1.history of english.-plainppt

7/28/2019 1.History of English.-plainppt

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By: Komalah Purusothman

(841017-08-5570)

HISTORY OF ENGLISH


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INTRODUCTION

The history of the English language really

started with the arrival of three Germanictribes who invaded Britain during the 5thcentury AD (Anno Domini/the year of the Lord) .

These tribes

- The Angles

- The Saxons

- The Jutes

crossed the North Sea from what today is

Denmark and Northern Germany.


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At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke aCeltic language.

But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed westand north by the invaders, mainly into:-

- Wales- Scotland

- Ireland

The Angles came from Englaland and theirlanguage was called Englisc, (which the wordsEngland and English are derived).


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HISTORY OF ENGLISHLANGUAGE

Overall, the History of English Languagewere defined in 4 different time line:-

1. Old English (450-1100 AD)2. Middle English (1100-1500)

3. Early Modern English (1500-1800)

4. Late Modern English (1800-Present)


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Old English (450-1100 AD)

The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar

languages, which later in Britain developed into OldEnglish.

Old English did not sound or look like English today.

About half of the most commonly used words inModern English have Old English roots.

- For example: The words be, strongand water, was

derive from Old English.

Old English was spoken until around 1100.


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Part of Beowulf, a poem written in Old English


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Middle English (1100-1500)In 1066, William the Conqueror,

(the Duke of Normandy - part ofmodern France) invaded andconquered England.

The new conquerors (the Normans)brought French language intoEngland.

For a period there was a kind oflinguistic class division :

- lower classes spoke English and- the Royal Court and the ruling and

business classes spoke French.


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In the 14th century:-

- English became dominant inBritain again, but with manyFrench words added.

- It is called Middle English.

- It would still be difficultfor native English speakersto understand today.

An example of MiddleEnglish by the great poet

Chaucer (1340-1400)


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Early Modern English (1500-1800)

Towards the end of Middle English:

- The Great Vowel Shift started, (a sudden anddiffrent change in pronunciation).

- with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter.

From the 16th century:-

- The British had contact with many peoples fromaround the world.- This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning,

meant that many new words and phrases entered

the language.


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Cont: Early Modern English (1500-1800)

The invention of printing also meant that therewas now a common language in print.

- Books became cheaper and more people learnedto read.

- Printing also brought standardization to English.- Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the

dialect of London in most publishing companybecame standard.

- In 1604 the first English dictionary waspublished (Table Alphabeticall)


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Hamlet's famous "To be, or not to be" lines,

written in Early Modern English by Shakespeare


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Late Modern English (1800-Present)

The main difference between Early ModernEnglish and Late Modern English is vocabulary.

Late Modern English has many more words,arising from two principal factors:

- Firstly, the Industrial Revolution andtechnology created a need for new words.

- Secondly, the British Empire at its heightcovered one quarter of the earth's surfaceand the English language adopted foreignwordsfrom many countries.


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Varieties of English

From around 1600,

- the English colonization of North Americaresulted in the creation of a distinct Americanvariety of English.

- Some English pronunciations and words "froze"when they reached America.

In some ways, American English is more likethe English of Shakespeare than modernBritish English.


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Some expressions that the British call"Americanisms" are in fact original Britishexpressions that were preserved in the colonieswhile lost for a time in Britain

For example:-

-trashfor rubbish,-loanas a verb instead of lend,

- fallfor autumn;

Another example:

- frame-up, was re-imported into Britain through

Hollywood gangster movies.


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Spanish also had an influence on American Englishand British English.

For example:- canyon,- ranch,

are Spanish words that entered English throughthe settlement of the American West.

French words (through Louisiana) and West

African words (through the slave trade) alsoinfluenced American English and British English.


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Today, American English is particularly influential,due to the USA's dominance of cinema, television,

popular music, trade and technology (Internet).

There are many other varieties of English aroundthe world, including

- Australian English,- New Zealand English,- Canadian English,- South African English,

- Indian English ,- Caribbean English.


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The Germanic Family of Languages

Teacher Nerio Burga

English is amember of theGermanic familyof languages.

Germanic is abranch of theIndo-Europeanlanguage family.


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1.history of english.-plainppt

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