©1996, west publishing company (modified by asper, 2006) slide 1 lesson #1 why do we care about the...
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©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 11
Lesson #1
Why do we Care About the Oceans?
MAR 151Vernon Asper
Department of Marine Science
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 22
What this course is not
• This course is NOT an oceanography course– That would require a lot of science
background; we require little– We will not cover all of the information an
oceanography course will cover– We will not deal with the nitty gritty of
equations and scientific terms
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 33
What this course is
• This course is intended for non science majors– We will discuss the oceans in terms of their
relevance to the world and society– This will require some background
information and some fundamental concepts• Terms• processes
– You will be required to think about what your are told, both by the professors and by the media.
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 44
Logistics of the Course
• Philosophy: – appreciate the oceans and how we depend on them – try to learn concepts rather than memorize
• The book:– We aren’t going to follow it chapter by chapter– Pay attention to major terms and concepts– More detail for those who are interested
• Class:– Attend!– The lectures and notes contain all of the material
that will be on the tests
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 55
Course Objectives
• to develop an appreciation for the oceans.
• to understand what goes on there and how it affects us
• To learn about natural and man-made changes in the earth and its climate
• To understand the truth (inconvenient or not) about climate change
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 66
What we’ll cover:
• Why do we care about the oceans? (climate, food, hurricanes, recreation)
• What are the oceans like? (Water, depth [topography], salinity, temperature, basic circulation, tides)
• How do we know about the oceans? (history of oceanography, activities of oceanography, waves)
• How did it get that way? (plate tectonics, sediments, shoreline processes)
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 77
More of what we’ll cover• Why is the sea salty? (creation of the solar
system, salinity)• What do fish eat? (food chains, productivity,
upwelling, ecology)• What eats fish? (marine mammals, predators,
birds, humans, fisheries)• What causes hurricanes and how do they affect
us?• What can we expect in the future? (El Nino,
global warming, sea level rise, loss of coastal wetlands, pollution)
• What is still to be learned about the ocean?
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 88
Why do we care about the oceans?
• Do they affect us?
• Do we affect them?
• Are they changing?
• How do we know?
• Would we even notice if they disappeared?
• Are we doing anything to them that might cause problems in the future?
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 99
How do the Oceans Affect Us?
• Climate
• Weather
• Food
• Recreation
• Transportation
• Energy
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 1010
Are the Oceans Important?
• 2/3 of the earth’s surface.
• controls climate– El nio– ice ages
• controls atmosphere– Temperature– Chemistry
• Controls weather– Moisture– pressure
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 1111
Climate• Climate is greatly affected by water masses in the
oceans. – The movement of large water masses redistributes heat
in the ocean.
• Since the oceans cover 70% of the Earth’s surface, this movement has a major affect on the overlying atmosphere and thus climate.
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 1212
Climate• Coastal communities have a “milder” climate
than those further inland• Why? Water has an extraordinary ability to
hold and transport heat• Hold:
– Water has a high “heat capacity” (heat it can store)– Or the amount of
energy needed to raise it’s temperature
• Transport:– The oceans circulate
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 1313
What is Heat Capacity
• Heat Capacity is the amount of energy required to make a substance get warmer
• Substances with a high heat capacity can absorb a lot of heat energy without getting a lot warmer.
• These substances can “store” a lot of heat, just like a battery stores electricity
• And, if the water is moving, the heat is transported from one place to another.
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 1414
Heat Capacity
• If you have gram of water, you have to add 1 calorie of heat to make it 1 °C warmer
• By the way, 1 calorie (science term) is equal to 0.001 Calorie (food term)
• Or 1000 calories = 1 Calorie• (So one Coke, which has about 150 Calories (150 x 1000 calories),
has enough sugar energy to heat 4 Cokes (64 oz) from room temperature to boiling!)
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 1515
Heat Capacity
• Compare water to other liquids:– Water’s heat capacity is 1.00 c/gm/°C – Alcohol is 0.58– Glycol antifreeze 0.50– Air is 0.24
• So if you want to store heat, water is 4 times more efficient than air– (like comparing a 4 Gigabyte card vs a 1 Gigabyte!)
• Therefore, a large body of water can heat or cool a LOT of air.
• This keeps coastal areas cool in the summer
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 1616
Oceans and Climate• Sea breezes bring cool
air ashore• Caused by the land
heating more quickly than the sea
• This reverses at night and you get a “land breeze” but you only feel this out on the water
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 1717
The Gulf Stream
• The Gulf Stream is a warm current that flows along the east coast of the US
• First mapped by Ben Franklin
• More complicated than he imagined
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 1818
The Gulf Steam helps warm Europe
• Warm water flows across the ocean• Heat is
delivered to Europe
• Without this warming, Scotland would be about as cold as Greenland!
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 1919
Climate vs. Weather
• Climate: what conditions are generally like– Average temperatures– Minimum and maximum temperatures– Rainfall– Wind
• What the conditions are like right now– Current temperature, rainfall, cloud cover– How conditions change over the short term
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 2020
Mississippi Weather• We don’t really have weather in the summer• We have the same conditions every day:
– Highs in the low 90’s
– Lows at night around 80
– Humidity at 80%
– Afternoon thundershowers
• Repeat every
day from May
to September
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 2121
Mississippi Weather• In the winter time, we do have weather• “fronts” pass through bringing good and bad
weather– Cold fronts bring
wind and clear weather– Warm fronts bring
precipitation
• We’ll go over this in more detail later– The concepts behind
our local weather are important for the ocean too
www.weatherunderground.comwww.weatherunderground.com
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 2222
Global Climate Change
• Temperatures are warming!
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 2323
Global Climate Change (Cont.)• As temperatures rise, ice will melt from
polar regions
• This would cause sea-level to rise.
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 2424
• The rest of the story
• The long term temperature story:– Earth’s colder
now than it’s been for most of the last 150 million years!
– Earth warmed rapidly for 6,000 years
– Cooled again by ~1°C since then!
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 2525
Climate Change
• We will devote a lot of time to these questions:– Is climate change real?– What do we think causes it?– How do we know?– How does it work?– How are the oceans involved?– What can we expect?– What should we do?
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 2626
Hurricanes!
• Hurricanes are extreme low pressure areas– When one is coming, we stare at the
barometer– We watch the Weather Channel and see how
low can it go.
• By why is low pressure associated with a big storm?
• Why and how does the ocean feed a hurricane
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 2727
Hurricanes!
• To understand hurricanes, we need to take a look at:– What “low pressure” is– What affects air density– What causes wind– Where the energy in a hurricane comes from– Why the spin– How they affect the ocean
• We’ll deal with all of this is “Lesson #8”
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 2828
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 2929
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 3030
Hurricanes!
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 3131
Katrina
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 3232
Lost my FIB!
• Research tool• Note the USM logo
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 3333
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 3434
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 3535
Katrina
• The coast will never be the same
• Massive destruction
• Recorded in tree rings
• Recorded in sediments
• Recorded in our memories
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 3636
Katrina• Katrina was born in the ocean
• All energy came from the sea
• Without
water,
there can be
no
hurricane
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 3737
Katrina• Storm
Surge• Wind
pushes the water
• Water floods the land
• Reason for all the damage
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 3838
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 3939
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 4040
Katrina
• It could have been worse
• Katrina was only a Cat 3 when it landed
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 4141
Why we care: Food!
• Natural fisheries– Commercial fishing operations
• Shrimp• Oysters• Finfish
– Recreational fishing
• Mariculture– Shrimp– Oysters– finfish
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 4242
Why we care: Food!• World ocean fish production appears to
have leveled at between 80 and 90 million tons annually.
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 4343
Why we care: Food!• Heavy fishing pressure has diminished the harvest of many species
– Cod is almost gone
• Some countries harvest more than others• We’ll discuss this later
– Limitations– management
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 4444
Living Resources: Mariculture
• Mariculture is marine agriculture or fish farming of finfish, shell fish and algae.
• Mariculture requires raising the organisms under favorable conditions until they are large enough to be harvested for food.
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 4545
Living Resources: Mariculture• For mariculture to be economically
viable the species must be:– Marketable.– Inexpensive to grow.– Trophically efficient.– At marketable size within 1 to 2 years.– Disease resistant.
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 4646
Living Resources: Mariculture• Currently, about
one out of every four fish consumed spent part of its life in mariculture
• For some organisms the percentage supplied by mariculture is even larger.
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 4747
Living Resources: Mariculture
• In the US, roughly 90% of the shrimp consumed are imported, pond-raised shrimp
• Biloxi processing plants process mostly imported shrimp
• No viable, commercial shrimp aquaculture program exists (yet) in the US
• Much morelater!
White Shrimp
Brown Shrimp
Pink Shrimp
This is a ghost shrimp, like we may This is a ghost shrimp, like we may catch on Horn Island. Not edible?catch on Horn Island. Not edible?
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 4848
Why we care: Recreation!• Fishing
• Boating
• Scuba diving
• Beach basking
• Cruisinghttp://m.lasvegassun.com/news/2012/jan/14/us-italian-cruise-industry-http://m.lasvegassun.com/news/2012/jan/14/us-italian-cruise-industry-impact/impact/
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 4949
$portfishingEconomic Impact of Sportishing—National Summary
(2008) Retail SalesAll Fishing $45,335,939,822Freshwater Fishing $25,035,000Saltwater Fishing $11,051,345,543Great Lakes $2,524,266,182
Key-biscayne.comKey-biscayne.com
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 5050
Boating• Statistics are weak
– Each state handles its own registration
– Accidents are logged but activity is not closely monitored
• 78 million people use 17 million boats
• 1/3 of all households participate
• Activity increasing• Tied to fishing
Key-biscayne.comKey-biscayne.com
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 5151
SCUBA Diving• Oil rigs make great
habitat
• Great for diving
• Gulf of Mexico
is one of the
best spots
http://members.aol.com/UWBolten/Texas.htm
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 5252
Beachgoing
• 40% of American families visit the beach each year
• More than 50% of US population lives within 50 miles of the beach
Key-biscayne.comKey-biscayne.com
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 5353
Transportation• The US
imports a lot of material
• Most of it comes by water.
• This requires ports, highways, railroads, etc.
Source: www.oceancommission.govSource: www.oceancommission.gov
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 5454
OIL
• ~40% of our oil is produced domestically
• Of that, 25% comes from offshore sources
• Only the Gulf and Alaska allow new drilling today
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 5555
Energy• Demand
continues to climb
• US production continues to decline
• Imports increase
• Politics abound
Wikimedia.orgWikimedia.org
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 5656
Energy
• Guess where the oil is?
• Not much in the US
• Should we drill more?
• Is drilling safe?
http://api-ec.api.orghttp://api-ec.api.org
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 5757
Energy
• Drilling is “relatively” safe
• Most input is from natural sources (really!)
• Outboard motors were a huge problem that is being addressed
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 5858
Energy
• We’ll continue this discussion later:– Where does oil
come from?– CO2
– Gas– Hydrates– Alternative
fuels
Region Usage (quadrillion Btu)
US 98
Canada 14
Mexico 7
Asia 120
Central/South America
22
Africa 13
Europe 85
©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006)©1996, West Publishing Company (Modified by Asper, 2006) Slide Slide 5959
Why We’re Interested, Summary
• The oceans cover 70% of the earth’s surface• We depend on them for:
– Climate (the oceans control climate)
– Weather (hurricanes are born there)
– Food (fisheries and aquaculture)
– Recreation (boating, diving, beach-going)
– Transportation (imports and exports, cruises)
– Energy
• We will look at each of these in more detail and discover how they work