1996-98 report of the population studies center at the university … · 2011. 1. 18. · the...

ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN

USA

1996-1998 REPORT

PSCThe University of Michigan

Population Studies Center

Population Studies Center1996-1998 Report

The University of MichiganInstitute for Social Research

Population Studies CenterPO Box 1248

Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248

Phone: 734.998.7275Fax: 734.998.7415

PSC Web Site: http://www.psc.lsa.umich.edu/

CONTENTSDirector�s Statement ........................................ 1About The Center ............................................ 2Faculty Associates ........................................... 3Selected Publications ....................................... 5Research Projects ............................................ 7In Brief ............................................................. 9

Faculty Associates ........................................ 9Faculty Affiliates ......................................... 10Post-Doctoral Fellows ................................ 10Staff Update ............................................... 10

Recent Grants ................................................ 13Training Program/Education .......................... 21

Pre-Doctoral Training ................................. 21Courses ....................................................... 21Post-Doctoral Training ................................ 21Doctoral Dissertations Completed .............. 22Recent Post-Doctoral Scholars .................. 22

Alumni Profile ................................................ 23In Memoriam ................................................. 26Current PSC Staff ......................................... 27

The Regents of the University of Michigan: David A. Brandon, Ann Arbor; Laurence B. Deitch, Bloomfield Hills; DanielD. Horning, Grand Haven; Olivia P. Maynard, Goodrich; Rebecca McGowan, Ann Arbor; Andrea Fischer Newman, AnnArbor; S. Martin Taylor, Grosse Pointe Farms; Katherine E. White, Ann Arbor; Lee C. Bollinger (ex officio), President,The University of Michigan.

The University of Michigan, as an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action employer, complies with applicable federal andstate laws regarding nondiscrimination and affirmative action, including Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. The University of Michigan is committed to a policy of nondiscrimina-tion and equal opportunity for all persons regardless of race, sex, color, religion, creed, national origin or ancestry, age,marital status, sexual orientation, disability, or Vietnam-era veteran status in employment, educational programs andactivities, and admissions. Inquiries or complaints may be addressed to the University�s Director of Affirmative Action,Title IX/Section 504 Coordinator, 4005 Wolverine Tower, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1281 (734) 763-0235 (TDD 647-1388). Forother University of Michigan information, call (734) 764-1817.

Printed April 1999

1THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

DIRECTOR’S STATEMENT

This report describes activities of the PopulationStudies Center from September 1996 to August

1998. This was a very successful period for PSC. Thecenter made some important institutional changes, manyexciting research and training projects were under-taken��covering a variety of disciplines and many partsof the world, and our faculty was expanded with a num-ber of excellent senior and junior recruitments. During this period PSC made amajor institutional change, movingfrom the College of Literature, Sci-ence, and the Arts�the home of PSCsince its founding in 1961�into theInstitute for Social Research (ISR).On July 1, 1998 PSC became ISR�sfourth center, the culmination of in-creasing integration between PSCand ISR that has developed in recentyears. A major institutional changesuch as this takes a great deal of ef-fort at all levels. In addition to thehard work of many people insidePSC, we were fortunate to have thestrong support of key individuals inISR, the College of LS&A, and the Provost�s office, allof whom worked together to make this move a suc-cess. PSC was already in a very strong financial situa-tion, with a large and diverse portfolio of externallyfunded research projects, but the move into ISR fur-ther strengthens PSC�s financial base and gives PSCgreater direct control over its resources. This excitingmove also facilitates closer interaction with other ISRactivities such as the well-known data collectionprojects based in the Survey Research Center. A goodexample of the kind of activities the merger helps pro-mote is our ambitious research and training programsin South Africa, described in this report.

Arland Thornton did an excellent job serving as In-terim Director of PSC (September 1997�August 1998)while I was on sabbatical year at the University of CapeTown. Arland ended up with a very demanding year,managing the many administrative issues arising overPSC�s merger into ISR. My colleagues and I are enor-mously grateful for Arland�s many efforts on behalf ofthe Center during his term.

Outstanding researchers have al-ways been at the heart of PSC�s suc-cess, and the 1996-98 period saw anumber of excellent new appoint-ments. Two very important senior re-cruitments were made in 1998. Soci-ologist Bill Axinn moved to Michi-gan from Penn State and economistLee Lillard moved to Michigan fromRAND. Three talented new juniorfaculty members in sociology alsojoined PSC in this period, DeborahCarr, David Harris, and JeffreyMorenoff (see page 9). One of the great rewards of beingdirector of the Population Studies

Center is working with many wonderful people insideand outside the Center. The Center has always had atalented and highly dedicated staff who work hard tosupport the Center�s large and diverse set of activities.During the past two years the Center has added a num-ber of new staff members who continue this traditionof excellence. The Center also depends on the supportof University officials, program officers from federalagencies and foundations, and an international networkof collaborating individuals and institutions. I thankall of these people for their continued support of PSCand look forward to the many exciting activities thatthis support will make possible in the coming years.

David Lam, Director

David Lam (l) and Arland Thornton (r)

2 POPULATION STUDIES CENTER

ABOUT THE CENTER

Established in 1961 with a grant from the Ford Founda-tion, the Population Studies Center grew out of an inter-

est in population and human ecology within the University�sSociology Department dating back to the early 1930s. TheCenter is distinguished by its interdisciplinary nature and itsfocus on basic sociodemographic research in both industri-alized and developing countries. The Center made a major institutional move in July 1998,moving from the College of Literature, Science, and Arts intothe Institute for Social Research (ISR). The merger into ISRfacilitates close integration between PSC�s demographic re-search and the long tradition in survey methodology and ma-jor data collection projects at ISR. PSC becomes the fourthcenter in ISR, joining the Survey Re-search Center, the Center for PoliticalStudies, and the Research Center forGroup Dynamics. In January 1999,PSC moved from the center�s 30-yearoffice location on South University toits new location on Maynard Street. Thechange in physical location will allowPSC staff greater and more convenientcontact with colleagues at ISR. The center is fortunate to receivesupport from the National Institute ofChild Health and Human Development(NICHD), the National Institute on Ag-ing (NIA), the Ford Foundation, theWilliam and Flora Hewlett Foundation,the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, theRockefeller Foundation, and the Uni-versity of Michigan. Individual researchprojects are supported by a variety of sources, includingNICHD, NIA, the National Science Foundation, and otherprivate foundations. Predoctoral and postdoctoral training have been an im-portant component of the Center�s activities since its found-ing. The Center does not award degrees directly, but pro-vides support for doctoral students in the departments of So-ciology, Economics, and Anthropology. Predoctoral train-ing is supported by training grants from NICHD, NIA, andthe Hewlett Foundation. Postdoctoral scholars also play animportant role in the intellectual life of the Center.Postdoctoral scholars are supported by grants from NICHD,NIA, and the Mellon Foundation. The Population Research Center Core Grant from theNICHD allows PSC to provide administrative and other sup-port services to its researchers and trainees. The core units

are Administration, Computing, Data Archive, Library, andPublications. Faculty oversight of the cores is provided bythe Director, the Associate Director, and two faculty com-mittees (the Data and Computing Oversight Committee andthe Information Services Oversight Committee). Management and administrative support for faculty andtrainees is provided by the Administrative Core. From grantmanagement to general office support, the administrative coreplays a vital role in the day-to-day operations of PSC. The Computing Core provides a state-of-the-art socialscience computing environment to support the Center�s re-search and training missions; services include system admin-istration, user support, statistical consulting, and program-

ming services to the PSC community. The Data Archive Core maintains acollection of over 750 demographicdata files and assists in the acquisition,organization, management, and preser-vation of data for PSC researchprojects. The Library Core provides valuableinformation to researchers. The Libraryincludes a collection of over 3,000pieces. Library staff members conductliterature searches, provide a courierservice for efficient access to informa-tion, and offer training sessions on de-mographic resources, the Internet, andon-line databases to PSC researchers. Production and dissemination of PSCresearch reports and reprints is managedby the Publications Core. Articles from

any of the series may be ordered on-line. The full-text ofmany PSC research reports may be downloaded from the PSCwebsite (www.psc.lsa.umich.edu/pubs). Many printed items,including the annual report, are produced by the PSC Publi-cations office. Editorial services are also available to PSCresearchers through the Publications Core. In addition, the Center provides many opportunities forinterdisciplinary exchanges with other UM units, research-ers and students as well as other Universities both nationallyand internationally. Weekly brown bag lectures hosted by PSCprovide a forum for members of the Center, affiliates, andvisitors to present and discuss their research. The lecturesdraw a wide audience. For a schedule and listing of speak-ers, call 734-998-7275 or visit PSC�s Events web page(www.psc.lsa.umich.edu/events). Support of visiting schol-ars also allows for the exchange of ideas.

(About PSC, continued page 3)

New location


Workshops are another means for PSC affiliates to both train and learn from others interested in population studies.Following is a selected listing of workshops held 1996�1998.

Census in the Classroom�Two six-day workshops, sponsored by Social Science Data Analysis Network (SSDAN), were held at PSCon June 12-17, 19-24, 1997 for faculty interested in adopting census data analysis exercises in their classes.Family Demography Workshop�Drs. Deborah Carr and Pamela Smock, PSC researchers, held a workshop on Family Demographywith Vietnam�s Sociology Institute in Ha Nôi June 22�27, 1998.Immigration Data Workshop�PSC, together with Public Data Queries, organized a weeklong workshop on July 8-12, 1997 focusingon accessing data about immigration to the United States. Participants were provided with information about analyzing data in thepublic use files using the Public Data Queries� EXPLORE software, and they extracted data files tailored to specific research needsusing the EXTRACT program with data sets maintained by PSC�s data archive.Survey and Focus Group Data Analysis�On July 7-11, 1997, Dr. John Knodel of PSC and Napaporn Chayovan from the Institute ofPopulation Studies in Bangkok held a workshop on �Survey and Focus Group Data Analysis� at Faculty of Humanities and SocialSciences, Khon Kaen University, in Thailand. The workshop familiarized participants with basic approaches to the analysis of surveysand focus group data to strengthen skills for supervising and writing doctoral dissertations based on such data.Taming Large Datasets in Aging Workshop�PSC and the Institute for Social Research hosted a workshop that was organized by theMichigan Exploratory Center on the Demography of Aging (MECA). On February 28 and March 1, 1997, about thirty participants fromdemography of aging projects and small, applications development companies gathered at PSC for a series of data management and

FACULTY ASSOCIATES

(Faculty Associates, continued next page)

Center faculty, in addition to their research and teaching, often serve as domestic and foreign government advisers as well as holdoffice or chair committees in private and international organizations. Following is a list of current PSC Faculty Associates thatincludes selected honors and awards received during September 1996�August 1998.

BARBARA ANDERSON, sociologist (Ph.D., Princeton University, 1974), studies the relationship between social change and demo-graphic change. Her research focuses on the former Soviet Union and China. Her teaching centers on the relationship between social anddemographic change and on technical demography. WILLIAM AXINN, sociologist (Ph.D., University of Michigan, 1990), joined The University of Michigan in 1998. Axinn�s areas ofstudy and teaching include demography, family, the life course, research methods, and South Asian studies. He continues to direct thePopulation and Ecology Research Laboratory (PERL) in Nepal. Axinn was recently elected to the Board of Directors of the PopulationAssociation of America (1998-2000) He also serves on the Social Sciences and Population Study Section of the NIH (1998-2000). JOHN BOUND, economist (Ph.D., Harvard University, 1987), studies economic, demographic, and policy influences on the laborforce participation and health status of older people in the United States. His recent research has also included studies on racial differ-ences in earnings, employment, and health and changes in the returns to higher education. His teaching centers on econometrics andlabor economics. In 1996, he won the H. Gregg Lewis Prize in labor economics. He is Associate Editor of the Quarterly Journal ofEconomics and a reviewer for the National Science Foundation. DEBORAH CARR, sociologist (Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, 1997), focuses on aging and the life course, social stratification andsocial psychology. Her current research investigates the relationship between career goal attainment and midlife mental health, andcareer trajectories over the life course. She is broadly interested in social class differences in mental and physical health, and women�semployment issues. Carr is also a network associate of The John D. and Catherine T. Foundation Research Network on SuccessfulMidlife Development (MIDMAC). SHELDON DANZIGER (Ph.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1976) is Henry J. Meyer Collegiate Professor of Social Workand Public Policy; Director of the Research and Training Program on Poverty, the Underclass, and Public Policy; and Director of theCenter on Poverty, Risk and Mental Health. His research focuses on trends in poverty and inequality and the effects of economic anddemographic changes and government social programs on disadvantaged groups. He is the co-author of America Unequal (HarvardUniversity Press, 1995) and co-editor of Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change, (Harvard University Press, 1994) and ChildPoverty and Deprivation in the Industrialized Countries, 1945-1995 (Oxford University Press, 1997) He is the author of numerousarticles in refereed journals and conference volumes. REYNOLDS FARLEY, sociologist (Ph.D., University of Chicago, 1964), conducts research concerning population trends in the UnitedStates, focusing on racial differences, ethnicity, and urban structure. He has taught courses in urban sociology, population, race, demo-graphic techniques, and introductory sociology. Dr. Farley is currently Vice President of the Russell Sage Foundation in NY. RONALD FREEDMAN, Emeritus sociologist (Ph.D., University of Chicago, 1947), has served as president of the Population Associa-tion of America and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Professor Freedman�s research interests focus on reproductivebehavior in American and overseas populations, especially in Asia. His interests in developing overseas resources for demographicresearch are reflected in his roles as coordinator of the Taiwan Population Studies Center (1961-1964) and consultant to family planningprograms in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, and China, to the Rockefeller and Hewlett Foundations, the Population

(About PSC, continued from page 2)


Council, the World Bank, and the Demographic and Health Surveys. WILLIAM FREY, sociologist (Ph.D., Brown University, 1974), specializes in migration, population redistribution, and the demographyof metropolitan areas. He is currently studying the dynamics of race and status-selective immigration and internal migration dynamics inU.S. metropolitan areas with 1990 Census data. He is also working on migration and distribution of the elderly population in the U.S. andon poverty migration determinants. Dr. Frey is also active in demographic curricula development�making demographic data available toundergraduate courses, and is founder of the Social Science Data Analysis Network (SSDAN) which hosts faculty workshops andmaintains an interactive website for college teachers. He is currently Chair�Committee on National Statistics, American SociologicalAssociation; Member of Committee�Population Statistics, Population Association of America; Fellow�The Urban Land Institute; andon the Advisory Boards for Urban Studies and The International Journal of Population Geography.

THOMAS FRICKE, anthropologist (Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, 1984), focuses on anthropological demography, social change, andthe family and fertility in Nepal and South and East Asia. His current research projects include a study of economy, family change, andfertility in Nepal; an analysis of social organization, women�s status, and the marital context of fertility among the Tamang of Nepal; andwork on social change, the family, and fertility in Taiwan. He teaches courses in anthropological perspectives on the family and householdand in traditions in ethnology. ARLINE GERONIMUS, behavioral scientist (Sc.D., Harvard University, 1985), focuses on the relation between socioeconomic andcultural factors, fertility, and health. She is currently doing research on the mortality and functional limitation experience of youngthrough middle-aged adults in a regionally diverse set of black and white poor populations and on the implications of pervasive healthuncertainty among young through middle-aged adults in poor communities for fertility-timing. She teaches courses on women�s healthand the timing of reproduction and on health and poverty. In 1998, Professor Geronimus was the recipient of a Robert Wood JohnsonFoundation Investigator in Health Policy Award. DAVID HARRIS, sociologist (Ph.D., Northwestern University, 1997), has interests in race and ethnicity, stratification, and publicpolicy. His current research projects investigate racial and nonracial determinants of residential mobility, racial differences insuburbanization, firm relocation decisions, income returns to education in South Africa, interracial unions, and mixed-race identity. ALBERT HERMALIN, Emeritus sociologist (Ph.D., Princeton University, 1969), is currently involved in a major collaborative study ofaging in Asia, funded partially by a MERIT award from the National Institute on Aging. He directs the Michigan Exploratory Center onthe Demography of Aging. He has done extensive research on fertility using multi-level analysis and serves on the technical advisorygroup of the MEASURE Evaluation project. His past courses include demographic techniques and the demography of aging but he iscurrently an Emeritus Professor of Sociology. Hermalin is currently serving on the executive committee of the Society for the Study ofSocial Biology. SANDRA HOFFERTH, sociologist (Ph.D., University of North Carolina, 1976), is co-director with Frank Stafford of the Panel Study ofIncome Dynamics and has involved PSC graduate students in projects using the PSID. A major NICHD project, entitled �Family, School,Neighborhood Resources, and Child Development,� focuses on children of the PSID sample members. Her major areas of research arefamily demography, child care, and adolescent pregnancy. Offices she has held include: American Sociological Association: Committeeon Committees, 1995-96; Council, Family Section, 1997-98; Council, Population Section, 1997-98; Spivack Public Policy Committee,1998-99; Chair, Sociology of Children Section, 1998-99. JOHN KNODEL, sociologist (Ph.D., Princeton University, 1965), has conducted research in the areas of population dynamics in devel-oping countries (especially Thailand but also Vietnam) and European historical demography. His current work in Thailand, which usesboth qualitative and quantitative techniques, focuses on the status of and support systems for the elderly and on the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the older population. His work in Vietnam is related to aging in that country. He is presently involved in collaborativestudies of all three topics. He teaches the introductory course in population studies. DAVID LAM, economist (Ph.D., University of California-Berkeley, 1983), specializes in the application of micro-economic theory todemographic behavior and the interaction of population dynamics and economic variables. Current research projects analyze the effectof economic shocks on households in Brazil, education and income inequality in Brazil and South Africa, and evolutionary approachesto the biodemography of aging. Professor Lam teaches courses in economic demography. He was a visiting professor at the Universityof Cape Town in 1997-98, and was appointed to the Committee on Population of the National Academy of Sciences in 1997. LEE LILLARD (Ph.D., North Carolina State University, 1972), Professor of Economics and Senior Research Scientist�Survey Re-search Center, is currently involved in several funded research projects including the Michigan Retirement Research Center (MRRC)(SSA); Elderly Health and Health Care Expenditures (NIH); Uncertain Health and Survival: Effects on Saving and Consumption (NIH);Intergenerational Relations (NIH-MERIT); Education, Marriage, and Fertility: A Joint Model (NIH); and Contextual Effects of Adoles-cent Risk-Taking and STD-HIV (NIH). He recently co-authored, �Panel Attrition from the PSID: Household Income, Marital Status, andMortality� published in the Journal of Human Resources, (1998) with C. Panis. JEFFREY MORENOFF, sociologist (Ph.D. candidate, University of Chicago), has interests in crime, health, and race and ethnicity. Heis currently conducting research on racial and ethnic differences in adverse pregnancy outcomes, the formation of neighborhood socialcapital and collective efficacy and their association with rates of violent crime, and the influence of race and space on neighborhoodhomicide rates. He is also mounting a longitudinal study of child health and development among Mexican Americans in Chicago andtheir counterparts in Mexico. PAMELA SMOCK, sociologist (Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, 1992), specializes in social demography, social stratification, and thesociology of the family. Her research interests include cohabitation, marriage, divorce, nonresidential fathers� involvement with children,and economic inequality between men and women. She has published articles on cohabitation, the economic consequences of divorce for

(Faculty Associates, continued p. 5)

(Faculty Associates, continued from p. 3)


men and women, mother-only families, and child support. ARLAND THORNTON, sociologist (Ph.D., University of Michigan, 1975), specializes in the study of marriage, family, and life coursestructures and processes. He has authored a book and a number of articles on the effect of societal change on the family in the UnitedStates and Asia. His work currently focuses on intergenerational relations, cohabitation, marriage, divorce, reproductive behavior, livingarrangements, and gender roles in Nepal, Taiwan, and the United States. His teaching centers on the sociology and demography of thefamily and life course. He served as Acting Director of PSC 1997-1998. Some of his selected honors include receiving the HammerAward from Vice President Al Gore in 1998; being Chair of the Population Section of the American Sociological Association (1996-97);being part of the Nominating Committee for the Population Association of America (1996-97). ROBERT WILLIS, economist (Ph.D., University of Washington, 1971), has made important contributions to research in labor econom-ics and the economics of fertility and the family. He is currently conducting research on non-marital childbearing and intergenerationaltransfers in Asia and the United States. He is directing the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the study of the Asset and HealthDynamics of the Oldest Old (AHEAD). YU XIE (Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, 1989) is John Stephenson Perrin Professor of Sociology at the University of Michigan. Heis also affiliated with the Population Studies Center and the Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research. His main areasof interest are social stratification, demography, statistical methods, and sociology of science. He is currently completing a book withKimberlee Shauman on the career processes and outcomes of women in science and another book with Daniel Powers on statisticalmethods for categorical data.

(Faculty Associates, continued from p. 4)

(Selected Publications, continued p. 6)

Selected Publications

Anderson, B. A. & Liu, J. (1997). Son pref-erence and excess female infant mortalityamong Koreans and non-Koreans in YanbianPrefecture, Jilin Province, China, with impli-cations for the Republic of Korea. In D.-S. Kim& B. A. Anderson (Eds.), Population processand dynamics for Koreans in Korea and China(pp. 189-243). Seoul: Hanyang UniversityPress.

Anderson, B. A. & Silver, B. D. (1997).Issues of data quality in assessing mortalitytrends and levels in the new Independent States.In F. Mitchell (Ed.), Premature Death in theNew Independent States (pp. 120-155). Wash-ington: National Academy Press.

Anderson, B. A. Silver, B. D., Titma, M., &Ponarin, E. (1996). Estonian and Russian com-munities. In Special issues on Estonia�s transi-tion from State Socialism: Nationalities and so-ciety on the eve of independence. InternationalJournal of Sociology, 26(2): 25-45.

Anderson, B. A. & Voormann, R. (1996).Women and equality of the sexes in Estonia. InSpecial Issues on Estonia�s transition from StateSocialism: Nationalities and society on the eveof independence. International Journal of So-ciology, 26(3): 76-95.

Anh , T. S., Cuong, B. T., Goodkind, D., &Knodel, J. (December 1997 ). Living arrange-ments, patrilineality, and sources of supportamong elderly Vietnamese. Asia Pacific Popu-lation Journal, 12(4): 69-88,

Anh, T. S., Knodel, J., Lam, D., & Fried-man, J. (February 1998). Family size andchildren�s education in Vietnam. Demography,35(1), 57-70.

Axinn, W. G. & Barber, J. (1997). Livingarrangements and family formation values inearly adulthood. Journal of Marriage and theFamily, 59: 595-611.

Following are selected publications by PSC researchers (published during 1996�1998).

Axinn, W. G., Barber, J., & Ghimire, D.(1997). The neighborhood history calendar: Adata collection method designed for dynamicmultilevel modeling. In A. E. Raftery (Ed.), So-ciological Methodology (pp. 355-392). Cam-bridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.

Axinn, W. G., Barber, J. S., & Thornton,A. (1998). The long term impact of childbear-ing decisions on children�s self-esteem. De-mography.

Axinn, W. G., Duncan, G. J., & Thornton,A. (1997). The effects of parental income,wealth and attitudes on children�s completedschooling and self-esteem. In J. Brooks-Gunn& G. Duncan (Eds.), Consequences of growingup poor (pp. 518-540). New York: Russell Sage.

Axinn, W. G. & Fricke, T. E. (1996). Com-munity context, women�s natal kin ties, and de-mand for children: Macro-micro linkages insocial demography. Rural Sociology,61(2):249-271.

Axinn, W. G. & Thornton, A. (1996). Theinfluence of parents� marital dissolutions onchildren�s family formation attitudes. Demog-raphy, 33(1): 66-81.

Barber, J. & Axinn, W. G. (1998). Recip-rocal relations between gender-role attitudes andmarriage in early adulthood. Sociological Quar-terly, 39(1):11-31.

Barber, J., Shivakoti, G., Axinn, W. G., &Gajurel, K. (1997). Sampling strategies forrural settings: A detailed example from theChitwan Valley Family Study, Nepal. NepalPopulation Journal, 6(5):193-203.

Berman, E., Bound, J., & Machin, S. (1998).Implications of skilled biased technologicalchange: International evidence. Quarterly Jour-nal of Economics, 113: 1245-1280.

Boggess, S. & Bound, J. (1997). Did crimi-nal activity increase durign the 1980s: Com-

parisons across data sources. Social ScienceQuarterly, 18: 725-739.

Bound, J., Schoenbaum, M., & Waidmann,T. (1996). Race differences in labor force at-tachment and disability status. The Gerontolo-gist, 36: 311-321.

Carr, D. (1996). Two paths to self-employ-ment? Women�s and men�s self-employment inthe United States, 1980. Work and Occupations,23(1): 26-53.

Carr, D. (1997). The fulfillment of careerdreams at midlife: Does it matter for women�smental health? Journal of Health and SocialBehavior, 38(4): 331-344.

Carr, D., Pemmarazu, A., & Rice, D. (Eds.).(1996). Improving data on the aging popula-tion: Summary of a workshop. Washington, DC:National Academy Press.

Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Thornton, A.,Freedman, D., Amell, J. W., Harrington, H.,Smeijers, J., & Silva, P. A. (1996). The lifehistory calendar: A research and clinical assess-ment method for collecting retrospective event-history data. International Journal of Methodsin Psychiatric Research, 6: 101-114.

Daly, M. & Bound, J. (1996). Worker adap-tation and employer accommodation followingthe onset of a health impairment. Journal ofGerontology: Social Sciences, 51B:S53-S60.

Danziger, S. H., Danziger, S., & Stern, J.(1997). The American paradox: High incomeand high child poverty. In G. A. Cornia & S. H.Danziger (Eds.), Child poverty and depriva-tion in the industrialized countries, 1945�1995(pp. 181-209). Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Danziger, S. (1998). Rising inequality andthe relationship between economic conditionsand stress. NIMH Conference Volume.


(Selected Publications, continued p. 17)

Farley, R. (1996). Racial differences in thesearch for housing: Do Whites and Blacks usethe same techniques to find housing? HousingPolicy Debate, 7(2): 367-386.

Farley, R. (1997). Racial trends and differ-ences in the United States thirty years after thecivil rights decade. Social Science Research,26: 235-262

Farley, R. (1998). The new American real-ity: Who we are, how we got here, where weare going. New York; Russell Sage Founda-tion.

Farley, R. (1998). The age of extremes: Arevisionist perspective. Demography, 33(4):417-420.

Farley, R., Fielding, E. L. & Krysan, M.(1998). The residential preferences of Blacksand Whites: A four-metropolis analysis. Hous-ing Policy Debate, 8(4): 763-800.

Farley, R. & Frey, W. H. (1998). Latino,Asian and Black segregation in US, metropoli-tan areas. Demography, 33(1): 35-50.

Freedman, R. (March 1997). Do familyplanning programs affect fertility preferences?A literature review. Studies in Family Planning,29(1), 1-13.

Freedman, R. (October 1998). ObservingTaiwan�s demographic transition: A memoir.University of Michigan, Population StudiesCenter. Research Report No. 98-426.

Frey, W. H. (1996). Immigration, domesticmigration, and democratic balkanization inAmerica: New evidence for the 1990s. Popu-lation and Development Review, 22(4).

Frey, W. H. (1996-97). Immigration andthe changing geography of poverty. Focus, 18(fall/winter): 24-28.

Frey, W. H. (1998). Black migration to theSouth reaches record highs in the 1990s. Popu-lation Today, 26(2): 1-3.

Frey, W. H. (1998). The diversity myth.American Demographics, June: 38-43.

Frey, W. H. (1998). New demographic di-vide in the US: Immigrant and domestic mi-gration �migration magnets.� The Public Per-spective, 9(4), 25-30.

Frey, W. H. (March 24, 1998). New Sub-urbs, New Alignments.

Frey, W. H. & First, C. L. (1997). Investi-gating change in American society (bundledwith data diskette). Belmont CA: WadsworthPublishing Co.

Frey, W. H. & Liaw, K.-L. (1998). The im-pact of recent immigration on population re-distribution within the United States. In J. P.Smith & B. Edmonston (Eds.), The immigra-tion debate: Studies of the economic, demo-graphic, and fiscal effects of immigration (pp.388-448). Washington DC: National AcademyPress.

Frey, W. H. & Liaw, K.-L. (May 1998). Im-migrant concentration and domestic migrantdispersal: Is movement to nonmetro areas �whiteflight�? The Professional Geographer, May:215-232.

Frey, W. H., Liaw, K.-L., & Hayase, Y.(1998). South-North immigrants� settlement andopportunity structures in the destination coun-

(Selected Publications, cont. from p. 5)

try: Policy issues based on the US experience.Asian and Pacific Migration Journal.

Frey, W. H., Liaw K.-L., Yu Xie, & Carlson,M. J. (1996). Immigration �pushes� and wel-fare magnet �pulls�: Impacts on state povertypopulations. Population and Environment,17:491-536.

Fricke, T., Thornton, A., & Dahal, D. R.(1998). Netting in Nepal: Social change, thelife course, and brideservice in Sangila. HumanEcology, 26(2): 213-237.

Geronimus, A. T. (1996). Black/White dif-ferences in the relationship of maternal age tobirthweight: A population based test of theweathering hypothesis. Social Science andMedicine, 42(4):589-597.

Geronimus, A. T. (1996). What teen moth-ers know. Human Nature, 7(4): 323-52.

Geronimus, A. T. (1997). Teenage child-bearing and personal responsibility. PoliticalScience Quarterly, 112(3): 405-430.

Geronimus, A. T. & Bound, J. (1998). Onthe use of census-based aggregate variables toproxy for socioeconomic group: Evidence fromnational samples. American Journal of Epide-miology, 148(5): 475-486.

Geronimus, A. T., Bound, J., & Neidert,L. J. (1996). On the validity of using Censusgeocode characteristics to proxy individual so-cioeconomic characteristics. Journal of theAmerican Statistical Association, 91(434): 529-537.

Geronimus, A. T., Bound, J., Waidmann,T. A., Hillemeier, M. M., & Burns, P. B. (No-vember 1996). Excess mortality among Blacksand Whites in the United States. The New En-gland Journal of Medicine, 335: 1552-1558.

Giovanni, A. C. & Danziger, S. (Eds.).(1997). Child poverty and deprivation in theindustrialized countries, 1945�1995. Oxford:Clarendon Press.

Gottschalk, P. & Danziger, S. (1996).Hardly making it: The decrease in low earningsand what to do about it. In T. R. Swartz & K.M. Weigert (Eds.), Working and poor in urbanAmerica (pp. 69-85). University of Notre DamePress.

Gottschalk, P. & Danziger, S. (1998). Fam-ily income mobility: How much is there andhas it changed? In J. Auerbach & R. Belous(Eds.), The inequality paradox (pp. 92-111).Washington, DC: National Policy Association.

Hannum, E. & Yu Xie. (1998). Occupa-tional differences between Han Chinese and na-tional minorities in Xinjiang, 1982-1990. De-mography, 35: 323-333.

Hermalin, A. I. (December 1997). Draw-ing Policy Lessons for Asia from Research onAging. Special issue on Family Support forElderly in Southeast Asia, Asia Pacific Popu-lation Journal.

Hermalin, A. I. (1998). Setting the agendafor research on aging in developing countries.PSC Research Report No. 98-51: ComparativeStudy of the Elderly in Asia.

Hermalin, A. I., Ofstedal, M. B., Freed-man, R., Chang, M. C., & Roan, C. (1996).Methodological considerations in aligning in-

dependent surveys of parental support fromolder and younger generations, with illustrativedata from Taiwan. PSC Research Report No.96-38: Comparative Study of the Elderly inAsia.

Hermalin, A. I., Riley, A. P., & Rosero-Bixby, L. (1997). Regional differences in fam-ily size preferences in Costa Rica and their im-plications for transition theory. In DemographicDiversity and Change in the Central AmericanIsthmus (pp. 403-454). Santa Monica, CA:RAND, 1997. Appears in Spanish as�Diferencias Regionales en Preferencias deTamano de Familia en Costa Rica y susimplicaciones en la Teoria de la Transicion.�In L. R. Bixby, A. Pebley, & A. B. Mendez(Eds.), De los Mayas a la Planificacion Fa-miliar: Demografia del Istmo. San Jose, C.R.:Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.

Hermalin, A. I., Roan, C., & Perez, A.(1998). The emerging role of grandparents inasia. PSC Research Report No. 98-52: Com-parative Study of the Elderly in Asia.

Hofferth, S. L. (1996). Effects of public andprivate policies on working after childbirth.Work and Occupations, 23(4): 378-404.

Hofferth, S. L. (1998). The American fam-ily: Changes and challenges for the 21st cen-tury. In H. Wallace, G. Green, K. Jaros, M. Story,& L. Piane (Eds.), Health and welfare for fami-lies in the 21st century. Sudbury, MA: Jones &Bartlett.

Hofferth, S. L. (1998). Parentalextrafamilial resources and children�s schoolattainment. Sociology of Education, 71(July):246-268.

Hofferth, S. (1998). Public assistance re-ceipt of Mexican- and Cuban-American chil-dren in native and immigrant families. In D. J.Hernandez (Ed.), Children of immigrants:Health, adjustment, and public assistance com-mittee on the health and adjustment of immi-grant children and families. Board on Children,Youth and Families. Washington, DC: NationalAcademy Press.

Hofferth, S., Akin, K., Robin, H., & West,J. (1998). Characteristics of children�s earlycare and education programs: Data from the1995 National Household Education Survey.Washington, DC: National Center for Educa-tion Statistics.

Hofferth. S. L & Chaplin, D. (1998). Stateregulations and child care choice. PopulationResearch and Policy Review, 17(2):111-140.

Hofferth, S. L., Chaplin, D., Wissoker, D.,& Robins, P. (1996). Choice characteristics andparents� child-care decisions. Rationality andSociety, 8(4): 453-495.

Jayakody, R., Danziger, S., & Kessler, R.(1998). Early-onset psychiatric disorders andmale socioeconomic status. Social Science Re-search.

Kim, D.-S. & Anderson, B. A. (Eds.).(1997). Population process and dynamics forKoreans in Korea and China, Seoul. HanyangUniversity Press.


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RESEARCH PROJECTS

Following are descriptions of research projects involving PSC researchers (September 1996�August 1998). They aregrouped by demographic research area, however, there is overlap between categories. Projects are listed once even thoughsome could easily be placed under more than one heading.

Fertility, Family Planning, Health, and Sexual Behavior

Epidemiologic Assessment of Menstrual Cycle Patterns. PSC Researcher: S. D. Harlow. The goal of this project is to enhance theuse of menstrual cycle diaries and menstrual histories as epidemiologic tools in the investigation of risk factors for reproductivedysfunction and hormonally mediated risk factors for chronic disease. Two basic problems are being addressed: (1) how to defineconsistent, biologically meaningful menstrual cycle endpoints for use in epidemiologic research; and (2) how to analyze men-strual diary data. The research focuses on the natural variability in menstrual cycle patterns within women across the reproductivelifespan, including changes in cycle length from cycle to cycle within women and age-specific changes in the population distribu-tion of cycle length and cycle variability. A strategy for analyzing menstrual diary data is being developed by applying existingstatistical methods for longitudinal data and developing new statistical methodology. The researchers are designing efficient studyprotocols to obtain data on menstrual cycle patterns among low-income and minority women across the reproductive life span, ascurrently available U.S. data is generally limited to white, college-educated women. The primary source of data is the lifetimemenstrual records for 942 women from the Tremin Trust, a unique prospective study of menstrual cycle patterns that used men-strual diaries. Daily urinary hormone data for nonconception cycles from a prospective study of early pregnancy loss is alsoexamined. The project is designed to redress fundamental gaps in knowledge about menstrual cycle characteristics over the lifecourse and to provide substantive data to guide the design and direction of future epidemiologic research.

Determinants of Fertility Preferences in Southeast Asia. PSC Researchers: D. A. Lam , A. I. Hermalin, B. Anderson, J. Knodel,T. Fricke, A. Thornton, Yu Xie, W. G. Axinn, & R. Freedman. This is a combined training and research program which aims toanalyze the social and cultural determinants of fertility in Southeast Asia. The program is supported by an award from NICHDand the Fogarty International Center of NIH. Activities currently involve nine PSC investigators as well as collaborators inVietnam, Thailand, Nepal, and China. The countries chosen to participate are at different stages of fertility decline, and there isgood indication that projects undertaken through the program could have an important impact on the research infrastructure andpolicy environment in each of them. Current research by PSC researchers has common substantive themes and methodologicalapproaches, which help lay the groundwork for projects to be supported via travel, workshops, and research assistance. Activitiesare conducted both at the Population Studies Center and overseas. Funded all or in part by: National Institute of Child Health and HumanDevelopment (NICHD)/ Fogarty International Center. Period of Study: 9/95-8/00.

Evaluation of Family Planning Program Impact. PSC Researcher: A. I. Hermalin (and A. O. Tsui [PI], University of N. Caro-lina). The Evaluation of Family Planning Program Impact is a multi-year initiative started in 1991 and funded by the U.S. Agencyfor International Development to support technical and methodological advancement of population program evaluation. Theproject is executed under contract to the Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, in collabo-ration with The Futures Group and Tulane University. Hermalin served as the Senior Technical Advisor to the project. The purposeof the Evaluation Project is to strengthen the capacity to evaluate the impact of population programs on fertility. The project�sobjectives are to develop consistently defined indicators of family planning impact for use across population projects and pro-grams, to apply methodologies developed through this project in USAID�s central and field population projects and programs,and to facilitate the inclusion of impact evaluation plans in new population projects at the design stage. In addition to serving asSenior Technical Advisor, Hermalin helped prepare several manuals on aspects of evaluation, and developed a methodology forassessing the strength of health and family planning facilities at the community level. Hermalin is also a co-investigator of theImpact Study, which is undertaking a broad appraisal of the effect of family planning programs on family size preferences,contraceptive use, and fertility by reviewing past studies and undertaking appropriate secondary and primary analyses. Funded allor in part by: USAID.

Health and Poor Families. PSC Researchers: A. Geronimus & J. Bound. Racial or socioeconomic disparities in health arepronounced among the young and middle-aged. Rates of early health deterioration and excess mortality among African Americansin poverty can be staggering: In some impoverished central cities, more than one-third of African American girls and three-quarters of boys who reach their 15th birthday do not live to see their 65th, largely as a result of chronic diseases. Geronimuscoined the term �weathering� to suggest that cumulative experience with social inequality contributes to this rapid health decline.She further hypothesized that relatively early fertility-timing in poor, African American communities may be in response to suchpervasive health uncertainty. Widespread threats to the health of prime-aged adults reverberate throughout communities. Earlyhealth deterioration and premature death increase the probability of widowhood or orphanhood, prolonged disability within thefamily, and damage to the family economy and care systems. These events, in turn, may lead to multigenerational residentialarrangements and accelerate the course of other life events, including childbearing. Through counterfactual calculations incorpo-


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(Research Projects, continued from p. 7)

rating population-specific mortality and functional limitations trajectories with fertility-timing distributions, Geronimus and Boundprovide a test to support or refute the hypothesis that early fertility substantially improves the chances that children in poverty willhave living and able-bodied caretakers until maturity. Empirical results of these analyses are being used to further develop ormodify the weathering hypothesis as a conceptual framework for continued research on the well-being of African Americanchildren and families and to articulate the refined version of this framework for more general application. Funded all or in part by: W.T. Grant Foundation. Period of Study: 1/94-12/99.

Perimenopause, Bone, and Arthritis in African Americans. PSC Researcher: S. D. Harlow. Investigators have speculated thatendocrinologic and metabolic changes associated with menopause interact with or accelerate events of normal aging to promoteincreased incidence of metabolic bone disease, heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, breast cancer, osteoarthritis, autoimmunedisease, and menstrual bleeding disorders at mid-life (45-50 years). This project is attempting to determine whether menopausal-related changes in hormones or menstrual cycle patterns are associated with changes in joints that are indicative of arthritisdevelopment, loss of bone density, and change in body composition. Information gathered from 300 African-American women isbeing compared with information being gathered from 582 white pre- and perimenopausal women.

The researchers measured 300 pre- and perimenopausal African-American women and 200 Caucasian women aged 40-50 years atbaseline in 1994 and the study follows them for five years until final contact at age 45-55. Using annual hormone measurements(timed to the menstrual cycle) and monthly menstrual calendars, they identify changes in reproductive hormone levels (e.g.,estrogen, follicle stimulating hormone, and testosterone) and menstrual cycle patterns (including abnormal bleeding). Measure-ments are made of bone density (by dual x-ray densitometry [DEXA]), hand and knee joints (x-rays), body composition (DEXA),and blood pressure. A subgroup of women with atypical menstrual cycle lengths collect urine daily through two menstrual cycles,and the urine samples are analyzed for reproductive hormones as explanatory factors of substantial difference in cycle lengths.

Population Change in Korea and Among Koreans in China. PSC Researcher: B. A. Anderson. With the collaboration ofscholars from the United States, Korea, and China, this project undertook comparative analysis of data from the Republic ofKorea and from Jilin Province, China, which contains a large number of ethnic Koreans. This work was facilitated by exchangeof micro-data between China and Korea. The project focused on differences and similarities in mortality, educational attainmentby sex, fertility, sex-selective abortion, and infant mortality in the two settings. Koreans hive the highest educational attainment,the lowest fertility, and the lowest infant mortality of any ethnic group in China. Since they are considered a small ethnic groupin China, they are not covered by the restrictive fertility limitation policies that apply to Han Chinese. Differences in level ofsocio-economic development, minority ethnic status, and the political system and policies of the countries were examined aspossible explanations for differences in the two settings. There were high levels of son preference, low fertility, and a high levelof sex-selective abortion in both settings. However, the higher level of socio-economic development in Korea led to highereducational attainment in Korea than among Koreans in China, and female disadvantage in education did not appear until ahigher level of schooling. The low fertility of and high level of sex-selective abortion in Korea suggests that these characteristicsof Koreans in Korea are not the direct result of policies by the government of China. Funded all or in part by: Korea Research Founda-tion.

Marriage, Family, Children, and Links Between Generations

Changing Social Contexts and Family Formation. PSC Researchers: W. Axinn, T. Fricke, & A. Thornton. This five-year projectis investigating the influence of changing social contexts on marriage, childbearing, and contraceptive use. The investigators arecollecting and analyzing multilevel event history data from a representative sample of 171 neighborhoods in the Chitwan Valleyof southern Nepal (approximately 5,271 individuals aged 15-59). Neighborhood event histories, collected using a combination ofsurvey and ethnographic methods, provide dynamic measures of community-level changes over time. Together with data fromindividual-level life histories, these innovative data provide the means to push analyses of the consequences of contextual changesin directions that have received theoretical consideration but fairly little empirical attention. The research design aims to answerfour specific questions: (1) To what extent do changes in the community-level social and institutional context produce changes infamily formation processes? (2) Do changes in the family organization of individual life courses transmit these contextual effects?(3) Do any direct effects of contextual change remain once important individual-level experiences are taken into account? and (4)Do the consequences of community-level changes depend on the cultural context? Funded all or in part by: National Institute of ChildHealth and Human Development (NICHD)/The Pennsylvania State University. Period of Study: 9/94-6/99.

Child Support and the Earnings Capacity of Absent Fathers. PSC Researcher: R. J. Willis (M. J. Brien [PI], University ofVirginia). The purpose of this project is to examine one aspect of young men and women having children outside of marriage: thelevel of support available from an absent parent. This project will attempt to measure the extent of the potential resources that thefathers of out-of-wedlock children could provide to their children under the child support formulas mandated by the FamilySupport Act of 1988. Funded all or in part by: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)/University of Virginia. Periodof Study: 6/96-5/98.

Demographic Effects of Macroeconomic Shocks in Brazil. PSC Researcher: D. Lam. This project analyzes the effects of short-run macroeconomic fluctuations and long-run investments in human resources on demographic and economic outcomes in Brazil


Faculty Appointments Dr. William Axinn (Ph.D., University of Michigan, 1990), Professor of Sociology, Senior Research Scientist�ISR, and

Research Associate�PSC, joined the UM in July of 1998 from The Pennsylvania State University. Hestudies the relationships among social change, family organization, intergenerational relationships, marriage,cohabitation and fertility in the United States and Nepal. His research also includes the development of newmethods for collecting social science data. His teaching centers on the family, the life course, fertility andresearch methods. He is the principal investigator or co-principal investigator on several funded researchprojects including: Intergenerational Panel Study of Mothers and Children (NICHD, Co-PI); ReciprocalRelations Between Population and Environment (NICHD, PI); Changing Social Contexts and Family Forma-

tion (NICHD, PI); Young Investigator Award (NSF); Development of a Human and Natural Resources Studies Center atKathmandu University (Ford Foundation). He has many publications to his credit. He is currently teaching Sociology 102�Introduction to Sociology through the Study of Populations. Dr. Deborah Carr (Ph.D., University of Wisconsin,1997), Assistant Professor of Sociology, Faculty Associate�SurveyResearch Center, ISR, and Faculty Associate�PSC, joined the UM in the fall of 1997. Dr. Carr has interestsin aging and the life course, stratification, and the family. Her current research focuses on the occupationalgoals of men and women over the life course and the mental health consequences of goal achievement. Herother research interests include socioeconomic differentials in health, family change, and women�s self-em-ployment. She recently co-authored �Linking Life Histories and Mental Health: A Person-Centered Strategy�(by Burton H. Singer, Carol D. Ryff, Deborah Carr, and William J. Magee,1998, Sociological Methodology28:1-51). She is currently teaching Sociology 591 (Section 002)�Social Structure and Personality and Soci-ology 850�Psycho-social Factors in Mental Health and Illness. Dr. David Harris (Ph.D., Northwestern University, 1997), Assistant Professor of Sociology, Assistant Research Scien-

tist�ISR, and Faculty Associate�PSC, joined the UM in the fall of 1997. He has interests in social stratifi-cation, race and ethnicity, residential mobility, and social demography. His current research investigates ra-cial and nonracial determinants of white residential mobility, the role of local population characteristics infirm relocation decisions, demographic and policy issues related to unmarried fathers, the racial identity ofmixed-race people, and the effect of race on life chances in the U.S. and South Africa. His review of �DividedBy Color: Racial Politics and Demographic Ideals� was published in the American Journal of Sociology(1997). He recently taught 210�Elementary Statistics and 595 Special Courses�Demography of Race.

Dr. Lee Lillard (Ph.D., North Carolina State University, 1972), Professor of Economics and Senior Research Scientist�Survey Research Center, and Research Associate�PSC joined UM in the fall of 1998. He is involved inresearch on economic and social costs of poor health in old age; life cycle patterns in health, aging andmortality; socioeconomic differentials in the returns to Social Security; work and retirement; income inequal-ity; intergenerational linkages in education, earning, health, and marriage patterns; non-marital and maritalfertility; and roles of family, school and community in patterns of teen pregnancy. He is currently involved inseveral funded research projects including the Michigan Retirement Research Center (MRRC) (SSA); Eld-erly Health and Health Care Expenditures (NIH); Uncertain Health and Survival: Effects on Saving andConsumption (NIH); Intergenerational Relations (NIH-MERIT); Education, Marriage, and Fertility: A Joint Model (NIH);and Contextual Effects of Adolescent Risk-Taking and STD-HIV (NIH). Before coming to Michigan he was a SeniorEconomist, Director of the Center for the Study of Aging, Co-Director of the Center for Social Security Policy Research, andAssociate Director of the Population Research Center at RAND. He recently co-authored, Panel Attrition from the PSID:Household Income, Marital Status, and Mortality, published in the Journal of Human Resources, (1998) with C. Panis. Jeffrey Morenoff, Assistant Professor of Sociology and Faculty Associate�PSC, (Ph.D. candidate, University of Chi-cago) joined UM in fall 1998. He is interested in crime and neighborhood changes, health, and race and ethnicity. He is

conducting research on racial and ethnic differences in adverse pregnancy outcomes, the formation of neigh-borhood social capital and collective efficacy and their association with rates of violent crime, and the influ-ence of race and space on neighborhood homicide rates. He is also preparing a longitudinal study of childhealth and development among Mexican Americans in Chicago and their counterparts in Mexico. His book,�Color and Opportunity: Family, Welfare and Work in the Inner City,� is forthcoming and will be publishedby University of Chicago Press. He is currently teaching Sociology 468�Criminology.

IN BRIEF

(In Brief, continued next page)

The following faculty and staff have joined the Center during September 1996�January 1999.


(In Brief, continued from p. 9)

Research Affiliates Dr. Mary Beth Ofstedal, Assistant Research Scientist,PSC and Adjunct Assistant Research Scientist, ISR, joinedthe Center in September 1997. She is working on a collabo-rative study of aging in Asia and on the Assets and HealthDynamics of the Oldest-Old and Health and Retirement Stud-ies of aging in the United States. Her research interests in-clude transitions in physical and cognitive functioning in old-age, utilization of health and long-term care services,intergenerational relations and support, longitudinal surveydesign and analysis, and comparative research. Dr. Hiromi Ono, Assistant Research Scientist, SurveyResearch Center, became a research affiliate in October 1998.Her research interests include the linkage between women'seconomic roles and marriage and welfare receipt patterns ofimmigrants. She also studies intra-marital financial organi-zations in American and Japanese families. Dr. Amy Pienta, Assistant Professor, Institute of Geron-tology, Wayne State University, became a research affiliatein 1998. Her research interests center on retirement behaviorof older families; social factors across the life course andlongevity; and family change and the well-being of older in-dividuals in Nepal. Dr. Wei-Jun Yueng, Assistant Research Scientist, ISR andadjunct assistant professor, Sociology, became a researchaffiliate in 1999. She is co-principal investigator of the PanelStudy of Income Dynamics. Her research interests are fam-ily and sex roles, poverty and welfare dynamics, social de-mography, children's welfare and intergenerational studies.

Post-Doctoral Fellows Dr. John Traphagan, an anthropologist, joined PSC inSeptember 1997 as an NIA postdoctoralscholar. Dr. Traphagan earned the doctoratein philosophy from the University of Pittsburghin 1997. He is interested in aging and the lifecourse, age grading practices, and functionaldecline in Japan and Southeast Asia. His cur-rent research is concerned with out-migrationof younger people from rural areas, suicide among rural eld-erly, and patterns of providing social support to the elderlyin Japan. He also is interested in religious participation andhealth among older people. Dr. Traphagan has worked ex-tensively in Japan and will collaborate on the Center�s workin Vietnam. Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow Dr. Jennifer Barber joined

PSC in September 1997. She earned the doc-torate in philosophy from the PennsylvaniaState University in 1997. Dr. Barber studiesintergenerational processes in families in theUnited States and Nepal. Her current U.S.research focuses on intergenerational influ-ences on childbearing behavior, including the

influence of parental behavior, parental attitudes, and youngpeople�s own attitudes. She is studying the consequences ofunwanted childbearing for children in the U.S. Her currentresearch in Nepal focuses on the relationships between so-cial change and family formation attitudes and behavior.

Another postdoctoral fellow to join PSC is sociologist Dr.Mario Sims. He is a fellow in The Programon Poverty, The Underclass, and Public Policyat the Poverty Research and Training Centerand the Population Studies Center. He earnedhis doctorate in sociology and demographyfrom the University of Wisconsin-Madison in1997. His research examines economic segre-gation among ethnic groups in urban areas, the neighborhoodconditions of advantaged and disadvantaged ethnic groups,and the economic and health consequences of children liv-ing in impoverished communities.

Staff Update Nancy Ditmar, Administrative Manager, joined PSC inApril 1998. She directs the fiscal, personnel and administra-tive activities of the Center. Her fiscal responsibilities in-clude grant and contract administration as well as assistancewith all aspects of proposal preparation. She has extensiveadministrative and accounting experience and has been withthe University of Michigan for five years. She comes to PSCfrom the Survey Research Center. Tracene Boyd, Administrative Assistant, joined PSC inJanuary 1999. Her primary responsibility is post award grantmanagement. She assists in setting up newly funded projectbudgets, reconciles monthly financial statements, comparesexpenditures to budget and report exceptions, and preparesexpenditure projections. She has worked for the Universityfor thirteen years, twelve of those years with the Departmentof Ophthalmology. Mari Ellis, Associate Editor, joined PSC in October 1998.Her primary responsiblities include providing editorial ser-vices for PSC researchers and managing PSC�s reprint andresearch report series. Most recently she was Managing Edi-tor of Family Relations: Interdisciplinary Journal of AppliedFamily Studies and Communications Manager at Wayne StateUniversity�s Institute of Gerontology. Symantha Holben, Administrative Assistant, joined PSCin October 1998. She works closely with Dr. William Axinnto handle administrative issues related to his research projectsin Nepal as well as coordinates PSC�s international researchand training. She comes to PSC from Washington DC and isformerly of the Fogarty International Center, NIH. Carol Nowroski, Center Secretary, joined PSC in January1999. She has been with the University for 15 years. Mostrecently she worked in the School of Dentistry. Her primaryresponsibilities include administrative support to DirectorDavid Lam and to Nancy Ditmar. David Sasaki, Computer Systems Consultant, joined PSCin July 1998. He is responsible for desktop computer con-figuration, the PSC laptop pool, and supervising the comput-

ing support work-studystudents.

Pictured ( front row, l-r):Mari Ellis, Tracene Boyd,Nancy Ditmar, SymanthaHolben (back row, l-r): CarolNorowski and David Sasaki.



from 1976 to 1995. The project looks at how economic shockssuch as the unemployment of an adult household member af-fect outcomes such as children�s schooling and the employmentof children and other household members. The project includesthree former PSC economics Ph.D. students, Mary Arends-Kuenning, Suzanne Duryea, and Deborah Levison, as well asBrazilian collaborators. The project takes advantage of twoexcellent data series collected by the Brazilian statistical bu-reau, the PNAD annual survey collected since 1976 and thePME monthly employment survey with panel data collectedsince 1982. Early results from the project indicate that unem-ployment shocks to male household heads have a negative ef-fect on children�s probability of advancing to the next grade.This result is based on analysis of the longitudinal componentof the monthly PME employment survey. The results also indi-cate that an unemployment spell experienced by the male house-hold head leads to increases in the labor force participation byhis wife. Although these results suggest that negative economicshocks may negatively affect outcomes such as children�sschooling, the early results also indicate that even the worstyears of Brazil�s recessions did not lead to reversals in the slowbut steady progress being made in Brazil�s educational system.Funded all or in part by: National Institute of Child Health and HumanDevelopment (NICHD); Mellon Foundation. Period of Study: 6/97-11/99.

Family and Child Well-Being Research Network. PSC Re-searcher: S. L. Hofferth. By compiling longitudinal informa-tion on a large and continuously representative sample of U.S.families over a 25-year period, the PSID provides unparalleledlongitudinal data on the poverty and welfare experiences ofchildren, rich intergenerational data on the poverty and welfareexperiences of children, rich intergenerational data on child-hood backgrounds (including neighborhood conditions) andadult attainments, unique data on intergenerational transfers,and oversamples of Blacks and Hispanics. Duncan�s researchrecord is replete with innovative studies of child poverty, wel-fare dependence, intergenerational processes, cross-nationalcomparisons of family well-being, survey methods, public out-reach, and research network activities. Collaborating withDuncan on the project are Martha Hill of the Survey ResearchCenter, who has designed and analyzed many innovative de-mographic survey modules concerning intergenerational issues,family composition, and the economic fortunes of children, andSandra Hofferth of the Urban Institute, who has made manyscientific and policy-related contributions to research on kinsupport networks, child care, and family structure.

The project includes two components. The first consists of a setof interrelated analyses of the effects of family background,neighborhood conditions, and extended family networks on aseries of important adolescent and early-audit outcomes-drop-ping out of high school, attending college, early career attain-ments (including self-employment) and first home purchase.The comparative cross-national work on longitudinal aspectsof poverty and welfare use to focus on the issue of why, despiteapparently similar amounts of economic mobility, social assis-tance recipients in different countries have such very differentdurations of receipt. Three network research projects are pro-posed: a system of descriptive longitudinal indicators of

children�s well-being and of trends in those indicators, build-ing neighborhood indicators from the 1980 and 1990 censusinto some of the other data sets in the network, and coordinatedresearch on intergenerational exchanges. Funded all or in part by:National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)/Northwestern University. Period of Study: 8/93-3/99.

Family, School, Neighborhood Resources, and Child Develop-ment. PSC Researcher: S. L. Hofferth. This is a project de-signed to supplement the Panel Study of Income Dynamics(PSID) in 1997 with data on parents and their 3- to 12-year-oldchildren, the PSID Parent-Child Survey. The project providesresearchers with a comprehensive, nationally representative, andlongitudinal data base of children and their families with whichto study the dynamic process of early human capital formation.The proposed additions include the following: (1) reliable, age-graded assessments of the cognitive, behavioral, and health sta-tus of 3,500 children (including about 550 immigrant children),obtained from the parent, the teacher, the school administrator,and the child; (2) a comprehensive accounting of parental andcaregiver time inputs to children as well as other aspects of theway children and adolescents spend their time; (3) teacher-re-ported time use in elementary and preschool programs; and (4)other-than-time use measures of other resources-for example,the learning environment in the home, teacher, and administra-tor reports of school resources, and decennial-census-basedmeasurement of neighborhood resources. The data collectionsupports studies of the way in which time, money, and socialcapital at the family, school, and neighborhood levels, as wellas parental psychological resources and sibling characteristics,are linked to the cognitive and behavioral development of chil-dren and adolescents as they progress through the states of child-hood and adolescence to become self-sufficient adults. Fundedall or in part by: National Institute of Child Health and Human Develop-ment (NICHD). Period of Study: 12/95-12/00.

Influence of Parental Family on Well-Being of Children. PSCResearchers: A. Thornton, W. G. Axinn, & G. Binstock. Thisproject studies the influence of the parental family on the well-being of children under the auspices of the Family and ChildWell-Being Research Network. The research has both an indi-vidual and a cooperative component. The individual researchcomponent investigates the influence of the first generation fam-ily on several dimensions of second generation well-being, in-cluding self-esteem and parent-child relationships. Several de-terminants of children�s well-being are examined, including thequality of the parents� marriage and their experience with mari-tal dissolution and remarriage, the degree of integration of par-ent and child activities within the family, and the childbearingexperiences of the parents (number, timing, and planning sta-tuses of births). The research also looks at the economic re-sources and standard of living of the family, religious participa-tion and commitment, and the attitudes and values of the par-ents.

The cooperative research component of this project includesseveral activities. One is the organization of a workshop toconsider research and data needs for studying the well-being ofchildren and families. A broad interdisciplinary group of schol-ars was invited to present papers at the workshop. A confer-ence volume is currently being planned and organized. An-other cooperative research project has investigated the reliabil-



(Research Projects, continued page 14)


ity of measurement of attitudes and values concerning family life and individual self concepts. This project also examines theextent to which these dimensions of individual and family life are stable across time. A third cooperative project centers on howfatherhood intersects with the formation and dissolution of marital and cohabiting unions. Arland Thornton received a HammerAward from Vice-President Al Gore for the latter.

The empirical analyses for the individual research plan are being conducted using an eight-wave thirty-one year intergenerationalpanel study, which includes a mother-child pair in each of the participating families. The data set includes eight waves of informa-tion collected from the mothers across the entire thirty-one years of the children�s lives. Also included in the data set are threewaves of information collected from the children when they were ages 18, 23, and 31. This data set contains multiple measures ofthe parental variables and the children�s well-being, which also make valuable contributions to the cooperative research plan.Funded all or in part by: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). Period of Study: 8/93-7/98.

Intergenerational Panel Study of Parents and Children. PSC Researchers: A. Thornton, W. G. Axinn, Yu Xie, & G. Binstock.This is a project to study the determinants of cohabitation and marriage. We formulate and evaluate a model of cohabitation andmarriage which includes influences from both young adults and their parents. We posit that entrance into cohabiting and maritalunions is influenced by many dimensions of the family, socioeconomic, and religious experiences, and attitudes of both youngpeople and their parents.

Our research will make multiple contributions to understanding of the complex forces influencing cohabitation and marriage.One contribution is the examination of many important determinants of union formation that have received little or no previousattention. A second contribution is the expansion of knowledge about the specific determinants of cohabitation, an aspect ofunion formation across a wide age range, which permits examination of the interaction of causal influences with age. The finalaim is the explication of the causal mechanisms and processes affecting cohabitation and marriage. We will investigate numerousand complex causal pathways linking the experiences, attitudes, and aspirations of both parents and children to the union forma-tion experience of the children.

Data for this research come from an intergenerational panel study of parents and children that was designed explicitly for thepurpose of studying the determinants of cohabitation and marriage. The data set includes eight waves of interviews with mothersextending across the 31 years from 1962 to 1993. Each of these mothers had given birth to a child in 1961, and these childrenwere interviewed when they were 18, 23, and 31. The data set includes an extensive array of predictor variables from both parentsand children and complete cohabitation and marriage histories from the children. The parental and individual determinants ofunion formation will be examined from a life course perspective using hazard models of the rate of making transitions intocohabitation and marriage. Funded all or in part by: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). Period of Study: 1/97-12/99.

Nonresidential Fathers� Socioeconomic Ties to Children. PSC Researcher: P. Smock. Family patterns have changed over the pastthree decades such that a near-majority of children in the United States are likely to spend at least some part of their childhoodliving apart from their biological fathers. Social science research has shown that father involvement, particularly economic sup-port of children, is crucial to children�s well-being. Similarly, policymakers are focusing on child support reform as a foundationfor improving the life chances of children. Yet to date we have limited direct knowledge of nonresidential fathers� resources andlife circumstances. This project links the characteristics and changing circumstances of nonresidential fathers and residentialmothers to economic flows and social ties between children and their fathers. Using longitudinal data from the Panel Study ofIncome Dynamics and the National Survey of Families and Households, the project provides a sociodemographic profile ofnonresidential fathers, examines the complexity of their parenting responsibilities, and assesses the extent to which social andeconomic involvement with nonresident children varies with fathers� changing life circumstances. Funded all or in part by: NationalInstitute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). Period of Study: 6/97-6/00.

Population and Family Change in Estonia in a Period of Transition. PSC Researcher: B. A. Anderson. This project, in collabo-ration with demographers and sociologists in Estonia has been analyzing changes in demographic and family-related attitudes andbehaviors in Estonia from the late Soviet period through the present. Funded all or in part by: SSRC, National Council for Soviet and EastEuropean Research, NSF, UN Economic Commission for Europe.

Reciprocal Relations Between Population and Environment. PSC Researcher: W. Axinn. This project takes advantage of ongo-ing research on family formation in the Nepalese Himalayas to investigate the reciprocal relations between changes in populationprocesses and the environment. The aim of the project is to gather additional data on environmental quality and populationprocesses and link it to data on neighborhood contexts and family formation from the Chitwan Valley Family Study, for thepurpose of analyzing reciprocal links between population processes and environmental changes. The data will be used to addressthree specific questions regarding the reciprocal relations between population processes and the environment: (1) To what extentdo changes in marriage timing, household fission, childbearing, and migration influence changes in land use, water quality, andflora diversity? (2) To what extent do variations in land use, water quality, and flora diversity, produce changes in marriage,household fission, childbearing, and migration? and (3) To what extent are the observed relationships between population pro-cesses and the environment produced by exogenous changes in the social and institutional context?


RECENT GRANTS

(Recent Grants, continued p. 19)

Agency for Health Care Policy Re-search. Racial Differences in Medical CareSatisfaction. PSC Researcher: D. S. Carr (8/98-6/00).

Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Inter-national Research and Training in Popula-tion. PSC Researcher: A. D. Thornton (4/97-12/99).

Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Supple-ment for Middle East Population Program.PSC Researcher: B. A. Anderson (7/92-12/99).

Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Visit-ing Fellowship in Anthropological Demog-raphy. PSC Researcher: A. D. Thornton (1/97-12/98).

Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. DataServer in Costa Rica. PSC Researcher: A.D. Thornton (9/96-12/99).

Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Popu-lation Studies Center. PSC Researcher: A.D. Thornton (7/90-12/99).

CDC/NCHS. Race, Socioeconomic Sta-tus, and Weathering. PSC Researchers: A.Geronimus & J. Bound (9/95-9/98).

Department of Education/Depauw Uni-versity. Making Data Analysis Relevant ina Networked Social Science Laboratory.PSC Researcher: W. H. Frey (9/96-12/98).

Department of Education/FIPSE. Mak-ing Data Analysis Relevant in a NetworkedSocial Services Laboratory. PSC Re-searcher: W. H. Frey (9/94-8/97).

Department of Commerce/TIIAP.Bringing the Census Into College Classes:Internet Access and Curricular Develop-ment. PSC Researchers: W. H. Frey, B. A.Anderson, & A. Anderson (9/95-4/00).

Fannie Mae. Racial Residential Segre-gation: Its Causes and Its Links With TheLabor Market. PSC Researcher: W. R. Farley(3/92-12/99).

Ford Foundation. A Research and Train-ing Program on Poverty and Public Policy.PSC Researcher: S. Danziger (1/96-8/01).

Ford Foundation. Identity Formationand Social Problems in Estonia, Ukraine andUzbekistan. PSC Researcher: B. A. Ander-son.

Institute for Research on Women andGender (University of Michigan). PilotProject Grant. Women�s Self-Employment:Why Does the Gender Pay Gap Persist? PSCResearcher: D. Carr.

John D. &Catherine T. MacarthurFoundation. Midmac 1999 Summer Work-shop. PSC Researcher: D. S. Carr (10/98-3/01).

Joint Center for Poverty Research (Na-tional Institutes of Health, Sub Contract).Why Work Disappears: The Role of Race,Space and Skills in Employers� Relocation.PSC Researcher: David Harris (1/97-6/99).

Joyce Foundation. Welfare Reform, Bar-riers to Employment and Family Function-ing. PSC Researcher: S. Danziger (7/98-8/00).

Korea Research Foundation. PopulationChange in Korea and Among Koreans inChina. PSC Researcher: B. A. Anderson.

MacArthur Foundation. Racial Differ-ences in the Occupational and Income Re-turns to Schooling in South Africa. PSC Re-searcher: D. Harris.

Michigan Exploratory Center on theDemography of Aging. Pilot Project Grant.Career Change at Midlife and Psychologi-cal Adjustment. PSC Researcher: D. Carr.

Michigan Exploratory Center on theDemography of Aging. Pilot Project Grant.The Relationship Between SocioeconomicStatus and Health: Are There Similar Pat-terns for Men and Women. PSC Researcher:D. Carr.

Milken Institute. U.S. DemographicStudies with the Milken Institute. PSC Re-searcher: W. H. Frey (9/98-3/99).

National Institute of Child Health andHuman Development. Demographic Dataand the Internet. PSC Researcher: B. A.Anderson

National Institute of Child Health andHuman Development (1R01 HD34279-01).Intergenerational Panel Study of Mothersand Children. PSC Researcher: W. Axinn (inparallel with A. Thornton) (1/97-12/99).

National Institute of Child Health andHuman Development. Population andHealth in Tibet and Southern China. PSC Re-searcher: B. A. Anderson.

National Institute of Child Health andHuman Development (1R01 HD33551-01).Reciprocal Relations Between Populationand Environment. PSC Researcher: W. Axinn& A. Thornton (Co-PI) (9/95-2/01).

National Institute of Child Health andHuman Development. Social ScienceTraining in Population Studies. PSC Re-searcher: A. D. Thornton (5/97-4/02).

National Institute of Child Health andHuman Development. Training in Socialand Economic Demography. PSC Re-searcher: A. I. Hermalin (7/92-4/97).

National Institute on Aging (R03AG16143). Survey Measures of Preference

Following is a selected listing of grants PSC associates were involved in during September 1, 1996�August 31, 1998.

Parameters. PSC Researcher: R. J. Willis(M. Kimball [PI], Uof Michigan) (5/98-4/99).

National Institute of Child Health andHuman Development. Changing Structureof U.S. Metropolitan Migration. PSC Re-searcher: W. H. Frey (7/94-02/00).

National Institute of Child Health andHuman Development. Family, School,Neighborhood Resources, and Child Devel-opment. PSC Researcher: S. L. Hofferth (12/95-12/00).

National Institute of Child Health andHuman Development. Nonresidential Fa-thers� Socioeconomic Ties to Children. PSCResearcher: P. Smock (6/97-5/00).

National Institute of Child Health andHuman Development. Influence of Paren-tal Family on Well-Being of Children. PSCResearchers: A. Thornton, W. G. Axinn, &G. Binstock (8/93-7/98).

National Institute of Child Health andHuman Development. IntergenerationalPanel Study of Parents and Children. PSCResearchers: A. Thornton, W. G. Axinn, YuXie, & G. Binstock. Period of Study: 1/97-12/99.

National Institute of Child Health andHuman Development/The PennsylvaniaState University. Changing Social Contextsand Family Formation. PSC Researchers: W.Axinn, T. Fricke, & A. Thornton (9/94-12/99).

National Institute of Child Health andHuman Development/Northwestern Uni-versity. Family and Child Well-Being Re-search Network. PSC Researcher: S. L.Hofferth (8/93-3/99).

National Institute of Child Health andHuman Development/Fogarty Interna-tional Center. Determinants of FertilityPreferences in Southeast Asia. PSC Re-searchers: D. A. Lam , A. I. Hermalin, B.Anderson, J. Knodel, T. Fricke, A. Thornton,Yu Xie, W. G. Axinn, & R. Freedman (9/95-9/00).

National Institute of Child Health andHuman Development/University of Vir-ginia. Child Support and the Earnings Ca-pacity of Absent Fathers. PSC Researcher:R. J. Willis (M. J. Brien [PI], University ofVirginia) (6/96-5/98).

National Institute of Child Health andHuman Development/Mellon Foundation.Demographic Effects of MacroeconomicShocks in Brazil. PSC Researcher: D. Lam.(6/97-11/00).




Existing historical data on environmental factors will be merged with historical data on community-level social and institutionalchanges, and individual-level histories of demographic events being gathered by the Chitwan Valley Family Study (CVFS). Wewill also collect new measures of variations in environmental factors in the 151 neighborhoods being studied by the CVFS for twotime periods, and maintain a 3-year household registry from the 1400 sampled households between these time periods, includingmonthly updates on major demographic events and seasonal updates on agricultural activities. By taking detailed measures ofenvironmental variations at two points in time and maintaining a systematic registry of agricultural organization and populationevents during the intervening time, these data will provide the means to assess the reciprocal relations between population pro-cesses and changes in environmental quality over time. Finally, by linking these new data together with data (from the CVFS) onthe changing social and institutional contexts in these communities, we will be able to explore the extent to which these contextualchanges produce the observed links between population and the environment. Funded all or in part by: National Institute of Child Healthand Human Development (NICHD 1R01 HD33551-01). Period of Study: 9/95-6/00.

The Panel Study of Income Dynamics-Waves 25-29. PSC Researchers: S. L. Hofferth & F. Stafford. Having completed its 30thyear of data collection, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) is a longitudinal survey of a representative sample of U.S.men, women, and children and the families in which they reside. Data on employment, income, wealth, housing and food expen-ditures, transfer income, and marital and fertility behavior have been collected annually since 1968. From 5,000 families in 1968,the study grew to include over 10,000 families, including more than 2,000 families of Cuban, Puerto Rican, and Mexican descent,and 30,000 individuals interviewed in 1990 through 1995. The study has collected high-quality intergenerational data on eco-nomic capacity, income, and the transmission of wealth, as well as information on such issues as the long-term effects of lifeevents (early childbearing, divorce, illness) on workers and their families, the relationship of business cycles to economic well-being, and the interaction of labor mobility and geographic mobility. In recent years, the value of the PSID has been furtherextended through matching PSID respondents to Census geocodes, permitting the addition of valuable neighborhood characteris-tics to individual files. In 1997 a sample of immigrants was added to refresh the sample and the entire sample was trimmed toabout 7,000 families. Funded all or in part by: National Science Foundation/DHHS/ National Institute on Aging (NIA). Period of Study: 1/97-12/01.

Welfare Reform, Barriers to Employment and Family Functioning. PSC Researcher: S. Danziger. The project will furtheranalyze two additional waves of data gathered from a random sample of 700 single mothers who received welfare in February1997. We will collect extensive information on welfare recipients� labor market skills, work histories, perceived discrimination,health and mental health status, substance abuse and family level issues. We will evaluate how these factors change in responseand welfare reform and suggest how programs might be modified to better serve disadvantaged recipients. Funded all or in part by:Joyce Foundation. Period of Study: 7/98-8/00.

Inequality, Social Mobility, Race, and Ethnicity

Changing Structure of U.S. Metropolitan Migration. PSC Researcher: W. H. Frey. This project evaluates the changing geo-graphic and demographic structure of U.S. metropolitan migration over the period 1965-1990, and its impact on the populationsof metropolitan areas. Its primary focus is on the analysis of internal migration and immigration streams across metropolitan areasand nonmetropolitan territory for the intervals 1965-70, 1975-80, and 1985-90, using aggregate migration data collected by thedecennial U.S. Census. The project brings together an interdisciplinary team of demographers, geographers, sociologists, andurban specialists. Its goal is to show how changing aggregate migration responses have led to shifts in the social demographicstructures of metropolitan areas. The underlying premise of our investigation is that the regional restructuring of the nation�smetropolitan areas and regions has been occurring in concert with a more segmented migration and redistribution process that willlead to a greater polarization in the social and demographic make-up of areas. Funded all or in part by: National Institute of Child Healthand Human Development (NICHD). Period of Study: 7/94-6/99.

Identity Formation and Social Problems in Estonia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. PSC Researcher: B. A. Anderson. This projectinvolves scholars from the United States, Estonia, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan in a study of changes in identity and in perception ofsocial problems in these countries since the late Soviet period. All of these countries are multi-ethnic, and all have had a substan-tial decline in standard of living since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. However, the perception of the causes and the extentof these problems differs substantially within and across countries. Funded all or in part by: Ford Foundation.

Los Angeles Study of Families and Communities. PSC Researcher: D. Harris. The Los Angeles Study of Families and Commu-nities (LASFC) is a four-year longitudinal survey that will begin gathering data in 1999. Its principal focus is on the relationshipbetween neighborhoods and child development. We plan to collect data on 4,616 households, on 5,959 children under 18 and theirfamilies, and on 65 neighborhoods in Los Angeles County. All census tracts in Los Angeles County will be included in thesampling frame, but poor neighborhoods will be oversampled. The LASFC will collect extensive data on family background,social status and economic status, parenting, social networks, residential mobility, neighborhood conditions, and use of socialservices. In households with children we will also collect information on children�s cognitive, social, behavioral, and emotionaldevelopment; physical growth; academic performance; and, for older children, sexual activity and substance abuse. Funded all or inpart by: RAND subcontract of grant from the National Institutes of Health. Period of Study: 9/98-1/00.


South Africa and PSC: DevelopingResearch and Training Programs

One of the areas of the world in which PSC has hadthe biggest increase in activity in recent years is SouthAfrica. PSC Research Associates Ronald Freedman,Barbara Anderson, David Lam, and David Harris have

visited SouthAfrica to de-velop collabo-rative researchand trainingprograms withseveral SouthAfrican institu-tions. A num-ber of PSCgraduate stu-

dents have also been working in South Africa, includ-ing Heston Phillips, a South African who recently re-turned to the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC)after completing his Ph.D. in Sociology. PSC�s activi-ties are part of a larger set of South African programs inISR and the rest of the University of Michigan, sup-ported by ISR Director David Featherman, and theUniversity�s South African Initiatives Office directedby Oscar Barbarin. PSC Director David Lam spent the 1997-98 academicyear on sabbatical as a Fulbright Senior Researcher atthe University of Cape Town. He worked on a numberof research projects focusing on the demographic andeconomic effects of education, with an emphasis on thelinks between schooling inequality and South Africa�sextreme income inequality. In a project supported bythe Michigan Exploratory Center on Aging and PSC�sMellon Foundation grant, Lam analyzedintergenerational links in human capital across threegenerations, focusing on children, parents, and grand-parents. This project included intensive fieldwork in ahigh school in one of Cape Town�s black townships.During his sabbatical Lam also worked with severalUCT faculty to develop a collaborative Michigan-UCTresearch and training program supported by a grant fromthe Mellon Foundation. The program includes studentand faculty exchanges between Michigan and UCT,workshops on quantitative methods held at UCT, andthe development of a new survey to be collected in theWestern Cape Province. The survey will be modeledafter the well-known Detroit Area Study and will beused for both training and research purposes. PSC faculty have also been involved in a three-yeartraining program developed jointly by ISR and SouthAfrica�s Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC).This program is targeted at young faculty from many ofSouth Africa�s traditionally disadvantaged universities.Other research activities of PSC faculty in South Africainclude a project by Barbara Anderson in collaborationwith the HSRC analyzing the accuracy of survey datacollected by HSRC and a project by David Harris ana-lyzing racial differences in the returns to education.

(Research Projects, continued p. 16)

Mental Health Problems and Welfare Dependence: How strong are thelinks? PSC Researcher: S. Danziger. This project examines the effec-tiveness of existing mental health services in meeting the needs of lowincome women and examine the role mental health problems may playin reducing labor supply. Funded all or in part by: National Institute of MentalHealth. Period of Study: 12/97-11/99.

Poverty Risk and Mental Health. PSC Researcher: S. Danziger. TheResearch and Development Center on Poverty, Risk and Mental Healthat the University of Michigan aims to facilitate research on the linkagesbetween poverty and mental health in four areas: epidemiological stud-ies of the relationships between social class and mental illness; studieson the effect of high-risk environments on child development; preven-tive interventions with low-income high-risk populations; the evalua-tion and delivery of mental health treatment and rehabilitation servicesto the impoverished. Danziger directs the Center and conducts research.Funded all or in part by: National Institute of Mental Health (5R24 MH51363).Period of Study: 7/95-6/00.

Psychiatric Disorders Among Low Income Single Mothers. PSC Re-searcher: S. Danziger. The major aim of this study is to assess the preva-lence and co-morbidity of psychiatric disorders, physical disabilitiesand domestic violence among low income single mothers, and to exam-ine the relationship of these problems to unemployment and dependencyon welfare. Funded all or in part by: National Institute of Mental Health (R24MH57943). Period of Study: 5/98-2/01.

Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Weathering. PSC Researchers: A.Geronimus & J. Bound. African Americans suffer excessive rates ofdiseases and disorders, including cancer, stroke, heart disease, and HIV/AIDS. Racial gaps in some health indicators, including premature mor-tality, may be growing. Racial or socioeconomic differences in morbid-ity and mortality are greatest in the young and middle adult ages.Geronimus proposed an analytic framework in which aging from youththrough middle adulthood is viewed as a �weathering� process reflect-ing how differential life circumstances affect health over time. Thisproject describes age patterns of mortality, activity limitation, and func-tional disability among men and women in a range of extremely socio-economically disadvantaged communities, including Harlem, Detroit,the Mississippi Delta, and Appalachian Kentucky. It focuses on the fol-lowing working hypotheses that follow from the �weathering� analyticframework (1) the functional health of African American adults willdecline more rapidly than the national average, and rates of early mor-tality will be excessive among this group; and (2) the rate of decliningadult functional health and the excess rate of premature death will begreater in socioeconomically disadvantaged communities than in moreaffluent communities, both between and within race, and therefore sub-stantially greater than national averages.

Researchers provide population-level estimates of functional health sta-tus trajectories and mortality regimes faced by young through middle-aged adults (ages 15�65) residing in a regionally diverse set of extremelysocioeconomically disadvantaged geographic areas in 1980 and 1990.For each area a more middle-class population matched on race and witha similar geographic location serves as a comparison. For each studyand comparison population and for the nation as a whole, standard lifetable statistical techniques are applied to analyze vital statistics and cen-sus data to estimate age trajectories of mortality (and its causes) andhealth-induced functional limitation of young through middle-aged menand women. In addition, Geronimus and Bound are exploring whethervariation in health and mortality parameters exists among different typesof poor communities (e.g., rural vs. urban; predominantly black vs. pre-

Photo: Dr. David Lam (back row, center) with projectcollaborators on township schooling in Guguleta, S. Africa.




dominantly white; urban northeastern vs. midwestern). Theproject documents critical aspects of adult health profiles inpersistently poor populations while further illuminating the plau-sibility of �weathering.� Study findings are expected to havepolicy relevance toward reducing morbidity and mortality dif-ferentials and to make empirical and theoretical contributionsto ongoing basic research on the biobehavioral and biosocialprocesses that link social and health inequality. Funded all or inpart by: CDC/NCHS. Period of Study: 9/95-9/98.

Racial Differences in the Occupational and Income Returns toSchooling in South Africa. PSC Researcher: D. Harris. Treiman,McKeever, and Fodor (1996) examine racial differences in SouthAfrica by using data from the 1980 and 1991 South AfricanCensuses to assess returns to education. They find that educa-tional attainment is a good predictor of occupational status, buta relatively weak predictor of income. Moreover, education ex-plains little of the racial differences in income. This persistenteffect of race on income is apparent in 1980 and 1991, thoughit is somewhat smaller in the more recent period. They con-clude that racial stratification in South Africa has operated byinequitably distributing access to educational opportunities andensuring that even when members of different racial groups havesimilar human capital and occupations, whites are compensatedat disproportionately high rates. Harris� work will replicate andextend this study by examining data from the 1994 OctoberHousehold Survey (OHS). The principal advantage of the OHSis that its universe is all South Africans, rather than the restric-tive definition of South Africans employed in the 1980 and 1991Censuses. As a result, Harris can produce estimates that are sub-stantially less biased than those presented by Treiman and hiscolleagues. Funded all or in part by: MacArthur Foundation.

Residential Segregation: Beliefs and Preferences. Principal In-vestigator: R. Farley (PI). Funded all or in part by: NationalScience Foundation�Division of Social Behavioral and Eco-nomic Research. Period of Study: 1996-1999.

Social Mobility of Asian American Youth. PSC Researcher:Yu Xie. This project investigates the social mobility process ofAsian American youth from a social-psychological and life-course perspective. In doing so, the project attempts to recon-cile two seemingly contradictory themes that have been reoc-curring in the literature on Asian Americans. On the one hand,historical and experiential accounts of Asian Americans haveall unambiguously concluded that Asian Americans have beena target of racial discrimination and prejudice. On the otherhand, by objective measures of socioeconomic well-being suchas education, occupation, and income, since World War II anincreasingly significant proportion of Asian Americans haveachieved equal and sometimes superior status to that of whites.The key to understanding this paradox is to recognize AsianAmericans� conscious strategies for coping with societal dis-crimination and overcoming their disadvantages as marginalnewcomers.

Large and nationally representative data sets from three sourcesare being analyzed in this project: (1) National EducationalLongitudinal Survey (NELS) and follow-up surveys; (2) 5%Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) from the 1990 census;(3) and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.

The data will be analyzed at the individual level, with informa-tion pertaining to the following variables: family background,language use, psychological states before, during, and after highschool, future educational and occupational plans, course-tak-ing and scholastic performance in secondary education, collegeentry and financing, field choice and scholastic performance incollege, friendship networks and dating behavior, marriage andchildbearing, and educational and occupational outcomes inearly adulthood. Statistical analyses of these data focus on com-parisons between Asian Americans and other major racial groups(whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and native Americans)and, whenever possible, among different major Asian ethnicgroups (namely Japanese, Chinese, Filipinos, Koreans, AsianIndians, and Southeast Asians) and across nativity status andgenerations. Funded all or in part by: W. T. Grant Foundation. Periodof Study: 7/94-6/99.

Substance Abuse and Welfare Reform. PSC Researcher: S.Danziger. The project will analyze three large data sets andevaluate the relationships among substance abuse, mental healthproblems, welfare recipiency and employment. Implicationsfor welfare reform policy and the provision of substance abusetreatment services will be derived. Funded all or in part by: RobertWood Johnson Foundation. Period of Study: 7/98-6/01.

Survey Measures of Preference Parameters. PSC Researcher:R. J. Willis (and M. Kimball [PI], Univ. of Michigan). Theaims of this project are to gain a better understanding of (1)altruism and its implications for interpersonal transfers, wealthaccumulation, portfolio choice, and other aspects of behavior;(2) risk preference and its implications for portfolio choice; and(3) labor supply and retirement behavior. Funded all or in part by:National Institute on Aging (NIA), R03 AG16143. Period of study: 5/98-4/99.

Why Work Disappears: The Role of Race, Space, and Skills inEmployers� Relocation Decisions. PSC Researcher: D. Harriswith J. Iceland. Over the past 25 years there has been a dramaticdecline in the number of quality jobs located in the inner cities.Consequently, what now remains in inner cities is a group ofpeople, mostly African-Americans, who lack the opportunity tosupport themselves through formal work. One issue that hasbeen neglected by most urban poverty researchers is the rea-sons why firms move. While some have examined such relatedissues as employers� racial preferences and skill requirementsin the modern workplace, no poverty researcher has conducteda comprehensive, empirical study of the role of race, space, andskills in firm relocation decisions. We believe this omissionimpedes our ability to develop effective antipoverty policies. Ifwe are to truly understand urban poverty, we must look not onlyat what happens when work disappears, but also at the reasonswhy work disappears. Our project addresses this gap by usingdata from the Multi-City Employer Survey to assess both whyfirms leave their current sites, and what factors affect their se-lection of new sites. The results of this effort will inform policymakers about the potential effectiveness of antipoverty policiesfocused on residential integration, public transportation, busi-ness taxes, and employer discrimination. Funded all or in part by:Joint Center for Poverty Research�s Small Grant Program; Russell Sageand Rockefeller Foundations. Period of Study: 1/97-6/99.

Women�s Self-Employment: Why Does the Gender Pay GapPersist? PSC Researcher: D. Carr. Self-employed women com-


Knodel, J. (December 1997). A case fornonanthropological qualitative methods for de-mographers. Population and Development Re-view, 23(4): 847-853.

Knodel, J. (1997). The closing of the gen-der gap in schooling: The case of Thailand.Comparative Education, 33(1): 61-86.

Knodel, J. (1998). Using qualitative data forunderstanding old age security and fertility. InA. Basu & A. Aaby (Eds.), The methods anduses of anthropological demography (pp. 57-80). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.

Knodel, J. & Chayovan, N. (December1997). Family support and living arrangementsof Thai elderly. Asia-Pacific Population Jour-nal, 12(4): 51-68.

Knodel, J. & Debavalya, N. (December1997). Living arrangements and support amongthe elderly in South-East Asia: An introduction.Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 12(4): 5-16.

Knodel, J. & Jones, G. W. (December 1996).Post-Cairo population policy: Does promotinggirl�s schooling miss the mark? Population andDevelopment Review, 22(4): 683-702.

Knodel, J., Prachuabmoh Ruffolo, V.,Ratanalangkarn P., & Wongboonsin, K. (No-vember/December 1996). Reproductive prefer-ences and fertility in post-transition Thailand.Studies in Family Planning, 27(6): 307-318.

Knodel, J., Low, B., Saengtienchai, C., &Lucas, R. (1997). An evolutionary perspectiveon Thai sexual attitudes and behavior. The Jour-nal of Sex Research, 34(3): 292-303.

Knodel, J., VanLandingham, M.,Saengtienchai, C., & Pramualratana, A.(1996). Thai views of sexuality and sexual be-havior. Health Transition Review, 6(2): 179-201.

Lam, D. (1997). Demographic variables andincome inequality. In M. K. Rosenzweig & O.Stark (Eds.), Handbook of Population andFamily Economics, Vol. 1B. Elsevier ScienceB.V.

Lam, D. & Levison, D. (1997). Structuraladjustment and family labor supply in LatinAmerica. In G. Tapinos, A. Mason, & J. Bravo(Eds.), Demographic responses to economicadjustment in Latin America (pp. 201-228).Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Lehman, J. & Danziger, S. (1997). Endingwelfare, Leaving the poor to face new risk. Fo-rum for Applied Research and Public Policy,12(4) Winter: 6-17.

Lehman, J. & Danziger, S. (1996). How willwelfare recipients fare in the labor market?Challenge Magazine (March/April): 1-6.

Lillard, L. A., & Willis, R. J. (1997). Mo-tives for intergenerational transfers: Evidencefrom Malaysia. Demography, 34(1): 115-134.

Lin, G. & Yu Xie. (1998). Some additionalconsiderations of loglinear modeling of inter-state migration: A comment on Herting, Grusky,and Rompaey. American Sociological Review,63.

Liu, X., Hermalin, A. I., & Chuang, Y.-L.(1998). The effect of education on mortalityamong older Taiwanese and its pathways. The

Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences,53B(2), S71-S82.

Loeb, S. & Bound, J. (1996). The effect ofmeasured school inputs on academic achieve-ment: Evidence from the 1920s, 1930s, and1940s birth cohorts. Review of Economics andStatistics, LXXVIII: 653-664.

Manning, W. D. & Smock, P. J. (1997).Children�s living arrangements in unmarried-mother families. Journal of Family Issues, 18,526-44.

Morenoff, J. & Sampson, R. (1997). Vio-lent crime and the spatial dynamics of neigh-borhood transition: Chicago, 1970-1990. So-cial Forces, 76(1): 31-64.

Morenoff, J. & Tienda, M. (1997).Underclass neighborhoods in temporal and eco-logical perspective: An illustration from Chi-cago. Annals of the American Academy of Po-litical and Social Science, 551:59-72.

Peracca, S., Knodel, J., & Saengtienchai,C. (1998). Can prostitutes marry? Thai attitudestoward female sex workers. Social Science andMedicine, 47(2):, 255-267.

Sampson, R. & Morenoff, J. (1997). Eco-logical perspectives on the neighborhood con-text of poverty and social organization: Past andpresent (Chapter 1). In G. J. Duncan, J.Brooks-Gunn, & J. L. Aber (Eds.), Neighbor-hood poverty: Context and consequences forchildren, Volume 2 - Conceptual, methodologi-cal, and policy approaches to studying neigh-borhoods. New York: Russell Sage Founda-tion Press.

Sanchez, L. S., W. D. Manning, & Smock,P. J. (1998). Sex-specialized or collaborativemate selection? Union transitions amongcohabitors. Social Science Research, 27, 280-304.

Shauman, K. A. & Yu Xie. (1996). Geo-graphic mobility of scientists: Sex differencesand family constraints. Demography, 33: 455-468.

Singer, B. H., Ryff, C. D., Carr, D., &Magee, W. J. (1998). Linking life histories andmental health: A person-centered strategy. So-ciological Methodology, 28: 1-51.

Smeeding, T., Danziger, S., & Rainwater,L. (1997). Child well-being in the West: To-ward a more effective antipoverty policy. In G.A. Cornia & S. H. Danziger (Eds.), Child pov-erty and deprivation in the industrialized coun-tries, 1945�1995 (pp. 368-389). Oxford:Clarendon Press.

Smock, P. J. (1997). Review of, SmallChange: The economics of child support, byA. H. Beller & J. W. Graham. Journal of PolicyAnalysis and Management, 16(2), 317-19.

Smock, P. J. & Manning, W. D. (1997). Co-habiting partners� economic circumstances andmarriage. Demography, 34(3): 331-341.

Smock, P. J. & Manning, W. D. (1997).Nonresident parents� characteristics and childsupport. Journal of Marriage and the Family,59, 798-808.

Thornton, A. (1996). Comparative and his-torical perspectives on marriage, divorce, andfamily life. In D. Popenoe, J. B. Elshtain, & D.

(Selected Publications, continued. from p. 6)

Blankenorn (Eds.), Promises to keep (pp. 69-87). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Tienda, M., Morenoff, J., & Stier, H.(1997). Demographic, economic, and socialtransformation of Chicago: 1970-1990 (Chap-ter 2). In M. Tienda & H. Stier, Color and op-portunity: Family, welfare and work in the in-ner city. Chicago, IL: University of ChicagoPress.

Titma, M., Silver, B. D., & Anderson, B. A.(Guest Eds.). (1996). Estonia�s transition fromState Socialism: Nationalities and society on theeve of independence. International Journal ofSociology, 26(1,2, & 3).

Weiss, Y., & Willis, R. J. (1997). Matchquality, new information, and marital dissolu-tion. Journal of Labor Economics, 15(1): S293-S329.

Willis, R. J., Hotz, V. J., & Klerman, J.(1998). Economics of fertility in developedcountries: A survey. In M. Rosenzweig & O.Stark (Eds.), Handbook of population econom-ics, Vol. 1A (Chapter 7). Amsterdam, Nether-lands: North-Holland.

Willis, R. J., Wray, L. A., Herzog, A. R., &Wallace, R. B. (1998). The impact of educa-tion and heart attack on smoking cessationamong older adults. Journal of Health and So-cial Behavior.

Yeung, W. J. & Hofferth, S. L. (1998).Family adaptations to income and job loss inthe U.S. Journal of Family and Economic Is-sues, 19(3): 255-283.

Yu Xie. (1996). A demographic approachto studying the process of becoming a scientist/engineer. In National Research Council (Ed.),Careers in science and technology: Interna-tional perspective (pp. 43-57). Washington,DC: National Academy Press.

Yu Xie. (1998). The essential tension be-tween parsimony and accuracy. In A. Raftery(Ed.), Sociological Methodology (pp. 231-236).Washington, DC: The American SociologicalAssociation.

Yu Xie. (1998). The tension between gen-erality and accuracy. Sociological Methods andResearch, 27.

Yu Xie & Goyette, K. (1997). The racialidentification of biracial children with one Asianparent: Evidence from the 1990 Census. So-cial Forces, 76: 547-570.

Yu Xie & Hannum, E. (1996). Regionalvariation in earnings inequality in reform-eraurban China. American Journal of Sociology,101:950-992.

Yu Xie & Shauman, K. A. (1997). Model-ing the sex-typing of occupational choice: In-fluences of occupational structure. Sociologi-cal Methods and Research, 26: 233-261.

Yu Xie & Shauman, K. A. (1998). Sex dif-ferences in research productivity revisited: Newevidence about an old puzzle. American Socio-logical Review, 63.

Zimmer, Z., X. Liu, Hermalin, A., &Chuang, Y.-L. (August 1998). Educational at-tainment and transitions in functional statusamong older Taiwanese. Demography, 35(3),361-375.



prise one of the most rapidly growing categories of workers inthe United States. This increase is difficult to understand froma purely economic perspective, given that the gender discrep-ancy in pay among the self-employed is even more stark thanthe gender discrepancy among wage and salary workers. Thepurpose of this project is to determine the extent to which thegender pay gap existed among self-employed workers in theUnited States in 1990. The analysis uses 1990 U.S. Census datato examine the effects of human capital, industry and occupa-tion, family structure, and work site characteristics on men�sand women�s self-employment earnings. The analyses also ex-amine whether each of these predictors of self-employment earn-ings differs by race and ethnicity. Funded all or in part by: Institutefor Research on Women and Gender (University of Michigan) Pilot ProjectGrant.

Aging and Disability

Alternative Futures for California Elderly: Immigration, Mi-gration, and Aging-In-Place Dynamics. PSC Researcher: W.H. Frey. Assesses alternative scenarios of California�s elderlypopulation, age dependency, and child dependency circum-stances beyond the year 2010. Scenarios will be based on dif-ferent assumptions regarding the State�s immigration patterns.Funded all or in part by: Public Policy Institute of California. Period ofStudy: 8/97-7/99.

Career Change at Midlife and Psychological Adjustment. PSCResearcher: D. Carr. Career change at midlife and beyond isan increasingly common phenomenon, yet relatively little isknown about how career change affects the mental health ofolder adults. The extent to which career change impacts psy-chological adjustment may depend on the type of career changesthat occur, and the context in which these changes occur. Thisproject uses data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study toexamine the psychological consequences of career change, andexamines whether the effects vary based on whether the changeinvolves a shift in the difficulty level of physical and cognitivetasks; whether the career change occurs voluntarily or involun-tarily; and whether the career change is accompanied by a sub-stantial shift in occupational status or autonomy. Funded all or inpart by: Michigan Exploratory Center on the Demography of Aging(MECA) Pilot Project Grant.

Economic Demography of Inter-Age Transfers. PSC Researcher:R. J. Willis (and R. Lee [PI], UC-Berkeley). This work studiesaggregate resource reallocations across age in a comprehensiveway, building on work in mathematical demography, aging, eco-nomic demography, and overlapping generational models.Funded all or in part by: National Institute on Aging (NIA), R37 AG11761-02. Period of study: 4/94-3/99.

Evolutionary Approaches to the Biodemography of Aging. PSCResearcher: D. Lam. The goal of this project is to develop atheoretical framework for addressing issues in thebiodemography of aging. The project builds on existing theo-retical work in evolutionary biology and economics, using evi-dence from anthropological field studies and empirical work ineconomics and demography. Collaborators on the project areanthropologist Hillard Kaplan from the University of NewMexico and economist Theodore Bergstrom from the Univer-sity of California at Santa Barbara. The first aim of the project

is to analyze the interdependence of fertility, human capital in-vestments, and rates of senescence. The project will developtheories to explain patterns of investment in growth and skillacquisition, health and longevity, and reproduction over the lifecycle. These models will build on biological theories of senes-cence, mammalian life history, and on economic theories ofintertemporal substitution and human capital formation. Thesecond aim is to explore evolutionary foundations of humanattitudes toward risk, inter-temporal substitution, andintergenerational flows of wealth. The project will explore prac-tical implications of this theory for explaining human invest-ments, risk-taking, and risk-sharing. The third aim is to im-prove the way that family interactions and sexual reproductionare treated in economic and biological models. Biologists havedeveloped a significant body of theory regarding the relation-ships between mate choice, parental investment, mate-deser-tion, and life history profiles. Economists have developed theo-ries of mate choice, mating markets and bargaining within mar-riages. These two literatures can be enriched by cross-breed-ing. The fourth aim is to integrate these models into a generallife history theory of expenditures on self and descendantsthrough time, providing a better theoretical basis for understand-ing age-specific mortality and fertility schedules. Funded all orin part by: National Institute on Aging (NIA). Period of Study: 8/98-8/01.

The Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and Asset and HealthDynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD). PSC Researcher:R. J. Willis. The HRS and AHEAD are nationally representa-tive longitudinal data collections that examine retirement andthe aging of society. HRS is for two waves of data collection ona panel designed to follow a representative sample of personsof pre-retirement age through the retirement decision. Specialemphasis is given to the measurement of economic and healthstatus variables.AHEAD is for three waves of data collectionon a panel study designed to follow a representative sample ofpersons aged 70 and over in order to provide data on healthtransitions and the ways in which resources�public and pri-vate, financial and familial�are organized in response to suchchanges. HRS funded all or in part by: National Institute on Aging (NIA),UO1 AG12980-04. Period of study: 7/95-12/99. AHEAD funded all or inpart by: National Institute on Aging (NIA), UO1 AGO9740-09. Period ofstudy: 7/95-12/99.

Migration and Redistribution of the U.S. Elderly. PSC Research-ers: W. H. Frey & Yu Xie. This project involves an integratedset of analyses that link elderly migration to elderly populationredistribution across U.S. states and metropolitan areas using1990 census data. Its goals are to identify the selectivity anddeterminants of elderly migration streams across a nation-widespatial system, and to determine the relative contribution ofmigration and aging-in-place for the size and composition ofthe elderly populations for individual areas (states and metro-politan areas).

These aggregate-level analyses utilize multivariate analyses andpopulation projection techniques common to studies in demog-raphy, sociology, and geography. They employ the combined1990 census PUMS 5% and PUMS 3% files, as well as specialunsuppressed full sample migration tabulations from the 1990,1980, and 1970 U.S. censuses. The availability of these largefiles, utilized with several analytic techniques, makes it pos-sible to update and integrate the findings of earlier, separate

(Research Projects, continued from p.17)


National Institute of Mental Health(5R24 MH51363). Poverty Risk and Men-tal Health. PSC Researcher: S. Danziger (7/95-6/00).

National Institute of Mental Health(R24 MH57943). Psychiatric DisordersAmong Low Income Single Mothers. PSCResearcher: S. Danziger (5/98-2/01).

National Institute of Mental Health.Mental Health Problems and Welfare De-pendence: How strong are the links? PSCResearcher: S. Danziger (12/97-11/99).

National Institute on Aging (P20AG12846). Michigan Exploratory Cen-ter on the Demography of Aging (MECA).PSC Researchers: R. J. Willis & A.Hermalin (9/94-12/99).

National Institute on Aging (R37AG11761-02). Economic Demography ofInter-Age Transfers. PSC Researcher:R.J. Willis (R. Lee [PI], UC-Berkeley)(4/94-3/99).

National Institute on Aging (UO1AG12980-04). Asset and Health Dynam-ics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD). PSCResearcher: R. J. Willis (7/95-12/99).

National Institute on Aging (UO1AGO9740-09). Health and Retirement Study(HRS). PSC Researcher: R. J. Willis (7/95-12/99).

National Institute on Aging. Evolution-ary Approaches to the Biodemography ofAging.PSC Researcher: D. Lam (8/98-2/02).

National Institute on Aging. Migrationand Redistribution of the U.S. Elderly. PSCResearchers: W. H. Frey & Yu Xie (8/94-7/99).

National Institute on Aging. Rapid De-mographic Change and Welfare of the Eld-erly. PSC Researchers: A. I. Hermalin & J.Knodel (4/94-9/99).

National Institute on Aging. Impact OfThe HIV/AIDS Epidemic Upon the OlderPopulation In Thailand. PSC researchers: J.Knodel & C. Saengtienchai in collaborationwith M. VanLandingham (U of Texas) andWassana Im-em (Mahidol University) (6/98-2/00).

National Institute on Aging. Training inthe Demography and Economics of Aging.PSC Researcher: A. D. Thornton (5/97-6/02).

National Institute on Aging. Training inthe Demography of Aging. PSC Researcher:A. I. Hermalin (7/92-4/97).

National Institutes of Health. Measur-ing the Effects of Health on Retirement Be-havior. PSC Researcher: J. Bound (3/97-6/00).

National Institutes of Health. Popula-tion Studies Center Core Grant. PSC Re-searcher: D. Lam (7/97-12/99).

National Institutes of Health. The Viet-namese Elderly in a Time of Change. PSCResearcher: J. E. Knodel (8/97-1/00).

National Institutes of Health. Social En-vironment and Health Among Older Chinese.PSC Researcher: A. I. Hermalin (3/97-2/99).

National Institutes of Health. The Geo-graphic Dynamics of Elderly Migration inThe U.S. PSC Researcher: Lin, G. (9/98-2/00).

National Institutes of Health. Well-Be-ing and Aging in Japan. PSC Researcher: J.W. Traphagan (9/98-2/00).

National Institutes of Health/PDQ. In-teractive Curriculum Materials Using U.S.Census Data. PSC Researcher: B. A. Ander-son (5/98-4/99).

National Science Foundation. A �Net-worked� Social Science Laboratory: In-Per-son and Virtual Workshops. PSC Research-ers: W. H. Frey & B. Anderson (1/96-6/00).

National Science Foundation/Depart-ment of Education. Social Science DataAnalysis and the Curriculum in High Schoolsand Colleges. PSC Researcher: B. A. Ander-son.

National Science Foundation (SES-9257724).Young Investigator Award. PSCResearcher: W. Axinn (9/92-7/99).

National Science Foundation. Young In-vestigator Award. PSC Researcher: Yu Xie(7/92-2/00).

National Science Foundation/DHHS/National Institute on Aging. The PanelStudy of Income Dynamics-Waves 25-29.PSC Researchers: S. L. Hofferth & F.Stafford (1/97-12/01).

National Science Foundation�Divisionof Social Behavioral and Economic Re-search. Residential Segregation: Beliefs andPreferences. PSC Researcher: R. Farley.(1996-1999).

Population Reference Bureau, Inc. U.S.Population and Census Issues: Audiences,Access, Website Dev. PSC Researcher: W.H. Frey (10/98-6/99).

Public Policy Institute of California. Al-ternative Futures for California Elderly: Im-migration, Migration, and Aging-In-PlaceDynamics. PSC Researcher: W. H. Frey (8/97-7/99).

RAND (subcontract of grant from the Na-tional Institutes of Health). Los AngelesStudy of Families and Communities. PSCResearcher: D. Harris (9/98-1/00).

(Recent Grants continued from p. 13)

Photo: Drs. Deborah Carr and Pamela Smock(front row, third & fourth from left) with FamilyDemography Workshop students , Vietnam, June1998.

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.Substance Abuse and Welfare Reform. PSCResearcher: S. Danziger (7/98-6/01).

Rockefeller Foundation. The SpatialDistribution of Black and Hispanic Employ-ment, Central City-Sub. PSC Researcher: J.Bound (9/96-12/99).

Rockefeller Foundation. Why Work Dis-appears: The Role of Race, Space, & Skillsin Employers� Relocation. PSC Researcher:D. R. Harris (7/97-6/99).

Russell Sage Foundation. Why Work Dis-appears: The Role Of Race, Space & SkillsIn Employers Relocation. PSC Researcher:

D. R. Harris (9/97-6/99). Social Security Administration. Sub-contract from MRRC. PSC Researcher:J. Bound (10/98-3/00). Social Security Administration. TheMichigan Retirement Research Center.PSC Researcher: L. A. Lillard, Directorof MRRC. SSRC, National Council for Sovietand East European Research, NSF,UN Economic Commission for Eu-rope. Population and Family Change inEstonia in a Period of Transition. PSC

Researcher: B. A. Anderson.The William and Flora Hewlett Foun-

dation. Population Studies Center Researchand Training. PSC Researcher: A. D.Thornton (11/95-4/99).

United Nations Fund For PopulationActivities. Demographic Training for Up-grading Research & Data Analysis Capac-ity. PSC Researcher: B. A. Anderson (5/96-12/99).

USAID. Evaluation of Family PlanningProgram Impact. PSC Researcher: A. I.Hermalin (and A. O. Tsui [PI], Universityof N. Carolina).

U.S. Department of Commerce. Accessand Analysis of the U.S. Census Bureau�sAmerican Community Survey. PSC Re-searcher: W. H. Frey (4/98-9/99).

W. T. Grant Foundation. Health andPoor Families. PSC Researchers: A.Geronimus & J. Bound (1/94-12/99).

W. T. Grant Foundation. Social Mobil-ity of Asian American Youth. PSC Re-searcher: Yu Xie (7/94-6/99).

World Bank. Planning for Data Collec-tion and Data Analysis in Estonia. PSC Re-searcher: B. A. Anderson.


studies of elderly migration and redistribution into a single in-vestigation. Funded all or in part by: National Institute on Aging (NIA).Period of Study: 8/94-7/99.

Michigan Exploratory Center on Demography of Aging(MECA). PSC Researchers: A. I. Hermalin & R. J. Willis.The Michigan Exploratory Center on the Demography of Ag-ing (MECA) is a joint venture of the Population Studies Center(PSC) and the Institute for Social Research (ISR). MECA fo-cuses on research at the intersection of demography, econom-ics, and health, and specializes in the management, dissemina-tion, and analysis of several large datasets, such as the Healthand Retirement Survey and the U.S. Census. MECA currentlylists 24 faculty affiliates, based mainly at the Population Stud-ies Center, Institute for Social Research, and School of PublicHealth.

MECA affiliates direct several major research projects with fullor partial funding from NIA. They include the HRS and AHEADStudies, PSID-NIA supplements, Rapid Demographic Changeand the Welfare of the Elderly, and Migration and Redistribu-tion of the U.S. Elderly. In addition to enhancing the dissemi-nation of these major studies within the University and to thelarger research community, MECA directly supports severalpilot projects. The pilot program aims to attract researchers totopics in aging and encourages them to use new or existing datain innovative ways. Proposals are competitively reviewed bythe MECA Advisory Committee. MECA also supports a seriesof workshops on a variety of aging topics to disseminate tech-niques and experience with the use of various datasets. Fundedall or in part by: National Institute on Aging (NIA), P20 AG12846. Periodof Study: 9/94-8/99.

Rapid Demographic Change and Welfare of the Elderly. PSCResearchers: A. I. Hermalin & J. Knodel. The major objec-tive of this research is to provide a comprehensive and com-parative study of the elderly population, defined as persons age60 and above, in four Asian countries: the Philippines, Taiwan,Thailand, and Singapore. The six major areas of inquiry are (1)current and future demographic significance of the elderly popu-lation, (2) the nature of and trends in the cultural, socio-eco-nomic, and governmental policies relevant to the elderly; (3)current position of the elderly defined in terms of social, eco-nomic, emotional, and physical well-being and major differen-tials by subgroup, (4) the exchange systems affecting the natureand extent of support received by the elderly, (5) modificationsof these systems in response to social and economic change,and (6) implications for policies and programs related to theprovision of social and economic support of the aged.

The research design contains four interrelated approaches: amacro-analysis of the cultural, developmental, demographic, andgovernmental factors that affect the statuses and needs of theelderly and the support systems with which they interact; mi-cro-analyses of large-scale surveys that obtained informationon marital status, living arrangements, labor force participation,health status and health service utilization, economic well-be-ing, and support from various sources; systematic qualitativedata obtained via a series of focus group sessions in each coun-try; structured workshops and research collaborations to enhancecross-cultural and comparative analysis. The results of the studywill add considerably to the knowledge of the health and well-

being of the elderly in developing countries and to their needsfor various types of services, and thus will prove directly rel-evant for social policy and health planning. Funded all or in partby: National Institute on Aging (NIA). Period of Study: 4/94-3/99.

The Effects of Health on Retirement Behavior. PSC Researcher:J. Bound. This project addresses the interplay between healthand labor market behavior in the later part of the working life.Although the significance of health for the retirement transi-tion has generally been recognized, existing investigations ofthis effect have been hampered by the lack of longitudinal datacontaining adequate information on health status and on thefinancial constraints individuals face. As a result, importantquestions remain regarding the magnitude of the effects of healthon labor force behavior and regarding the extent to which healthstatus interacts with personal, economic and job characteristicsto affect retirement transitions.

Using the new Health and Retirement Survey (HRS), a nationalsurvey of adults aged 5-62 at baseline, this study will analyzethe effect of health on retirement within the context of a well-specified longitudinal economic model. The research will esti-mate the effects of health and changes in health on labor forceexit between Wave 1 (1992-93) and Wave 2 (1994) of the HRS.It will also pay particular attention to concerns from earlier re-search regarding the limitations of self-reported health data.Specifically, it will use latent variable techniques to model healthstatus, explicitly addressing issues of endogeneity and measure-ment error in self-reported data on work disability, general health,functional limitation, morbidity and other health indicators. Inaddition, it will explore the theoretical and empirical implica-tions of modeling health in different ways.

This study is important because it will be among the first tofully utilize the rich HRS health measures in longitudinal mod-els of retirement behavior. The HRS was designed with carefulattention to measuring health status in self-reported surveys,and includes more detailed health information than has previ-ously been available in labor force surveys. This research in-tends to provide additional insight into the quality and possibleuses of these data. The findings should improve understandingof labor market behavior, guide future research on health statusand retirement behavior, and inform the design of future socialscience surveys. In addition, the findings may quantify the pos-sible limitations of using datasets with less detailed health mea-sures. This project funded all or in part by: The National Institute onAging. Period of Study: 1997-1999.

The Michigan Retirement Research Center. PSC Researcher:Lee A. Lillard , Director. The Michigan Retirement ResearchCenter (MRRC) will serve as a national resource fostering highquality research, communication, and education related to So-cial Security, pension and retirement related policies. The MRRCis one of two Centers funded by the Social Security Adminis-tration as part of a Consortium whose purpose is to benefit thepublic through four sets of activities. Research and evaluation,dissemination, training and education, and Facilitation of datausage. The MRRC plans, initiates, and maintains a research pro-gram of high caliber. There is a special emphasis on retirementincome policy and the protection of low-income workers andtheir families from economic loss due to retirement, death, ordisability as well as issues related to long-range solvency. The




he Population Studies Center (PSC) is a research andtraining center within the Institute for Social Research

at the University of Michigan. PSC is not a degree-grantingunit, but it provides apprenticeship training and fellowshipsupport to Ph.D. students in Sociology, Economics, and An-thropology. Predoctoral trainees complete all of the regularrequirements for a Ph.D. in Sociology, Economics, or An-thropology, supplementing the regular graduate program withspecialized training in demography. Fellowships for Ph.D.students are provided by training grants to the Center fromthe National Institute of Child Health and Human Develop-ment (NICHD), the National Institute on Aging (NIA), andthe William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Fellowships fromNICHD and NIA are restricted to U.S. citizens and perma-nent residents. Fellowships from the Hewlett Foundation arelimited to students from developing countries. Students of-ten receive support from a variety of additional sources, in-cluding University of Michigan fellowships, departmentalteaching fellowships, and national and international agencies.Sociology students receiving Center support are typicallyawarded fellowships from PSC at the time they are admittedto the Sociology graduate program. Economics and Anthro-pology students usually receive support after the first or sec-ond year of their Ph.D. program.

The students� traineeships are supplemented by a variety ofother formal and informal activities at the Center. Traineesare expected to participate in a Research Seminar in SocialDemography, which includes a weekly brown bag speakerseries and a biweekly Student Research Forum. They are alsoencouraged to attend other relevant seminars, especially theEconomic Demography and Labor Seminar in the Depart-ment of Economics, the Family Studies Seminar at the Sur-vey Research Center, and seminars on the demography ofaging. In a series of one-hour noncredit training sessions,first-year students learn basic computer techniques and aregiven the opportunity to familiarize themselves with theCenter�s library of tapes and programs and their applicationto problems of population analysis. Admission into the predoctoral training program is obtainedthrough the separate departments. Students submit applica-tions to the specific department�s Ph.D. program. Studentsare also encouraged to notify the Population Studies Center�sAssociate Director of their interest in demographic special-ization during their Ph.D. program. For additional information on the Center�s training pro-gram and a description of the application procedure, pleasesee our web page on training (http://www.psc.lsa.umich.edu/training) or write to:

Yu Xie, Ph.D., Associate DirectorPopulation Studies CenterThe University of MichiganPO Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI [email protected]

POST-DOCTORAL TRAINING

Post-doctoral scholars are an important part of the intel-lectual life of the Population Studies Center. The Center cur-rently has postdoctoral programs supported by funds fromthe National Institute of Child Health and Human Develop-ment (NICHD), the National Institute on Aging (NIA), andthe Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. The NICHD post-doc-toral program supports researchers working on any type ofdemographic research. The NIA postdoctoral program isfocused on research on the economics and demography ofaging. The Mellon Foundation post-doctoral program isfocused on social and cultural determinants of fertility in de-veloping countries, with an emphasis on fieldwork in devel-oping countries. Five to seven postdoctoral scholars are inresidence at one time. Scholars can be recent Ph.D.s or more experienced re-searchers. Some postdoctoral scholars are already fully trainedin population research; others have research interests and ex-perience in areas related to population but wish to acquirefurther training in population research and direct their re-search more towards population concerns. The Center�s abil-ity to offer such fellowships varies from year to year. Poten-tial applicants should write to PSC Director, Dr. David Lam.

TPRE-DOCTORAL TRAINING

COURSES

Sociology 530 Introduction to Population StudiesSociology 535 The Urban CommunitySociology 544 Sociology of Families and KinshipSociology 595 Special Topics: U.S. Population Trends;

Migration and Urbanization; Population Policy and the Family; Sociology of Fertility; Sociology of Life Course and Aging; Population Issues: Gender Stratification

Sociology 597 Social Aspects of MortalitySociology 595 Demography of AgingSociology 622 Social StratificationSociology 630 Research Methods in Population and

Human EcologySociology 631 Advanced Population MethodsSociology 633 Historical DemographySociology 830/831 Seminars in Population and Human

EcologySociology 895 Issues in Health and Aging ResearchEconomics 466 Economics of PopulationEconomics 621 Economics of Human CapitalEconomics 667 The Economics of PopulationGrowthEconomics 867/868 Seminar in the Economics of PopulationSocial Work 846 Poverty, the Underclass and Public

PolicyAnthropology 543 Demographic Approaches in

AnthropologyAnthropology 558 Research Issues in Family and Kinship

TRAINING PROGRAM


MARY P. ARENDS-KUENNING (1996). �Changing Opportunitiesand Constraints: Women in Bangladesh and Brazil in the1980�s.� Dr. Arends-Kuenning is an Assistant Professor in theDepartment of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, Universityof Illinois, Champaign-Urbana, IL.

MEGAN BECKETT (1997). �Socioeconomic Inequalities inHealth over the Life-Cycle: reexamining the role of healthbehaviors.� Dr. Beckett is a Postdoctoral Fellow at RAND,Santa Monica, CA.

CHIQUITA COLLINS (1996). �An Examination of the Black-White Adult Mortality Disparity: The Role of SocioeconomicStatus (SES) and Residential Segregation.� Dr. Collins is anAssistant Professor in the Department of Sociology, University ofIllinois, Chicago, IL.

SUZANNE DURYEA (1997). �Family Labor Supply and School-ing in Brazil.� Dr. Duryea is a Consulting Economist, Inter-American Development Bank, Office of the Chief Economist,Washington, DC.

LISA M. GODEK (1998). �Increasing Adult Mortality in Ukraine,1965-1994: The Contributions of Alcohol and Tobacco Abuse.�Dr. Godek is an Associate Project Director, Princeton SurveyResearch Associates, Princeton, NJ.

STEVEN J. HAIDER (1998). �Econometric Studies of Long-RunEarnings Inequality.� Dr. Haider is a Research Associate,RAND, Santa Monica, CA.

EMILY HANNUM-DEMOPOLOS (1997). �Educational Inequality:Hidden Consequences of the Reform Era in Rural China.� Dr.Hannum-Demopolos is an Assistant Professor in AdministrationPlanning and Social Policy, Harvard Graduate School ofEducation, Cambridge, MA.

MARIANNE M. HILLEMEIER (1998). �Racial and SocioeconomicDifferentials in Childhood Mortality in the U.S., 1980-1990.�Dr. Hillemeier is a Research Investigator in the Department ofObstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan MedicalCenter, Ann Arbor, MI.

ZEINAB KHADR (1997). �Living Arrangements and SocialSupport System of the Older Population in ContemporaryEgypt.� Dr. Khadr is an Assistant Professor in the Department ofStatistics Faculty of Economics and Political Science, CairoUniversity, Egypt.

CHEONG-SEOK KIM (1998). �Living Arrangements of KoreanElderly Parents: Preferences and Actual Circumstances.� Dr.

Kim is a Research Assistant at Population Studies Center,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

AMY K. LEE-BOONSTRA (1997). �Determinants of Employmentamong Korean American, Chinese American, and WhiteAmerican Women in Comparative Perspective.� Dr. Lee-Boonstra is a Database Marketing Analyst, Econometrics, Inc.,Chicago, IL.

JINYUN LIU (1998). �Family Composition Preference andReproductive Behavior in Beijing, China.� Dr. Liu is a SeniorResearch Associate in the Survey Research Center at ISR, AnnArbor, MI.

SUSANNA LOEB (1998). �Education policy and equity ineducation.� Dr. Loeb is an Assistant Professor in the Departmentof Economics, University of California-Davis.

HESTON E. PHILLIPS (1997). �Use of Prenatal Care in SouthAfrica.� Dr. Phillips is a Chief Researcher, Human SciencesResearch Council, Pretoria, South Africa.

KIMBERLEE AKIN SHAUMAN (1997). �Sociology of education:Headstart.� Dr. Shauman is Assistant Professor at Department ofSociology, University of California, Davis, CA.

SHIAU-PING ROSA SHIH (1997). �Private Considerations underPublic Constraints: Retirement Processes in Changing Society.�Dr. Shih is Staff Director at Bell Atlantic, New York, NY.

BARBARA A. SMITH (1997). �Changes in Labor Demand and theEmployment of Older Men.� Dr. Smith is Assistant Professor ofEconomics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA.

SHARON KHATRY-CHHETRI STASH (1996). �The Demand forChildren and the Demand for Family Planning among Wives andTheir Husbands in Rural Nepal.� Dr. Stash is a Mellon Post-docat University of Pennsylvania, Population Studies Center,Philadelphia, PA.

SARAH E. TURNER (1997). �The economics of higher education:labor and public questions.� Dr. Turner is Assistant Professor ofEducation & Economics, University of Virginia, Curry School ofEconomics, Charlottesville, VA.

ZACHARY S. ZIMMER (1998). �Education Differentials inFunctional Status among Older Adults in Three Asian Societies:Taiwan, Thailand, and the Philippines.� Dr. Zimmer is AssistantProfessor, Department of Sociology, University of Nevada, LasVegas, NV.

DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS COMPLETED 1996�1998

RECENT POST-DOCTORAL SCHOLARS

CAMERON CAMPBELL, NICHD Postdoctoral Scholar (1994-96)

ANGELIQUE CHAN, NIA Postdoctoral Scholar (1995-97)

JEFFREY DOMINITZ, NIA Postdoctoral Scholar (1994-96)

NADRA FRANKLIN, Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow (1996-98)

DANIEL GOODKIND, Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow(1995-97)

JOHN ICELAND, NICHD Postdoctoral Scholar (1996-98)

GE LIN, NIA Postdoctoral Scholar (1996-98)

BETTINA SHELL-DUNCAN, Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow (1994-96)

TODD STINEBRICKNER, NIA Postdoctoral Scholar(1996-98)

KAREN SWALLEN, NIA Postdoctoral Scholar (1996-98)

TIMOTHY WAIDMANN, NIA Postdoctoral Scholar (1994-96)

Pictured (center of photo,with the number 5 bib):Current PSC Post-Doctoral Fellow, Dr.John Traphagan,conducting fieldworkon the social context ofGateball and olderpeople in rural Japan.


ALUMNI PROFILE

PSC ALUM IS PAA PRESIDENT-ELECT

r. Suzanne M. Bianchi, a 1978 Population Studies Center alum, was recently electedyear 2000 President of the Population Association of America (PAA). PAA is a

nonprofit, scientific, professional organization established to promote the improvement,advancement, and progress of the human race through human population research. �PAAis a very collegial well-run organization with strong interdisciplinary linkages and ex-changes. I want to see this continue to happen and move forward,� says Dr. Bianchi. Herown areas of specialty are family demography and, in particular, issues of gender workand social inequality.

The PAA holds an annual conference that encourages interdisciplinary exchanges throughthe presentation of scientific papers, workshops, and discussions. One of Dr. Bianchi�sduties as President-Elect is to put together the program for the year 2000 meeting which

will be held March 23-25 in Los Angeles, Cali-fornia. Bianchi noted that invited sessions ofnext year�s meeting will highlight Census 2000 activities as well as internationaldemographic and population issues. �The annual PAA meeting has always been aforum for international exchange and will be increasingly focused on global popu-lation issues,� she said. Delivering the presidential address at the annual meetingwill be one of her major duties as PAA President.

Other significant responsibilities Dr. Bianchi will have as President include han-dling public affairs, filling committee responsibilities, and overseeing financial as-

pects of the organization in collaboration with the Board of Directors and other officers of the association.

Dr. Bianchi, Professor of Sociology, is a Faculty Associate and Acting Director (1994-1995; 1998-1999) of the Center onPopulation, Gender, and Social Inequality at the University of Maryland, College Park. Before joining The University ofMaryland in 1994, she was Assistant Chief for Social and Demographic Statistics, Population Division, U.S. Bureau of theCensus where she oversaw several of the substantive branches.

The experience gained during her 16-year career at the U.S. Census Bureau lendsitself well both to her position as PAA President-Elect and to her position at theUniversity of Maryland. Thematically, Dr. Bianchi�s research focuses on issuesof gender, family, and economic inequality. These research areas fit well with thecenter and with the Sociology department; gender work and family are specialtyareas within Maryland�s graduate program.

When asked about her time spent with PSC at the University of Michigan, Bianchisaid that the interdisciplinary nature of the center created a lot of opportunities�both formally and informally. She has maintained a close professional relation-ship with Dr. Reynolds Farley, her dissertation director at PSC. �Students hadaccess to resources that were incredible and that were not available at other places,�she said. In particular, Dr. Bianchi said she benefited greatly from the program-ming staff when she worked with large datasets. �The informal socializationbetween faculty and grad students at PSC back then is something I would like torecreate at Maryland�it was a comfortable place to interact,� remembered Dr.Bianchi. On a personal note, she is married to a fellow PSC alum, Dr. MarkBrowning, who was in the Economic Demography Program. She remembers hertime at PSC by summing, �[PSC] was a wonderful place to be trained in demog-

raphy and to be launched into the professional world.�

Dr. Bianchi earned the doctorate in Sociology from the University of Michigan in 1978, the M.A. (1974) in Sociology fromUniversity of Notre Dame, and the B.A. in Sociology (1973, Summa Cum Laude) from Creighton University.

�[PSC] was a wonderfulplace to be trained indemography and to be

launched into theprofessional world.�

�DR. SUSAN M. BIANCHI

Dr. Bianchi has over 50 publications toher credit. Her most recent include:

Spain, Daphne and Suzanne M.Bianchi. (1996). �Balancing Act:Motherhood, Marriage, and Employ-ment Among American Women.� NewYork: Russell Sage. Bianchi, Suzanne M. (In press).�Feminization and Juvenilization ofPoverty: Trends, Relative Risks, Causes,and Consequences.� Annual Review ofSociology Vol. 25. Bianchi, Suzanne M., Lynne M.Casper, and Pia K. Peltola. (In press).�A Cross-National Look at MarriedWomen�s Economic Dependency.�Gender Issues Vol. 17.

D


The Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic Upon the OlderPopulation in Thailand

J. Knodel & C. Saengtienchai,in collaboration with M.VanLandingham, University ofTexas, and Wassana Im-em,Mahidol University, are con-ducting research to systemati-cally assess how and to whatextent the older population(age 50 and above) is being af-fected by the HIV/AIDS epi-demic in Thailand. More spe-

cifically, the project has five aims: (1) To determine how many older per-sons are affected by AIDS as a result of the infection of their children, chil-dren-in-law, and grand children; (2) To determine the nature of the conse-quences for older persons resulting from HIV infections among their adultchildren, children-in-law, and grand children; (3) To assess the knowledge,attitudes and practices of older persons related to AIDS, including care-giving practices; (4) To assess how many older persons are infected withHIV and dying of AIDS (older PWAs); (5) To assess the characteristics andcircumstances of older PWAs and how these features may differ from thoseof younger adults with AIDS. The researchers are pursuing the aims listed above using a variety of dataand analytical techniques. To estimate the number of older persons impactedby AIDS, theyextract and analyze existing information on the living arrange-ments of younger PWAs from social welfare applications and local healthrecords. They use these data to conduct demographic simulations that willenable them to estimate the number of affected older persons who eventu-ally will be affected. The nature of these impacts for older persons andassessments of AIDS care-giving knowledge and practices among older per-sons will be assessed by original sample surveys designed for this study. The project is funded by the National Institute on Aging through 2000.

Pictured (l-r, front): M. VanLandingham and C. Saengtienchai. (l-r, back): J. Knodeland W. Im-em. Researchers meeting in a traditional Thai library to discuss AIDS project.

MRRC also describes and evaluates retirement policies withan emphasis on OASI-related programs. Communication re-sources are developed to inform the academic community,policymakers, and the public on issues concerning retirementpolicy and economic security during retirement. The MRRChas a professional training program including, but not limitedto, graduate and postgraduate education; intramural exchanges;and formal instruction of policymakers that focuses on the is-sues of retirement policy. Last, the MRRC has undertaken ac-tivities to facilitate research using high quality retirement re-lated data including the Health and Retirement Study (HRS),also collected at SRC, and Social Security administrative datafiles. Funded all or in part by: Social Security Administration.

The Relationship Between Socioeconomic Status and Health:Are There Similar Patterns for Men and Women. PSC Re-searcher: D. Carr. The relationship between socioeconomicstatus and physical health has been widely documented, yetfew studies have examined systematically whether the relation-ship between class and health differs for men and women. This

omission is particularly problematic, given that women com-prise the majority of older Americans in the United States. In1996, the ratio of men to women over age 65 was just 70, andthe ratio drops steadily with advanced age. Although women�slife expectancy, on average, exceeds men�s by six years in theUnited States, a higher proportion of women report chronic dis-abilities the inability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs),and health symptoms that interfere with their quality of life.Policy makers will be forced to develop a more thorough under-standing of the correlates of women�s health and well-being latein life. Our principal objective is to understand the relationshipbetween socioeconomic status and adult health, with an empha-sis on gender differences in the aspects of class that are relevantto physical health. We argue that in order to understand therelationship between socioeconomic status and health amongwomen, work-family tradeoffs, including family characteristicsand life-time labor supply characteristics must be considered.Funded all or in part by: Michigan Exploratory Center on the Demogra-phy of Aging (MECA) Pilot Project Grant.

The Vietnamese Elderly in a Time of Change. PSC Research-ers: J. Knodel & J. Friedman in collaborationwith D. Goodkind (US Census Bureau),Truong Si Anh (Institute of Economic Re-search, Ho Chi Minh City) & Bui The Cuong(Institute of Sociology, Hanoi). This projectis funded by the National Institute of Aging(NIA), National Institutes of Health. It is basedprimarily on two surveys of the elderly takenin the Red River Delta and in the Ho Chi MinhCity area and environs in Vietnam. The projecthas three specific aims: (1) To describe thecurrent living, work, and retirement patternsamong elderly Vietnamese, their sources ofsocial and financial support (family members,pensions), basic health status, daily activities,social networks, and attitudes; (2) To exam-ine regional differences in the current well-being of the elderly, especially differences be-tween the north and the south, and relate theseto cultural traditions as well as recent histori-cal events, including legacy of partition andreunification and recent free market reforms;(3) To examine variations in intergenerationalsupport by family size, family composition andlocation of children in Vietnam. Funded all orin part by: Period of Study: 8/97-1/00.

Education/Training

A �Networked� Social Science Laboratory:In-Person and Virtual Workshops. PSC Re-searchers: W. H. Frey & B. Anderson. Theproblem this project addresses is the �quanti-tative reasoning gap� that has been widely rec-ognized among undergraduate social sciencemajors. The objectives are to (1) introducemore �science� into the social sciences at theearly undergraduate level; (2) make quantita-tive reasoning skills accessible to social sci-ence majors by showing their relevance to




social issues in an active learning setting; (3) prepare students for applied upper-level courses and careers that utilize these skills.The methods are implementation of both traditional in-person workshops and a �virtual�-Internet-accessible-workshop that willenable social science faculty at two- and four-year colleges to exchange data and ideas toward introducing analysis of U.S. Censusdata in their classes. This project will have an impact beyond that in the project period, since the virtual workshop, along with anInternet-accessible library of exercises will be self-sustaining after the conclusion of the project period. In addition to facultygenerally at two- and four-year institutions, the special audiences addressed are minority and disabled faculty, as well as facultyfrom two-year undergraduate institutions and other institutions that provide little or no financial support for involvement in suchactivities. This proposal builds on a Department of Education-funded (FIPSE) collaboration between the University of MichiganPopulation Studies Center (PSC) and a network of 12 colleges of the Great Lakes Colleges Association (GLCA). This existingFIPSE project demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating interactive U.S. Census data analysis via the Internet into existingundergraduate curricula. This proposal to NSF extends to a national community of social science instructors an approach tosharing curricular materials and interactive networking capabilities. Funded all or in part by: National Science Foundation. Period ofStudy: 1/96-12/99.

A Research and Training Program on Poverty and Public Policy. PSC Researcher: S. Danziger. The major goals of this projectare to: (1) Conduct research and training on economic, demographic, political, sociological and social psychological factors thathave been hypothesized as causes and consequences of poverty; (2) Use the Censuses of Population, Current Population Survey,the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the interrelationships amongdemographic and, economic changes and poverty; (3) Undertake studies on how welfare reform and other public policy changesaffect the well-being of families and children. Funded all or in part by: Ford Foundation. Period of Study: 1/96-8/01.

Bringing the Census Into College Classes: Internet Access and Curricular Development. PSC Researchers: W. H. Frey, B.Anderson, & A. Anderson. This project demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating interactive U.S. Census data analysis via theInternet into existing undergraduate curricula. Building on a Department of Education-funded (FIPSE) collaboration between theUniversity of Michigan and a network of 12 colleges of the Great Lakes Colleges Association (GLCA), this project will adaptsoftware to provide Internet data access and curricular materials for social science classes and teachers. The Department ofEducation-funded project uses more traditional PC-based standard-alone data storage, without a capability for users to communi-cate with each other or with the project developers. This project allows direct communication among communities of users andtimely updates of curricular materials and data sets, along with the capability for addressing larger data sets, using more sophisti-cated methods. The project merges computing resources at the University of Michigan Population Studies Center with strongsupport of the GLCA Dean�s Council. The project�s products will be developed for nationwide dissemination. Funded all or in partby: Department of Commerce/TIIAP. Period of Study: 9/95-4/00.

Data Quality and Social Change in South Africa. PSC Researcher: B. A. Anderson. This project is in collaboration with research-ers in South Africa aimed at determining the extent to which apartheid-era data can be used as a baseline for social and economicchange in South Africa. To date, the data from the apartheid era show the typical problems of data from developing countries, andthe overall quality of the data seem to have improved over time. This question is an object of a high degree of policy and scientificconcern both in South Africa and elsewhere in the world. Funded all or in part by: Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa, MellonFoundation.

Demographic Data and the Internet. PSC Researcher: B. A. Anderson. This project, under the direction of Dr. Albert Anderson,has worked to make the use of large data sets, including micro-data from the U.S. Census, easier and quicker to use both instandalone machines and over the Internet. Technical concerns have been tackled in conjunction with consideration of how userswith different levels of experience and sophistication might best access a variety of demographic data. Funded all or in part by:NICHD.

Making Data Analysis Relevant in a Networked Social Services Laboratory. PSC Researcher: W. H. Frey. To strengthen theundergraduate social science experience for students with weak mathematics and science training, this project has developed aprototype team-based �laboratory� course on social and demographic change. The primary goals of the course are: To serve as abridge between introductory issue-oriented courses and specialized social statistics or upper-level courses that utilize social statis-tics; To make social science analysis skills accessible to students with relatively weak preparation in science and math; To demon-strate how these skills are relevant to a range of academic and applied careers; To produce a set of course materials that can beused at other institutions. This course is most appropriate for sophomores or juniors with social science-related career interests,but with little prior exposure to statistics, mathematics, or other analytically oriented courses. While the course is being developedat the University�s Population Studies Center, and taught through the Department of Sociology, it is intended to assist studentswho plan to major in any of the social sciences or related pre-professional programs. It will be developed for general use at othertwo-and four-year institutions. Funded all or in part by: Department of Education/FIPSE. Period of Study: 9/94-8/97.

Planning for Data Collection and Data Analysis in Estonia. PSC Researcher: B. A. Anderson. This project involves helping thegovernment of Estonia plan improvements in data collection and data analysis of income and expenditure surveys and othergovernment data collection activities. It has been a challenge to determine how best to change Soviet-era practices, while at thesame time maintaining comparability with earlier data and maintaining collection of data that are necessary in the Estonian context butwhich might not be as necessary in some other Western countries. Funded all or in part by: World Bank.



Population and Health in Tibet and Southern China. PSC Researcher: B. A. Anderson. This project involves research, training,and technical assistance to data collection and analysis enterprises in Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces of Southern China and inTibet. University researchers and government specialists have learned more effective ways to organize and analyze their data inorder to be useful for policy planning. In addition, collaborative research efforts with American scholars have illuminated issuesof factors related to infant and child mortality, fertility, and intergenerational support. Funded all or in part by: NICHD.

Social Science Data Analysis and the Curriculum in High Schools and Colleges. PSC Researcher: B. A. Anderson. This project,under the direction of Dr. William Frey, addresses the �quantitative reasoning gap� in among high school and college students.The project aims to bring more �science� into the social science curriculum, to make quantitative reasoning more accessible tothose interested in the social sciences by showing the relevance to social issues, and to prepare students for further course workthat has a substantial quantitative component. This project has met with great success with materials, based on use of U.S. Censusmaterials, in being implemented in numerous high schools and colleges throughout the United States in a wide variety of socialscience disciplines. Funded all or in part by: NSF, Department of Education.


IN MEMORIAM

Susan B. EtterDecember 16, 1938�November 8, 1997

usan B. Etter joined the Population StudiesCenter in 1974. She was the Center�s Program

Associate and worked as an administrator at theUniversity of Michigan for 31 years. Those whoworked with her remember Susan as a wonderfulcolleague; she left an indelible impression uponthose who knew her�faculty, staff, and studentsalike. Her professional support and considerationof colleagues is one that continues to be admired. Susan was a loving wife and mother. She wasan avid reader, who also enjoyed cooking, garden-ing, traveling, and spending time in NorthernMichigan with friends and family. Friends of thefamily remember her as an exceptional and gra-cious hostess. A Michigan native, Susan was born in Saginawto Joseph Gore Barr and Maja (Strand) Barr. Shewas a graduate of Saginaw Public Schools. Susanwas a member of Phi Beta Kappa, receiving her Bachelor of Arts degree with high honors from theUniversity of Michigan. She later received her Master�s degree in Sociology, also from the Univer-sity of Michigan. She resided with her husband in Dexter, Michigan. Susan is survived by her husband, three sons, granddaughter, mother, brother, close friends, andseveral aunts, uncles, nieces, and nephews. She was preceded in death by her father and one brother.She is missed by many.

S

Photo: D.C. Goings,UM Photo Services.

DIRECTORDAVID LAM, Research Scientist; Professor,of Economics; Economics TrainingProgram CoordinatorASSOCIATE DIRECTORYU XIE, Director, Training Program; JohnStephenson Perrin Professor of Sociology;Faculty Associate, Survey Research CenterFACULTY ASSOCIATESBARBARA ANDERSON, Research Scientist;Professor of SociologyWILLIAM AXINN, Research Scientist;Professor of Sociology; Senior ResearchScientist, Survey Research CenterJOHN BOUND, Research Scientist; Director,Economic Demography Program;Professor of Economics; Faculty Associate,Survey Research CenterDEBORAH CARR, Assistant ResearchScientist; Assistant Professor of SociologySHELDON DANZIGER, Professor, School ofSocial Work, Public Policy; Director,Poverty Research CenterREYNOLDS FARLEY, Professor of SociologyRONALD FREEDMAN, Roderick D.McKenzie Distinguished ProfessorEmeritus of SociologyWILLIAM FREY, Research Scientist; AdjunctProfessor of SociologyTHOMAS FRICKE, Associate Professor ofAnthropology; Senior Associate ResearchScientist, Survey Research Center;Coordinator, Anthropology TrainingProgramARLINE GERONIMUS, Associate Professorof Health Behavior & Health EducationDAVID HARRIS, Assistant ResearchScientist; Assistant Professor of Sociology;Assistant Research Scientist, SurveyResearch CenterALBERT HERMALIN, Professor Emeritus ofSociology; Research Scientist, PopulationStudies CenterSANDRA HOFFERTH, Senior ResearchScientist, Survey Research Center; AdjunctProfessor of SociologyJOHN KNODEL, Research Scientist;Professor of SociologyLEE LILLARD, Research Scientist; Profes-sor of Economics; Senior ResearchScientist, Survey Research CenterJEFF MORENOFF, Faculty Associate,Survey Research Center; AssistantProfessor of Sociology

EVA MUELLER, Professor Emeritus ofEconomicsPAMELA SMOCK, Assistant Professor ofSociology; Assistant Research Scientist,,Survey Research CenterARLAND THORNTON, Professor ofSociology; Senior Research Scientist,Survey Research Center;ROBERT WILLIS, Professor of Economics;Senior Research Scientist, Survey ResearchCenterFELLOWSJENNIFER BARBER, Mellon Post DoctoralFellow; Assistant Research Scientist;Lecturer II LSA, Sociology DepartmentResearch Investigator, Survey ResearchCenterANN BEUTEL, NICHD Post DoctoralFellow;Research FellowSTEPHANIE FONDA, NIA Post DoctoralFellow;Research Fellow; Research Fellow,Survey Research CenterMARIO SIMS, Research Fellow, School ofSocial WorkMELVIN STEPHENS, JR., NIA Post DoctoralFellow; Research Fellow; Research Fellow,Survey Research Center; Visiting AssistantProfessor II, Economics DepartmentJOHN TRAPHAGAN, NIA Post DoctoralFellow;Adjunct Lecturer, AnthropologyDepartment; Research InvestigatorJENNIFER WARD-BATTS, NIA PostDoctoral FellowRESEARCH AFFILIATESTHEODORE BERGSTROM, Professor ofEconomics, University of California, SantaBarbaraDAVID FEATHERMAN, Director,ISR; SeniorResearch Scientist, ISR; Professor,Sociology; Professor, PsychologyMICHAEL HAINES, Banfi Vintners Distin-guished Professor, Dept of Economics,Colgate UniversityCHARLES HAMMERSLOUGH, DemographicConsultantSIOBAN HARLOW, Assistant Professor,EpidemiologyHARRY HOLZER, Professor, Economics,Michigan State UniversityNAN JOHNSON, Professor, Sociology,Michigan State UniversityHALLIE KINTNER, Staff Research Scientist,General Motors Research LaboratoriesKAO-LEE LIAW, Professor of Geography,McMaster University

CURRENT PSC STAFF

BOBBI LOW, Professor, School of NaturalResources and EnvironmentWENDY MANNING, Assistant Professor,Sociology, Bowling Green State UniversityDAVID NEUMARK, Professor, Economics,Michigan State UniversityMARY BETH OFSTEDAL, AssistantResearch Scientist, PSC; Adjunct AssistantResearch Scientist, Survey Research CenterHIROMI ONO, Assistant Research Scientist,Survey Research CenterAMY M. PIENTA, Assistant Professor,Wayne State UniversityANNA SANTIAGO, Social Work, WayneState UniversityWEI-JUN YUENG, Assistant ResearchScientist, Survey Research CenterSUPPORT STAFFAdministrationTRACENE BOYD, Administrative AssistantNANCY DITMAR, Administrative ManagerSYMANTHA HOLBEN, AdministrativeAssistantJUDY MULLIN, Research SecretaryLORA MYERS, Administrative AssociateINGRID NAAMAN, Research SecretaryCAROL NOWROSKI, Research SecretaryMARY CLAIRE TOOMEY, ResearchSecretaryComputing OperationsFRAN HEITZ, Program AnalystMICHAEL MCINTYRE, Computer SystemsConsultantRICARDO RODRIGUIZ, System AdministratorDAVID SASAKI, Computer SystemsConsultantCATHY SUN, Program AnalystData ArchiveSHERRY BRISKE, Data Archive SpecialistLISA NEIDERT, Senior Research AssociateLibraryNIKA BAREKET, Resource CoordinatorPEARL JOHNSON, Library Assistant,Research SecretaryPublicationsMARI ELLIS, Associate EditorResearch AssociatesELAINE FIELDING, Assistant ResearchScientist; Visiting Assistant ProfessorCHEONG KIM

CAROL ROAN

27

Population Studies Center

Institute for Social Research

The U

niversity of Michigan

426 Thom

pson StreetPO

Box 1248

Ann A

rbor, MI 48106-1248

1996-98 report of the population studies center at the university … · 2011. 1. 18. · the...

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