasses and later

manipulated lighting to hide a double chin– JFK – suffered from Addison’s disease and was in

physical pain “half of his day’s on earth”

Kennedy’s Domestic Policy

The New Frontier Increase government spending Unemployment was high

– Informal wage and price controls Campaign against steel companies

– Feared rise in steel prices would lead to higher prices of goods

– Felt they were not “sacrificing”– Canceled government contracts

Proposed tax reduction– Did not pass in Congress

Helped disadvantaged

Kennedy’s Foreign PolicyFill out Pg. 4 in Packet

Had trouble getting legislation passed– Southern Dems & Conservative Reps

didn’t like JFK’s agenda & voted against

Foreign PolicyPolicy Description +/-

Flexible Response

Peace Corps

Alliance for Progress

Foreign Policy

Policy Description Outcome: +/-

Flexible Response Wanted options to block communist expansion – not just nuclear weapons

Positive - Created Green Berets

Peace Corps Sent American volunteers to work 2 yrs in developing countries

Positive – Still around today

Alliance for Progress Offered billions to aid Latin American countries to encourage democratic ideas and capitalism

Negative – Latin American countries needed more than US was willing to provide and money went to corrupt politicians

Bay of Pigs Fill out Pg. 5 in Packet

Who?

What?

When?

Where?

Why?

How?

Bay of PigsWho? Fidel Castro overthrew gov. 1959

What? JFK allowed CIA to proceed with a plan to overthrow Castro

When? April 17, 1961

Where? Invasion on Pay of Pigs, Cuba

Why? Important because invasion was a disaster

How? Disaster because we did not give the support Cuban rebels needed and looked weak to the Soviet Union

Because we were “weak”…Soviets

Berlin Crisis Because people were

leaving East Berlin, Soviets built Berlin Wall in 1961

How does this show the real meaning of the Cold War??

Cuban Missile Crisis Soviet missiles to Cuba Oct. 1962 – CIA noticed

many nuclear weapons JFK – Stated that

armed ships to Cuba would be forced back & demanded Soviets remove missiles

Soviets complied & US removed some missiles from foreign sites

Assassination

Johnson’s Great Society

Launched War on Poverty– Created an Office of Economic Opportunity to

create antipoverty programs– Work/Job training, Head Start & VISTA

(domestic peace corps) Had little trouble passing legislation 1964 Election – Johnson vs. Goldwater

– Portrayed Goldwater as extremist– Peace Little Girl Commercial

We’re on the way to the Great Society…

Medicare- Medicaid- Higher Education – Helped low-income, qualified

students attend college

Housing & Urban Development Act – Assists low-income families in obtaining affordable housing

Elem. & Secondary Education Act- Corporation for Public Broadcasting- Civil Rights Acts

Pg. 641-2 Fill out Pg. 5 in Packet

We’re on the way to the Great Society…

Medicare- National insurance for people over 65

Medicaid- Provides free health care to needy

Higher Education – Helped low-income, qualified students attend college

Housing & Urban Development Act – Assists low-income families in obtaining affordable housing

Elem. & Secondary Education Act- Provided money to schools in poor areas

Corporation for Public Broadcasting- Non-Profit that offers educational television programming.

Civil Rights Acts

Pg. 641-2

End of Great Society – back to Cold War

22,000 Marines to Dominican Republic to contain communist influence

1966 – Spent more on War in Vietnam than on War on Poverty– Decline in Johnson’s Great Society

because he lost focus on his programs and gave new focus to Vietnam

Miranda RightsMiranda v Arizona said-_________________________________________

1. You have the right to remain silent.

2. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law.

3. You have the right to have an attorney present before any questioning.

4. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed to represent you before any questioning. Do you understand these rights?

Pg. 644

Sentence from Miranda Put in your own words

Bill of Rights or Court Case

1. You have the right to remain silent.

2. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law.

3. You have the right to have an attorney present before any questioning.

4. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed to represent you before any questioning. Do you understand these rights?

Read Background of Miranda Case , use Bill of Rights handout and Pg. 644 to complete the table. Fill out Pg. 6 in Packet

LBJ’s Legacy

Video

Introduction to the War in Vietnam

Chapter 24

Pages 704-705

Look at the timeline…

Find something that you find interesting, then find a partner wearing the same color as you and tell them what you found and why you thought it was interesting.

When you are both finished sharing, return to your seats and we will get started!!

Did you know??

Vietnam won its independence from France in 1954. 2 million Americans served in Vietnam The conflict lasted more than a decade and left deep

emotional scars on people of both Vietnam and the US.

Many people were left displaced and came to the states.

Build on what you know…Write your answers on Pg. 7 in your packet

After WWII, the US opposed the spread of ____________ in the world.

In the early 1950’s, the US fought in ________.

In the 1960’s, the US fought this unpopular war. ____________

Do you agree or disagree with the following statements:Write your answers on Pg. 7 in your packet.

Under certain circumstances, one nation has the right to intervene in the affairs of another.

The system of checks and balances will be damaged if one branch of government becomes too strong.

In a democracy, there should be no limits to a person’s right to protest government actions.

Please support your answers.

Chapter 24:War in Vietnam

Section 1: Background to Conflict

Let’s Get Started!!

In your notebook, write down 10 words that you associate with Vietnam.

We will make a class list when you are finished.

What you have to know…to understand Vietnam

Why did China and France want to control Vietnam?

Thousands of years ago—200 BC Agriculture

1400’s Le Loi rebels

1800’s Imperialism French Indochina

Ho Chi Minh

He Who Enlightens Nguyen That Thahn

Communist Lived in China and

Soviet Union

Ho Chi Minh and France

Vietminh—1941 Hold off the Japanese

and claim independence

Famous Speech US backs France

instead—Why? Domino Effect

Mao Zedong

France Faces Defeat

US backed France faced defeat after defeat Ho Chi Minh quote

page 708 Dien Bien Phu

French defeated 1954Dien Bien Phu fell on May 7, 1954, and the defeated French left Indochina shortly thereafter. Here, captured French soldiers trudge through the fields after the surrender at Dien Bien Phu. (AP photo/Vietnam News Agency)

The Geneva Conference

Chinese Communist Limit the US influence

but opposed a strong Vietnam

Americans Did not want it to

become all Communist.

Results:

Cease-fire but no political settlement

17th Parallel until the election of 1956 —US refuses

The US enters the war

1961 - JFK wanted to save image after Bay of Pigs and aided South Vietnam in order to assert power – Backed Diem

National Liberation Front

Vietminh still living in the South but funded by the North

Overthrow Diem Vietcong—Vietnamese

Communists in the south that supported the north

The Rule of Ngo Dinh Diem

Very unpopular Election was rigged Roman Catholic-

Predominant religion—Buddhists

Diem’s family in control Ruthless and brutal Favored wealthy

Diem’s Overthrow

November of 1963 Buddhist had planned

an overthrow Henry Cabot Lodge

meets with Diem Both he and his

brother were killed

Kennedy said, shortly after the fall of Diem, “In the final analysis, it is their (the South Vietnamese) war. They are the ones who have to win or lose it.”

In Section 2 you can see how this war escalates…

Section 2

The Tonkin Gulf Resolution

Gave the president the authority to take “all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States.”

Escalation of Forces in Vietnam

Selective Service calls up draft 13,700 called up to serve

More than 2 million men served in Vietnam

Song of War

Who made up the troops?

1 out of 4 were excused for health reasons

Another 30% received exemptions or deferments for college

Typically younger, poorer, and less educated than WWII and Korea Soldiers

High percent of African American and Hispanics served and were killed.

Life of a Soldier

Video

4:43

Read Views of Vietnam Pg. 716

My Lai Massacre

History.com video

Media in WWII

Before Vietnam – reporters always had strict restrictions on publications

Based on how the country reacted to WWII, what do you think people heard on the radio and in papers?

Media and the Vietnam War

•Grusome images•Reporters, photographers and camera crews accompanied soldiers

•Americans saw images that contradicted government’s reports

•Doves: People who opposed•Hawks: Supporters of war goals

Media and the War in Iraq

What have you seen over the past few years in the media about Iraq?

Media—How does it help or hurt war?

The Antiwar Movement

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) 1965 – 124 College campuses joined Held anti-war rallies / debates Protested the draft

In Section 3, you will learn how the country changed and how they planned on ending the war.

Section 3

The Tet Offensive Video

January 30, 1968 – While South Vietnamese and US troops slept…

A carefully planned strike We THOUGHT US was winning – after there

was public criticism Shift in public opinion had Johnson turn down

request for more troops

1968 Election

Robert Kennedy                         Eugene McCarthy              V.P. Hubert Humphrey Johnson does not seek re-election!!

VS RepublicansNixon & Agnew

And this guy…

George Wallace – Independent Carried 5 states and won votes of white southern

democrats

Nixon won over Wallace & Humphrey

Nixon promised a “law & order” crackdown on urban crime and a secret plan to end Vietnam war.

Nixon on Vietnam War

Nixon’s Goal to end the war…

Chose Henry Kissinger – advised Eisenhower – George Bush Sr.

Vietnamization – turning fighting over to S. Vietnamese while pulling out US troops = “peace with honor” 1969: 540,000 Troops 1972: 24,200

Secret bombing campaign of Cambodia – later made public N. Vietnam major invasion of S. Vietnam and war

became more fierce.

In Section 4 you will learn how the Vietnam War ends…

Section 4

How it actually ended…

1971 – 26 Amendment passed 1972 Election

Nixon wins by a landslide!! Peace Plan – Many were rejected before…

1973: Settled on withdrawing US troops from S. Vietnam, but could help rebuild it.

Prisoner-exchange agreement No talks of S. Vietnamese politics 1975 – N. Vietnam overran S. Vietnam

Costs…

Effort to prevent a Communist Vietnam failed. Cambodia & Laos heavily damaged Domino Theory did not occur

Costs Continued…

Costs: Troops Civilians

S. Vietnam 185,000 KIA 500,000

Vietcong/N. Vietnam

Approx. 1 Million KIA

800,000 Orphaned

181,000 disabled

US 58,000 KIA

300,000 wounded

2,500 MIA

Economic Costs…

150 Billion to US Contributed to debt & inflation in US Took funds from domestic programs

War Powers Act – Set a 60-day limit on president’s authority to commit U.S. troops to serve in a foreign conflict.

After Effects…

1.5 Million refugees fled Vietnam

Hmong of LaosApprox. 730,000 settled in US

Veterans return – NOT like we see today Difficulty adjusting Agent Orange Rejected Memorial created