1970: general law on education made primary education free and mandatory for ages 6-16 1980: only 8%...
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• 1970: General Law on Education made primary education free and mandatory for ages 6-16
• 1980: only 8% of the national budget was spent on education, so there were inadequate facilities and low faculty salaries.
• The Roman Catholic Church and the Spanish government have long clashed over the education system.
• 40% of schools were private, half of these were run by the Roman Catholic Church.
• Private schools had better facilities and were highly regarded compared to the state-run schools.– “Elite education”
EDUCATIONEDUCATION
^Classroom in Cádiz, Spain
• 77-82: government subsidized private education– increased the appeal of private schools
and decreased the quality of public schools.
• 1982: The socialist party integrated private and public education.– 1984 Organic Law on Right to Education,
established 3 categories of schooling:– Public schools: – free; ideologically neutral and religious
tolerant.– Private schools:– organized by any person or group, funded
by student families– Mixed schools:– usually religious, financed by the state,
faculty and directors chosen by a committee, the “consejo escolar”, made up of community members.
^School Courtyard
• Preschool: (up to age 6)– Public vs. private
• Primary School: (6 to 11)– General academics
• Secondary School: (12 to 16)– Optional– More general academics– Bachillerato exam
• Vocational Training- (for students who opted out of Secondary schools)
– Applied vocations – clinical work or electronics– Once chosen, it is impossible to go to a university.
• Baccalaureate: (17 to 18)– Choose one: arts, humanities and social sciences,
health sciences or technology.– 1 year program to prepare for the university
entrance exams• University: (18+)
– There are 59 universities in Spain.
^Catholic School in Cádiz, Spain
• In 1980, children of parents with higher education were 28 times more likely to attend the universities.
• Today: university education is no longer the privilege of a small elite; by 1990 almost half the university students had parents with only elementary education.
• A majority of the universities are public and merit based.
• The Bachillerato promises any student who passes he or she will have a space in a university.
• Still, there’s a lack of scholarships and student subsidies, so they’re very expensive.
^Spanish Students
SOCIAL STRATIFICATIONSOCIAL STRATIFICATION• Typical of an advanced
industrialized nation.– differences based on class,
profession, and occupation.
• Growing middle class: administrators, service personnel and clerical workers
•Job distribution:–40% white collar workers - service workers–35% blue collar workers – industrial workers–25% rural workers – farm owners and workers
Spanish farm
• Income distribution:– Top quintile: 40%– Second quintile:
23.3%– Third quintile:
17.3%– Fourth quintile:
12.5%– Fifth quintile: 6.9%
• Healthcare:– Free to those who are in
the social security system, or in the EU
– Private healthcare: 17% people, expensive
– Public healthcare facilities are of high quality, one of the best in the world.
• 1942: Franco govt. – healthcare based on social security system– built hospitals
1986
• General Health Law– reforms to encompass all
workers paying social security
– decentralized healthcare to regional areas.
^Hospital in Santa Maria