28 January 1972Vol. 175, No. 4020 g ! m

LETTERS Military Research and Development: R. W. Nichols; E. P. Wigner and R.K. Adair; Stimulating Blood Donation: R. H. Aster; National Register:W. Hirsch; J. Lyman; Apology to Rhine and Soal: G. R. Price ..

EDITORIAL NSF: A Look Ahead: W. D. McElroy ... ......................

ARTICLES The Apollo 15 Lunar Samples: A Preliminary Description: Apollo 15Preliminary Examination Team ... ...........

Gene Conferring Specific Plant Disease Resistance: K. W. Shepherd andG. M. E. Mayo .. .......................................... ...

Weight-Watching at the University: The Consequences of Growth:J. A. Gallant and J. W Prothero

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH TOPICS

BOOK REVIEWS

'73 Budget: Administration Bets on Applied ScienceNSF: A Boost for Relevance ................. ... ..

Space Shuttle: Compromise Version Still Faces Opposition

Environmental Action Organizations Are Suffering from Money Shortages,Slump in Public Commitment ...............................

X-ray Astronomy: Observations of New Phenomena

California Water and The Water Hustlers, reviewed by H. E. Thomas; TheGenetics of Mental Disorders, S. Kessler; Army Ants, C. W. Rettenmeyer;Cyclic AMP, P. Greengard; 6-Hydroxydopamine and Catecholamine Neurons,L. S. Van Orden III; Chemotherapy and Drug Resistance in Malaria,R. D. Powell; Membranes and Ion Transport, A. R. Freeman; ProbabilityModels and Statistical Methods in Genetics, J. H. Gillespie; Principlesof Chemical Sedimentology, D. D. Runnells; Books Received ...

356

361

363

375

381

389

390

392

394

397

400

REPORTS Geologic Setting of the Apollo 15. Samples: Apollo Lunar Geology InvestigationTeanm ................................................................ 407

Chemistry, Geochronology, and Petrogenesis of Lunar Sample 15555:B. W.Chappell et al. ......... .......................................... 415

Argon40-Argon-39 Dating of Apollo Sample 15555: E. C. Alexander, Jr.,P. K. Davis, R. S. Lewis ........ ........... 417

Rubidium-Strontium and Potassium-Argon Age of Lunar Sample 15555:V. Rama Murthy et al.. 419

Rare Gas Record in the Largest Apollo 15 Rock: K. Marti and B. D. Lightner .... 421

Gas-Retention and Cosmic-Ray Exposure Ages of Lunar Rock 15555: F. A. Podosek,J. C. Huneke, G. J. Wasserburg ........................................ 423

Geochemistry of Apollo 15 Basalt 15555 and Soil 15531: C. C. Schnetzler et al. .... 426

Age of a Lunar Anorthosite: L. Husain, 0. A. Schaefer, J. F. Sutter .... .......... 428

Mineralogic and Petrologic Study of Lunar Anorthosite Slide 15415,18:R. B. Hargraves and L. S. Hollister ...................................... 430

Lunar Anorthosite 15415: Texture, Mineralogy, and Metamorphic History: 0. B. James 432

Apollo 15 Geochemical X-ray Fluorescence Experiment: Preliminary Report:I. Adler et al. ...................................................... 436

Primordial Radioelements and Cosmogenic Radionuclides in Lunar Samplesfrom Apollo 15: G. D. O'Kelley et al. .................................. 440

Mars: An Evolving Atmosphere: M. B. McElroy .............................. 443

Bone Marrow: The Bursa Equivalent in Man?: N. I. Abdou and N. L. Abdou ...... 446

L-Leucine: A Neuroactive Substance in Insects: S. Tashiro, E. Taniguchi,M. Eto. ............................................................ 448

Ethnic Differences in Alcohol Sensitivity: P. H. Wolbf .......................... 449

Long-Term Habituation of a Defensive Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia:T. J. Carew, H. M. Pinsker, E. R. Kandel ................................ 451

Operant Behavior Changes Norepinephrine Metabolism in Rat Brain: A. J. Lewyand L. S. Seiden ............. ......................................... 454

Variations of the Visual Responses of the Superior Colliculus in Relationto Body Roll: S. Bisti, L. Maffei, M. Piccolino ............................ 456

F~HYLLIS V. PARKINS Treasurr £ssI~A~W OffiCOVER

~~~~~~t SuseRibc hrdu N.M Adms

Richard 1 0055ARthOnY LeadsMount Hadley, 12 kilometers north-,,ICAL $CIEt4C~S (N) DENTIStRY ~'~~ east bf the Apollo 15 landing site.

p it . Oeulea AW5 0mLP~~e ; 02 0i ii l0 ^ bThe mountain rises more than 4500.:ATIRTICS (U) ATMOSP . meters above the cratered surface of

£sr 0slsa~~~~~~~~~ Palus Putredinis (Marsh of Decay)I.culaSuftas ~~in the foreground, and is a part of

the Apenn-ine Mountain front thatforms the eastern margin of the Im-brium basin. See page 407. [AstronautJames B. Irwin, NASA]

28 January 1972, Volume 175, Number 4020 SOlENCEI

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FORTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCEScience serves its readers as a forum for the

presentation and discussion of important issuesrelafed to the advancement of science, includingthe presentation of minority or conflicting pointsof view, rather than by publishing only materialon which a consensus has been reached. Accord-ingly, all articles published in Science-includingeditorials, news and comment. and book reviews-are signed and reflect the individual views of theauthors and not official points of view adopted- bythe AAAS or the institutions with which the authorsare affiliated.

Editorial Board

ALFRED BROWNJAMEs F. CRowTHOMAS KUHNELLIOr W. MONTROLL

1972FRANK PRESSFRANK W. PUTNAMWALTER 0. ROBERTS

1973

H. S. GUTOWSKYARTHUR D. HASLERRUDOLF KOMPFNERDANIEL E. KOSHLAND, JL

GARDNER LINDZEYRAYMOND H. THOMPSONEDWARD 0. WILSON

Editorial StaffEditor

PHILIP H. ABELSONPublisher Business ManagerWIuIAM BEVAN HANS NUSSBAUMManaging Editor: ROBERT V. ORMESAssistant Editors: ELLEN E. MURPHY, JOHN E.

RINaLE

Assistant to the Editor: NANCY TEIMOURIANNew and Comment: JOHN WALSH, DEBORAH SHAP-

LEY, ROBERT GILLETTE, NICHOLAS WADE, CONSTANCEHOLDEN, SCHERRAINE MACKResearch Topics: ALLEN L. HAMMOND, WILLAM

D. METzBook Reviews: SYLVIA EBERHART, KATHERINE Liv-

INGSTON, KATHRYN MOUTONCover Editor: GRAYCE FINGEREditorial Assistants: MARGARET ALLEN, ISABELLA

BOULDIN, BLAIR BURNS, ELEANORE BUTZ, RONNACLINE, MARY DORFMAN, JUDITH GIVELBER, MARLENEGLASER, CORRINE HARRIS, OLIVER HEATWOLE, CHIs-TINE KARLIK, MARSHALL KATHAN, MARGARET LLOYD,JANE MINOR, DANIEL RABOYSKY, PATRICIA RowE,LEAH RYAN, LOIS SCHMm, RICHARD SOMMR, YA LISWIGART, ALICE THEILE

Membership Recruitment: LEONARD WRAY; Sub-scriptions: BErrE SEEMUND; Addressing: THOMASBAZAN

Advertising Staff

DirectorEARL J. SCHERAGO

Production ManagerBONNIE SEMEL

Advertising Sales Manager: RICHARD L. CHARLESSales: NEw YORE, N.Y. 10036: Herbert L. Burklund,11 W. 42 St. (212-PE-6-1858); SCOTCH PLAINS, NJ.07076: C. Richard Callis, 12 Unami Lane (201489-4873); MEDPIELD, MASS. 02052: Richard M. Ezequelle,4 Rolling Lane (617444-1439); CHICAGO, ILL. 60611:John P. Cahill, Room 2107, 919 N. Michigan Ave.(312-DE-7-4973; BEVERLY HILLS, CALIF. 90211: WinnNance, 111 N. La Cienega Blvd. (213.657-2772)

EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE: 1515 Massa-chusetts Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20005. Phones:(Area code 202) Central office: 467-4350; Book Re-views: 467-4367; Business Office: 4674411; Circula-tion: 4674417; Guide to Scientific Instruments: 467-4480; News and Comment: 4674430; Reprints andPermissions: 467-4483; Research Topics: 4674455;Reviewing: 4674440. Cable: Advancesci, Washington.Copies of "Instructions for Contributors" can beobtained from the editorial office. See also page xv,

Science, 24 September 1971. ADVERTISING COR-RESPONDENCE: Room 1740, 11 W. 42 St., NewYork, N.Y. 10036. Phone: 212-PE-61858.

NSF: A Look AheadOne cannot long occupy the director's chair at the National Science

Foundation without being struck by the fact that creative science in theUnited States is in a state of transition. And much of the feedback as-sociated with this fermentation is focused on NSF, which in this countryis often equated with creative science and scientists.

Science, as one of man's highest and greatest intellectual achievements,has had a pervasive and protracted influence on man, his way of life, andhis environment. And nowhere has its power for change been so dramaticas in the United States. Most scientists hold that the destructive forces letloose by science can be properly focused and wisely used. Accomplishingthese ends necessitates a major effort on the part of science and scientists-an effort dedicated to serving all of society and all of man. And whilefew can agree on the exact details, all concerned believe that science isindispensable for a future in which man is in reasonable harmony withhis physical and social environment.

Historically, the National Science Foundation has devoted a large pro-portion of its resources to the pursuit of disciplinary science-researchand science education motivated solely by the intrinsic needs of a disci-pline or the creative needs of individual scientists. This kind of program-ming has been highly successful and must continue, for it is the bedrockof all scientific enterprise. However, there must also be a heightenedawareness of the requirements placed on all science, and for this reasona significant share of the total resources available to NSF in the futuremust be devoted to the social and technological needs of the nation. This,however, does not mean that the Foundation should be diverted from itsearlier and historical purpose; in fact, this diversification should be con-strued as a means of strengthening that purpose.To ensure success, this additional objective must have the cooperation

of academic scientists, because a large number of the more creativescientists reside in academic institutions, and also because society andthe nation have great need of broadly trained scientists who are-highlymotivated and capable of pursuing careers associated with the publicinterest.To bring the best of science to bear on the social and technological

problems of society requires at least three steps. A larger number of themost creative members of the scientific community must be encouragedto associate themselves with the great problems of man and society; foreven though not all of the world's ills have a scientific or technologicalbase, the thought patterns of science and its intellectual-mnaterial accom-plishments are proof that science has much to offer society. The re-search and training institutions associated with creative science and themechanisms used to support science must be more clearly focused andreceptive to both the immediate and long-term interests of man andsociety. The National Science Foundation, as one of the most im-portant federal institutions to promote the progress of science, mustfocus a larger portion of its resources on all of science-not just onacademic science.The social milieu within which the NSF finds itself has changed so

markedly and so rapidly that we must not fail to accept the challengesoffered by these new and pressing opportunities. We should recognizethat, although science is one of the great cultural accomplishments ofman, public support on the scale required for man's survival can bejustified only as the needs of the larger society are reoognized.

-W. D. MCELROY, Director, National Science Foundation

On 1 February 1972, Dr. McElroy will become chancellor of the University of Californiaat San Diego.

-0