1996 issue 10 - luke: the lives of the twelve apostles - counsel of chalcedon

8/12/2019 1996 Issue 10 - Luke: The Lives of the Twelve Apostles - Counsel of Chalcedon

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,

The Lives o

the Twelve Apostles

SifftonPeter

We

know

more about Peter than

we do any

of

the other of the

. original Twelve Apostles.

He

ran a

successful fishing business with his

brother. They lived first in

Bethsaida

and then

in Capemaum.

His original name was Simon

ben

jonas,

butjesus

re-named him,

Peter, meaning rock Peter had a

struggle with being stedfast and

stable in his faith in Christ. He

would sometimes sway from one

position

to

its opposite. "He turned

from

trust

to doubt, Mt. 14:28,30;

from open

profeSSion of

Jesus as the

Christ, to

rebuking

that

very Christ,

Mt. 16:16,22;

from a

vehement

declaration

of

loyalty to base

denial, Mat.

26:33-35,

69-75; from

'by no means

shalt thou

wash

my

feet

ever, to not

my feet only

but

also my hands and

head,'

jn.

n8 9 --- Nevenheless,

by the grace

and

power

of

the Lord

this changeable Simon was

transformed into a true Peter."

Hendriksen. Besides writing I arid II

Peter,

he

was probably Mark's

source

of

information for his Gospel;

hence the reason for the early

church

referring

to

Mark

as

"Peter's

interpreter."

Peter's house in Capemaum was

the headquaners of jesus' Gallilean

ministry. He always heads the lists

of

apostles,

and

was probably the

spokesman for the Twelve.

With

James and John, Peter formed an

inner circle ofthree around Jesus,

who alone was allowed to

accompany jesus into the house for

the raising ofJairus's daughter from

the dead, to the Transfiguration and

to share in the agony of the Garden

of Gethsernane. Peter was beaten for

preaching the gospel, walked on the

water, identi

fie

d jesus as "the Christ

the

So

n of

th

e living God," and

played a major role in the book of

Acts

in

the evangelization of the

Jews and then of the Gentiles.

He

was entrusted with the arrangement

for the Last Supper. When Judas

betrayed jesus and the soldiers

arrested Him , Peter tried to defend

Him with his sword; but after the

arrest, he played the part of a

coward, when

he

denied jesus three

times with blasphemy, being

intimidated

by th

e question of a

young girl.

Peter played such an important

role in the early church that, besides

the information on him in the New

Testament,

five

documents from the

early centuries of the church are in

existence on the life and ministry of

Peter: (1). "The Proclamation of

Peter," probably Egyptian in origin

in the second century;

(2).

"The

Apocalypse of Peter" from the

second century;

(3).

"The Gospel of

Pete

r

also from the same period and

p

i

bly

of

Syrian origin; (4). "The

Acts

of

peter

,

from Asia in

th

e

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996

,

second century; and (5). "The

History

of

Peter and Paul" .

circulating in the t )ird century.

The turning point in Peter's life

was the appearance of Jesus to him

after His resurrection, and jesus'

threefold ques ti

on

and commission

to him to "feed

My

sheep." From

th

e Day of Pen ee

OS

on Peter was a

great preacher in the Church, facing

without

fe

ar persecution and

punishment for the cause

of

Christ,

and doing

so

with courage and

humilit

y.

Remember his great

sermon to Cornelius the centurion at

Caesarea: I

most

certainly

understand that

God s

not

one

tD show

partiality

but

in every

nation the man

who

fears Him

and does

what

s

right is

welcome

tD Him. The

word

which

He .

sent

to

the sons

of Israel,

preaching

peace

through

Jesus

Christ He is

Lord

a

all)---you

, yoursel

ve

s know

the thing which

ok

place

throughout

all

Judea, starting

from Galilee,

after the baptism which John

proclaimed. You knowo Jesus

of

Nazareth, how

God

anointed Him with

the

Hol

y

Spirit

and

power, and

how He

went about doing good, and healing

all

who

were oppressed

by

the devil; for

God was with Him.

And

w< are

witnesses of

all

the things He did both

in the land

of

the

Jews

and in

Jerusalem.

And

they also put Him

to

death

by hanging

Him on

a

cross.

God

raised

Him

up on the third

day, and

granted

that He should becomeVisible,

not to

all

the people,

but

to

witnesses

who wer

e

chosen beforehand by God,

that is,

to

us ,

who

ate and drank with

Him

after He

arose from the dead

.

And

He ordered us to preach to the


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people

and

solemnly

to testify

that

this

is the One who has been appointed by

God as Judge oj the living and

the

decu

OJ Him all

the

prophets bear witness

that through His

name

everyone

who

believes

in

Him has received Jorgiveness

ofsins".- Acts 10:34-43

Tradition dates the death of

Peter, and of Paul

as

approximately

A.D.

64, 4uring the persecution of

Christians

by

Nero Caesar, when he

was crucified upside down.

Eusibius relates that Peter's wife was

crucified before Peter and that Peter,

compelled to watch, encouraged her

with the words, "Remember the

Lord." Peter's behaVior led his jailor

to Christ. Peter requested to be .

crucified upside down because

Adam

fell

down from grace

headlong, as it were, and only the

sovereign grace of God and the

omnipotent rule of Christ can

and

will tum

life

ba.ck around in its

proper order.

ndrew

Andrew was the protokletos, i.e.,

"the first to be called" an apostle.

He was Peter's brother, and shared

in a prosperous fishing business

with him. Their home was a house

directly outside the synagogue in

Capemaum, which has been marked

by a shrine for cenrnries. Andrew

was present on the Mouth of Olives

with Peter,James and John, when

Jesus foretold the destruction.of the

temple, Mark 13:4. He was also in

the Upper Room just before

Pentecost, Acts l

Andrew was probably a diSCiple

ofJohn the Baptist,]n. 1:35-39, who

. ntroduced

him

to Jesus. After

coming to Christ, the next day

Andrew brought his brother Peter to

Christ. At the feeding of the five

thousand, Andrew brings to Jesus a

small boy with a picnic of five barley

loaves and two small fish. And just

before the Passover festival in

Jerusalem at the triumphant entry of

Jesus into Jerusalem

on

the Sunday

before His cruCifixion and

resurrection, Andrew and Philip

bring to Jesus some Greeks who

wanted to see Him. "Andrew once

again seems to have been the willing

witness and missionary, introdUcing

first his own brother, Peter,

then

the

boy with the loaves and flshes, and

finally a Gentile delegation to Jesus.

--- Compared with his bombastic

brother, Andrew emerges as a

sensitive and approachable man

who always had time and patience

to listen to inquiries, even from

children and foreigners. He was a

selfless

and

considerate man, who

did not resent the leadership

of

his

brother. -- Although himself a Jew,

he enabled Greeks to meet Jesus and

he has been called the first 'home

missionary' as well as the first

'foreign' missionary of the Christian

Church."- Ronald Brownrigg, THE

TWELVE

APOSTLES,

london,

Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1974),

pg.46f.

Eusebius, the great church

historian of the third century, agrees

with the early tradition that Andrew

missionary endeavors took him to

Scythia, Le., "the wild steppelands

beyond the Carpathians and the

Caucasus, that is, the territory to the

north-east of the Roman Empire,

which is today part of SOUtll

Russia--beyond the Danube and

north of the Black

Sea.

"- Brownrigg,

pg. 47. The Scythians were

unciVilized barbarians, and

according to Josephus, "little

different from wild beasts." It is

interesting that Peter's first epistle

was to towns bordering on Scythia

to the south

of

the Black

Sea

.

The story of Andrew's

martyrdom in Greece exists in

several ancient texts. He was IU'st

beaten

and then

crucified

on

a cross

in the shape

of

an

X.

His hands and

feet were tied to the cross not

nailed. so that his deatll would be

long and torturous with the hope

that he would be eaten alive

by

dogs.

Tradition and legend link

Andrew witll Scotland. In the

seventh centmya monk

named

Regulus, went through a box of

bones and relics of Andrew in

Constantinople, where Andrew's

coffin was transferred in the fourth

century. He took some

of

these

bones with him on his westward

journey to the coast of Fife, (now in

Scotland), where he conVinced

Nechtan,

th

e newly converted king

of

the Piets, that these bones were

really the relics of Andrew the

Apostle. Regulus became the first

Bishop at 51. Andrews Church, and

the ruins

of

this magnificent

church

can still be seen in the most ancient

university town

of

Scotland.

The Picts and the English were at

war

in

those days. The

night

before

the battle Andrew was supposed to .

have visited Hungus, another king

of the Picts, to promise him victory

in

battle. "'On the follOwing day,'

Wlites William Barclay

of

Glasgow,

'a shining cross was seen in the sky

straight above the aIDlY

of

the Picts,

not unlike the same cross that the

apostle died on. The cross vanished

never

out of

the sky till the Victory

succeeded to the Picts. The Picts

advanced to the battle with the cry,

St. Andrew, our patron, be our

guide They utterly defeated the

English who had

been

terrified

seeing the cross shine with awful

beams in the sky.' Since about 750,

Andrew has

been

the patron saint

of

the Scots and his white cross on a

sky-blue background has

been

their

standard."- Brownrigg, pg. 56. This

St. Andrew's cross" is the X on the

Confederate Battle Flag '

Supposedly Andrew

spoke

these

words at his crucifixion: "Hail,

precious cross You have been

consecrated by the body of my Lord,

and adorned with His limbs as rich

jewels. I come to you exulting and

glad. Receive me with joy

into

your arms, good cross, you have

received

beauty

from our Lord's

limbs. -- Receive me into your

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to them right

in the

middle of their

celebration: "Men of Ephesus,

You ...have remained to this day

unchanged towards

the

true

religion, and are

being

corrupted by

your ancient rituals. How many

miracles and cures of diseases have

you seen performed through me?

And yet you are blinded in your

heans, and canllot recover your

Sight. What is it then, men of

Ephesus? I have ventured' to come

up now

into this very idol-temple of

yours, I will convict you of being

utterly godless and dead through

human reasoning. See, here I stand.

You all say that you have Anemis as

your goddess; so pray in her name

and I and I alone, may die; or if you

cannot do this, then I alone will call

upon

my own God and because of

your unbelief I will

put

you all to

death.'

"And wbenJohn was saying this,

all of a s\:ldden the altar of Artemis

split into many pieces, and all the

offerings laid

up

in the temple

suddenly fell to

the

floor.., and so

were mor.e than seven images; and

half the temple fell down, so that the

priest was killed at one stroke as the

roof came down. Then the

assembled Ephesians cried out,

There

is but one God, the God of

John ' Nld the people rising from

the ground went running and threw

down the rest of

the

temple, crying'

out,

The

God of john is the only

God we know; from now on we

worship Him, since He has

had

mercy on us.'''- Brownrigg, pg. 118f.

His linal prayer

and

death has

been described simply

in

an ancient

document entitled, "The Acts of

john": "'And grant

me

to finish my

way to Thee preserved from .violence

and insult, receiving what Thou has

promised to them

that

live purely

and love Thee alone.' And having

sealed himself in every part,

standing thus, he said, Be Thou .

with me, Lord Jesus Chlist'; and he

lay down in the trench where he had

spread out his clothes; and he said

to us, 'Peace

be

with you, my

brethren,' and gave up his spirit

rejoicing."-Brownrigg, pg. 122.

hilip

The names of Philip and

Bartholomew are linked in the New

Testamem, yet we do not know

much at all abou t them. jolm s

Gospel describes several incidents

involving them both, from which we

can come to some estimate of their

characters and personalities. Philip

lived

in

Bethsaida for a time.

As

soon

as

he

responded to jesus call

to discipleship, he brought

Nathaniel (Bartholomew) to Jesus

with the words: We have found

Him of

whom

Moses in the law and

also the prophets wrote, Jesus of

Nazareth, the son of Joseph ,

jn.

1:45.

In

fact he, like Andrew, was

always bringing people

to

jesus,

jn.

12:21,22; 6:5,7; 14:8,9. The New

Testament

not

only identifies Philip

as "the apostle," it also calls him "the

deacon" and "the evangelist." As

other of the apostles, Philip was

probably a diSciple ofJohn the

Baptist, because Jesus called

him

from the crowds on the banks of the

jordan

River where John was

baptiZing.

Philip is mentioned

in

connect ion with jesus' feeding of the

live thousand. He appears

to

have

been the one responsible for the .

arrangements and the provisions for

the meal. He was staggered at the

idea of feeding such a crowd, when

Jesus suggested buying bread for all

of them.

DuringJesus' final visit to

jerusalem before His death, some

Greeks had come for the Passover.

They approached Philip

and

asked:

Sir, we wish to see jesus . Philip

and

'

Andrew

brought

them to jesus. The

apostle,

john,

records Philip's words

in the Upper Room at the Last

Supper. After Jesus reassures His

disciples that wherever He is they

will be also, and promising them: I

am the way, and the truth, and the

. ife; no one comes to the Father but

by me. f you had known me, you

would have

known

my Father also;

henceforth you

know

Him and have

seen Him, Philip asks, Lord, show

us the Father, and we shall

be

satisfied. Jesus answers Philip:

Have I been with you so long, and

yet you do not

know

me , Philip? He

who has seen me has seen the

Father. ..he who loves me will be

loved by

my

Father, and I will love

him and manifest myself to him,

john

14.

. Philip is

mentioned in

Acts 6, 8,

and 21, first as one of

the

deacons

called to distribute daily charity to

the Hellenistic widows in Jerusalem,

second as a successful evangelist

in

Samaria and Caesarea, 8: 12f. He

was a man of good repute, full of the

Spirit

and

wisdom. In Acts 8 Philip

is sent to the chariot of the chief

treasurer of

the queen

of Ethiopia on

his way from

jerusalem

to Gaza.

The eunuch was reading the book of

Isaiah, which he could

not

fully

understand until Philip became

expounding it

to

him, telling him

the good news ofJesus. The eunuch

believes injesus

and

Philip baptizes

him.

Some fourth century documents

link the ministries of Philip and

Bartholomew in Hierapolis. They

also speak of Philip's preaching

in

Athens, and of his martyrdom.

Bartholomew

Nathaniel)

Nathaniel and Bartholomew fon.n

the personal

name

and the

patronymic naine, (I.e., a name

derived from one's father), of

the

same

man.

Nathaniel means

in

Hebrew "God has given,"

and

Bartholomew comes from the Greek

form of

the

Aramaic "Son of

Ptolemy, (Tolmai)." However,

jerome suggested that Bartholomew

might be descended from Talmai,

rather

tban

Tolmai, who was king of

Geshur, mentioned in II Samuel 3;3.

This Talmai bad a daughter who

married King David and became the

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mother of Absalom. f erome is

correct, then one of the tWelve had a

royal pedigree

One

thousand years

old, and was

a

descendant of King

DaVid.

The story

of

Nathaniel's

conversion to Christ is a fasCinating

one. It is recorded

inJohn

1:43-51--


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condemnation and death at the

hands of the Jewish Sanhedrin.

Another source relates that

he

died a

martyr's death

in

some far-off land

of cannibals, after a series of

hair-raising adventures.

The legend of his martyrdom is a

fascinating one. t is found

in

"The

Acts

of

Matthew" quoted

by

Brownrigg, pg. 157f--King

Phu1banus of the city of Myrna, "the

city of man-eaters," his wife

Phulbana, and their son Phulbanos

with his wife, Erba, were all

demon-possessed. Matthew was

preaching in this evil and danger9us

city.

He

came to the city gate and

met with the king, his wife and his

son. The demons within them

screamed out

and

threatened

Matthew that they would rouse the

king against him. But Matthew

preached to them and cast oUt

the

demons. He baptized the queen

and

the rest of the fanti1y, and although

the king was pleased at first, but

later,

when

his wife and his family

refused to leave Matthew, out of

apparent jealousy, the king resolved

to bum him.

The king had Matthew brought

from the church to the palace, where

"they pinned

him hand and

foot

to

the earth and covered him with

papyrus soaked

in

dolphin oil, and

poured brimstone, asphalt and pitch

on him,

and

heaped up tow

and

wood. And the fire turned to dew,

and all the people praised Go.d.

Much c h r c o ~ l from the royal baths

was brought,

and

the twelve gods of

gold

and

silver were set round the

fire. The fire blazed up, and the

king said: 'Where is

now your

magic?' But all the

fire

flew

out

about

the

idols and melted

them--whose weight was 1

talents of gold. --- The fire burned

up many; soldiers, and then look the

form of a dragon and chased the

king to the palace, and curled

round

so that he could not go

in

and made

him come back to Matthew, crying

for help. Matthew rebuked the fire

with prayer, and gave up the

ghosl."- Brownrigg, pg. 157.

Thomas

"Both despondency

and

devotion

marked this man. He was ever

afraid that he might lose his beloved

Master. He expected evil,

and

it was

hard

for

him

to

believe good tidings

when

they were brought to hil)1. Yet

when

the risen Savior in all His

tender, condescending love, revealed

Himself to him,

i t

was

he

who

exclaimed, My Lord and my God,

In. 11:16; 14:5; 20:24f; 21:2."

Hendriksen

The Gospel of John refers to him

on

four occasions

as

Thomas, who is

called Didymus,

In.

11:16; 20:24;

21:2. Furthermore, John mentions

four occasions where the presence of

Thomas is significant to the Gospel

story,

and

from which passages we

can learn a great deal about Thomas'

character.

The First Occasion. When Jesus

heard of

the

serious illness of his

dear friend, Lazarus, and decided to

travel all the way back to Bethany to

see him, Thomas was frightened,

because

he

knew that Bethany was

only two miles from Jerusalem;

and

there was great danger awaiting

Jesus in Jerusalem. But fearful and

pessimistic that he was, Thomas was

al

so

a man ofloyalty to Christ

and of

courage for

he

said to the other

diSciples: Let us also go, that we may

die with him.

The Second Occasion. In the

Upper Room at the Last Supper on

the Thursday evening just before

Jesus ' crucifIXion, Jesus was

preparing His apostles for His

comiug death, saying to them: And

when

I go

and prepare

a place for

you,

[ will come

again and

tal , you

to

myse

lf,

that

where

I

am you

may be

also.

And

you know the way where 1

am going, John 14:3-4. Thomas at

once interrupted him, Lord, we do

not know where

you

are going; how

can we know the way,Jn. 14:5. It

was not

as

though the others knew

any more than Thomas, bW

he

was

not the sort to let his master get

away with something

that

he,

Thomas, did

not

understand. No

doubt Christians should be thankful

for TIlDmas' question, which evoked

such an answer--Jesus said to him, '[

am the way, and the truth

,

and the life;

no

One Comes to the Father but by Me.'-

In. 14:6"- Brownligg, pg. 178.

The Third

Occasion. This took

place once again in

the Upper

Room, but after the resurrection of

Jesus. Thomas had

not

been with

the others on the evening of the day

Jesus was raised from the dead,

when

the risen Jesus carrie

to

them.

When

they re ported to Thomas

what had

happened,

Thomas found

it vety difficult to believe them,

he

was grieving so over the death of

Jesus. His reply to them was "Unless

I see in

his

hands

the

p int of his nails,

and placemy finger in the mark of the

nails,

and place

my

hand

in

his

side, I

will

not

believe,

In.

20:25.

One

week later all the diSCiples

were together again

in

the Upper

Room and this time Thomas was

present. Although the doors were

barred for fear

of

the Jewish

authorities, Jesus appeared in the

room. Jesus called Thomas over to

touch his scars, exhorting him do

not be faithless, but believing. "In

that

moment

Thomas

must

have

seen both the body on the cross,

hanging by hands and feet, the side

opened by

the

soldier's spear, AND

his living friend

and

master.

As

these two figures fused together, so

Thomas leapt the gap between the

loyalty to a friend

and

an

adOring

fai th

in

that friend as God Himself.

His doubts disappeared and he

identified his friend as

both

My Lord

and

my God

The Fourth Occasion. Thomas

was among the seven disCiples who

went fishing in the Lake of Galilee

after the resurrection ofJesus. At

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dawn Jesus met them on the shore,

after they had landed a miraculous

catch

of

fish. Thomas is mentioned

only second to Simon Peler in this

final post,resurrection story of Jesus.

He expressed no doubts

t is

time

but

was by now a highly respected

and integrated member of the

company. - Brownrigg,pg, 178.

But why is Thomas referred to by

John as omas who is called

Didymus? The word, Didymus, is

not surname

l

-but aGreek

translation

of

the Hebrew,

Thomas. Both names mean

twin.

Apparently. his real name is

unkPown, bUt'among the Jews he

was called Thomas and among the

r e e ~ Christians he was called'

Didymus. Both names are

nickPames with the same meaning

in

different languages, although both

names were also used very early as

surnames.

Ancient Syriac documents and

Edessan legends give thomas the

surname Judas the Twin.

f

they

are correct, then who was his twin

brother? The reference to Judas as

'the twin' would imply that the other

'twin' was the more important of the

two.

On

the face oEit, this could

only have been

one of

the more

important of the twelve apostles, but

they would,seem to be all excluded.

With

brothers of Bethsaida, the ,sons

of

Zebedee

and

the sons of

Alphaeus, the name of udas is not

mentioned;

no r

,could

it

have been

Nathaniel Bartholomew, for he

already had asingle.patronymic (son

ofTalmai). -Brownrigg, .pg. 180.

So

then, who,was the more

important t w i n .

The Syriac Acts of Thomas give

a surprising answer, it relates a

similarity between Jesus and '

Thomas

both

in their physical

appearance and in their ministry,

thus linking the Edessan Christians

with their founder Judas Thomas

with Judas, the brother

of

JeSus,

whQ may have been the author of

the Epistle of Jude. Whereas, we

kPow for certain Jesus and Thomas

were not literally twins, for that

would contradict the Biblical

doctrine of the virgin bir th of Christ.

However, perhaps there was a

twin-like Similarity between Jesus

and Thomas because they were

brothers, which is perfectly possible

since the Bible, as over agaihSt

Romanism, doeS

not

teach the

perpetual chastity of Mary, who had

other children, with Joseph, after the

virgin birth of Jesus. In medieval

times Thomas was described as

, simillimus sal.Jatori, because he was

likest our Savior, either physically

or spiritually. Therefore it is

possible to accept the brotherhood

or similarity but not his natal '

twinship with Jesus. Judas

Thomas can then be identified with

the Judas mentioned by Mark and

Matthew: Is not this the carpenter's

son? Is not his mother called Mary?

Are not his brothers James and

Joseph and Simon and Judas? And

, ate

not

all his sisters with us? Mat.

l3:5Si.

Concerning the travels of

Thomas, there are two traditions.

Origin of Alexandria quoted by ,

Eusebius

of

Caesarea, relates the '

story that Thomas sent to Parthia

and to Edessa in Persia

Mesopotamia, between the Tigris

and Euphrates Rivers. A second

tradition takes Thomas all the way

to south India'preaching the gospel.

Isidore of Seville, at the

tum

of '

, the sixth century,says 'ThisThomas

preached the Gospel of Christ to the

Parthians, the Medes, the Persians,

, the Hercanians and the

Bactrians---and to the lndians of the

oriental region and penetrating the

innermost regions, Sealing his

preaching

by

his passion, he died

transfixed with a lance at Calamina,

a city of India,

and

there was buried,

with honor. '- Brownrigg .pg. 188.

Third century documents exist

which reveal that Thomas was used

10 TH

COUNSEL

of

Chalcedon

December,

1996

to convert several kings and queens

in India. Arrilenia ,convertedby '

Gregory th muminator in the third

century. claims to have received the

gospel from Bartholbni.ew and

Thomas.

There are in face three traditions

linking Thomas with three different

parts

of

India: with the Punjab

On

the upper reaches of the Indus in the

, northwest, with the Coromandal .

coast and the cities

of

Madras and

Mylapote in the east, and finally

with the Kenda (Malabar) coast on'

the southwest..

..

This last tradition

is not basedon any early'

documentary evidence put upon the

strong oral family traditions handed

down to succeeding generatiohS of

the 'St. Thom:'s Christiatls: as they

,call' themselves to this day

. -

Brownrigg, pg. 194. (The gothic

cathedral ofSt. Thomas in the

suburbs of Madras. India, enshrines

the traditional tomb of the Apostle

Thoma;;.)

When the Portuguese landed (in

India) in the i x t e e n t h c e n t ~ r y they

recorded the traditions and customs

of the Christians,

whom

they follnd .

south of Goa Both Christians 'and

Hindus.

toldM

tne preaching

o ...

Thomas, who

had

converted ~ a n y

of

the ' r a h m ~ . . . .

thomasis

',sald

to

have established Christian

I comrilUnities in

e v ~

different

localities

ir,t

Mah bar.:- Brownrigg,

pg.194:

. . ' .

The memory of the apostle is

still kept alive in the minds of the St.

Thomas Christians by their

traditional songs, recording the

explOits of their founder: ...while

the martiage songs---sungby

Hindus at Christian feasts and

martiageS---extol the coming;

teaching and martyrdom of .

Thomas

.

- Brownrigg, pg. 194.

(TO BE CONTINUED)

1996 issue 10 - luke: the lives of the twelve apostles - counsel of chalcedon

Documents