1975-20011975-2001

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Information from 35 countriesInformation from 35 countries

Harmonization of 700 mapping unitsHarmonization of 700 mapping units

Map of the Natural Vegetation of EuropeMap of the Natural Vegetation of Europe

Sustainable Wild Collection of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants:

Practice Standards and

Performance Criteria

Frank KlingensteinUwe Schippmann

Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (Bundesamt für Naturschutz)

Bonn, Germany

203 a.C. IUCN Red List of

Threatened Species

Silphion: probably a Silphion: probably a FerulaFerula-species-species

Silphion was used as species, for mythical purposes, and as aphrodisiac since 700 BC therefore present on mosaics, signets and coins

In 96 BC Cyrene became a Roman province, ruled by one-year governers who may have pushed Silphion harvest beyond sustainable limits.Silphion on coins

?631 BC 550 230 96 0 100 AD 300 AD

Trade decline

Roman province

The economy of Cyrene depended on the export of Silphion for three centuries

extinction

Cyrene

Silphion: first plant exting by man?Silphion: first plant exting by man?

Logo of the IUCN

Medicinal Plant Specialist

Group (MPSG)

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAP) as commodity = drugs

wood

roots

leaves

stems

bark

herb

flowers

inflorescens

Credit: Dagmar Lange

MAP-species: figures

~ 55,000 are estimated to be used world-wide (Spain: 600 out of 5100)

~ 2,500 are traded internationally (Spain: 450)

(70) – 90 % in terms of species number

50 – (70) % in terms of quantity are wild collected

~ only a few hundred are commercially cultivated (due to low demand and price)

~ 4,000 are estimated to be threatened

Conclusion

Cultivation cannot be the principal solution to over-harvesting!

The main challenge for conservation: Make wild collection sustainable !

Most MAP species will continue to be wild collected

High priority of MAPs for conservation

potential for development of new drugs

improvement of health, benefits for countries of origin

affordable medicine for most people in developing countriesimprovement of their circumstances

harvesting offers income (esp. rural communities, women)sustainable use incentive for their conservation

public interest in health care issuesraise more awareness for conservation

§ 1: Objectives

conservation of biological diversity

sustainable use of its components sustainable use of its components

sharing of the benefits arising out of their utilization

Ecosystem approach (man as part of nature)

§ 10: Sustainable Use of Components of Biological Diversity

b) minimize impacts on biodiversity when using biological resources

c) customary use in accordance with traditional practices

e) cooperation between governmental and private sector

Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD; Rio 1992)

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES; 1973)

300 MAP species are listed

25 due to their wild

collection

Germany is one of the leading countries of import and export of MAPs

Average annual volumes and values for 1991 bis 2000Country of Quantity Value Country of Quantity Valueimport [tonnes][x1000 US$] export [tonnes] [x1000 US$]

Hong Kong 67,000 291,200 China 147,000 281,800Japan 51,350 136,000 Hong Kong 63,150 228,800USA 49,600 135,500 India 33,900 56,650Germany 45,350 110,200 Germany 15,100 70,050Rep. Korea 32,250 52,300 USA 13,500 115,500France 21,350 52,000 Mexico 13,000 11,250China 13,650 41,600 Egypt 11,750 13,850Italy 11,700 42,850 Chile 11,600 28,200Pakistan 11,050 11,150 Bulgaria 10,050 14,500Spain 9,100 27,650 Singapore 9,600 56,600United Kingdom 7,650 27,000 Morocco 8,000 13,300Singapore 6,300 50,600 Pakistan 7,800 4,950

Total 326,300 978,150 Total 344,400 893,400

Credit: Dagmar Lange

Activities of BfN on MAPs

Namibia

Botswana

Zimbabwe

Südafrika

30°

30°

20°

20°

18°

18°

28°

28°

Devil‘s Claw

Harpagophytum procumbens

??

GuidelinesGuidelines

PrinciplesPrinciples

management plans for field collectionmanagement plans for field collection

Criteria and Performance Indicators Criteria and Performance Indicators

for the Sustainable Wild Collection for the Sustainable Wild Collection

of Medicinal and Aromatic Plantsof Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

WHOGACP Good

Agricultural Collection Practice

EMEAPoints to consider .

..

WHOIUCN WWF

Conser-vation

FAH Standard-

verfahrens-anweisung

Devils ClawNamibia

ArnicaRomania

ThymeSpain

BoldoChile

Guideline

“Develop management systems for sustainable use of medicinal plant resources that follow adaptive management principles.“

VerifiersThe frequency of collection is documented does not exceed a determined limit is adapted to age and size of the population(s) is adapted to the regeneration of the population(s).

Criteriaa. Frequency of collection: The frequency of collection of a population in

a certain time ensures, that negative impacts on the structure of the population and its reproduction are avoided.

b. [...]

Criteria & Indicators: Application

CertificationCertification AuditingAuditing

CITESCITESEco FarmingEco Farming

Others ?Others ?

Criteria & Indicators: Starting point

Experience for Non-Timber Forest Products

Already field tested e.g. for •Bertholletia excelsa, Brazil nut, BO•Euterpe oleracea, palm hearts, BR

Experience for the Certification of Forest Products: FSC

Already existing for • timber (in many countries)• non timber forest products (a few)

Drafting

Test

Consultation

Draft C&I

Assessment of projects and case studies

2004 2006

Criteria & Indicators: Process

enhanced C&I

draft K&I

Criteria & Indicators: Partners

enhanced K&I

coo

rdin

atio

n

Assessment of projects and case studies

G E R M A N Y fd

C&I for MAP: Questions to the audience

Which case studies in which regions can be integrated as model projects to test the draft C&I?

Who wants to be involved in the C&I process to ensure their practicability in collection, trade and processing?

Thank you