Chapter 12 the Political Ordering of Space1. A branch of human geography concerned with the spatial analysis of political phenomena.2. Study of how spatial relations among regions influence their current and past political activities and relations.3. What is the basic element in cultural variation among people? 4. What must many international alliances often require the surrender of at least a portion of? 5. What type of a non-governmental agencies are often more influential in international affairs than some the states they operate

from? National Political Systems: States, Nations and Nation-states6. What is another word for country? 7. An independent political unit occupying a defined, permanently populated territory and internationally recognized as having

full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs8. What is Antarctica missing to be a state? 9. What do colonies lack that prevents them from being called states? 10. A culturally distinctive group who self-identity as a separate group, may or may not occupy a territorial homeland.11. A state whose territory is identical to that occupied by a single particular ethnic group.12. What is a state that contains more than one nation? 13. What type of state was the Soviet Union? 14. A single nation that is dispersed across two or more states: 15. What is the Arab nation an example of? 16. A people without a country: 17. What type of state are the Roma (Gypsies)? 18. Looking a Figure 12.4, what part of Iraq do Shia Arabs live? 19. According to the map, How many Middle Eastern countries have Kurds? The Evolution of the Modern State20. Before the modern idea of the state people had allegiance a leader. Who do people now prefer to have an allegiance to? 21. According to Figure 12.5 what was ignored by European colonial powers when drawing the borders in Africa? 22. Why have African leaders consciously decided to avoid precolonial territorial or ethnic claims? 23. What is the process of developing feelings of loyalty to the state among their arbitrarily associated citizens? 24. According to figure 12.7 how many republics made of the USSR? Challenges to the State25. Summarize the 5 bullet points of the challenges to the state and be prepared to write an essay on them Spatial Characteristics of States26. How might a very large country be a disadvantage? 27. A state whose territory is nearly circular.28. A state of basically compact form but with one or more narrow extensions of territory.29. A state whose territory is long and narrow.30. A state whose territory contains isolated parts, separated and discontinuous.31. A portion of a state that is separated from the main territory and surrounded by another country.32. A small bit of foreign territory lying within a state but not under its jurisdiction.33. A state whose territory is interrupted (“perforated”) by a separate, independent state totally contained within its borders.Location34. A state’s positions compared to that of other countries? 35. States lacking ocean frontage and surrounded by other states: Cores and Capitals36. Transportation networks thin, city sizes decline and economic development become less intense away from what?37. What is the core of Russia? U.S.? 38. Countries with highly centralized governments. 39. Associations of more or less equal provinces with strong regional governmental responsibilities. 40. Give 3 examples of designated capitals even though they weren’t the largest city. 41. A capital city that has been deliberately move to a state’s interior: 42. What two countries have forward-thrust capitals? Boundaries: The Limit of the State. Natural and Geometric Boundaries43. A boundary line based on recognizable physiographic features, such as mountains and rivers.44. boundary made by humans

Boundaries Classified by Settlement45. a line established before the area in question is well populated. Example46. a boundary line that is established after the area in question has been settled and that reflects the cultural characteristics of the

bounded area. 47. A boundary line that coincides with some cultural divide, such as religion or language. Example48. a boundary line placed over and ignoring an existing cultural pattern. Example49. a former boundary that is still discernible and marked but some cultural landscape features, such as a fence. ExampleBoundary Disputes50. In political geography, disagreement between states over the control of surface area, including the locations of boundaries.51. The policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with

the people of the state but lies within a neighboring state. 2 Recent examples52. In political geography: disagreement over the control or use of shared resources, such as boundary rivers or jointly claimed

fishing grounds. U.S. examples 53. a disagreement between neighboring states over policies to be applied to the common border. ExampleCentripetal Forces: Promoting State Cohesion54. Forces that bind together citizens of the state (pull inwards).55. Forces that disrupt and threaten the unity of a state (push outwards). In urban geography, economic and social forces pushing

households and businesses outward from central and inner-city locations.Nationalism56. A sense of unity binding the people of a state together; devotion to the interests of a particular country.57. Why do states purposely try to instill feelings of allegiance in their citizens? 58. What does nationalism encourage its citizens to adhere to? 59. In a multicultural society ___________________ helps integrate different groups into a unified population. Example60. According to figure 12.17 how many miles of fence has been constructed between the 2,000 mile U.S.-Mexico border? Unifying Institutions61. 3 examples used in the book of unifying institutions. 62. What is the state religion of Thailand? Pakistan? Organization and Administration63. Another centripetal force of a state is providing security from ___________ aggression and __________ conflict.Transportation and Communication64. How does a state’s transportation network foster political integration? Centrifugal Forces: Challenges to State Authority65. What are some reasons that parts of a state are not integrated? 66. What two countries does the book say religion is a centrifugal force? 67. The feeling that one owes primary allegiance to a traditional group or nation rather than to the state.68. movement by a dissident minority intent on achieving partial or total independence of territory it occupies from the state

within which it lies69. In Western Europe what 5 countries house separatist political movements? 70. Rather than complete independence what to separatist often want? 71. The transfer of certain powers from the state central government to separate political subdivisions within the state’s territory.72. In political geography: The study of the natural and cultural characteristics of geographic regions.73. Why did war break out in the 90s in the Russian Muslim republic of Chechnya?74. Why didn’t Yugoslavia peacefully split like Czechoslovakia? 75. The killing of forcible relocation of less powerful minorities.76. In what 3 areas of Yugoslavia did ethnic cleansing occur? 77. What are the two preconditions common to all separatist movements? 78. Characteristics common to many separatist movements are a _________________and social and economic inequality.79. Looking at the map on p.409, name the country each of the following regions would like to seek autonomy from.

Brittany, Corsica and Normandy: ________ Basque and Catalonia: ______ South Tiroli: _________ Scotland and Wales: _____________

80. Briefly summarize the brown box on p.406 From the brown box on p.408

81. The calculated use of violent acts against civilians: terrorism82. What type of terrorism is committed by agents of a government? State terrorism