COURSE OBJECTIVESAcquaintance with:

Scientific approaches of investigating research problems in the various fields of applied science. Principles of study design & Research Methodologies at levels of laboratory or field work.Data analysis based on computer updated software

RESEARCH METHODS AND DATA ANALYSIS 24th -29th May 2004

RESEARCH METHODS AND DATA ANALYSIS 24th -29th May 2004

This course is an intensive pos-experience training activity that :

essentially useful for young staff colleagues and post graduates of science & biomedical background who are attempting to establish their research career. cover principals of study design, sampling techniques and data analysis using both parametric and non -parametric .will be conducted in parallel with practical sessions on the use of computer software in analysis and presentation of data.

Adil Mahgoub Ibrahim

BSc MSc PHD DIC MIBIOLDept of Biochemistry , Faculty of Lab Science , Sudan University for Science & Technology

Significance of Biomedical & Scientific Research in a Developing Country:

Introductory Perspectives

24th - 29th May 2004

Parasitology

Clinical Biochemistry

Virology

Molecular Biology

Prions & Cow madness

Microbiology

Plant science

Impact of Biomedical & Scientific Research

Continuous / well organized research activity Direct / Indirect impact

e.g. β Lactam antibiotics e.g . Contraceptives ; e.g. Fertilizers , Transistors; Computers;

Optic fibers; Laser etc Fruits/ Outcome of such efforts could never been accrued without a well organized research activity

SignificanceSignificance & Impact of Penicillin & & Impact of Penicillin & Other AntibioticsOther Antibiotics

Author of ‘What is Science For’ : “What Fleming has offered to mankindto wave our sufferings caused by diseases

has been unprecedented in his era”Research findings :Antibiotics / Vaccines Prolong lifetime of human adults Reduce mortality & morbidityUSA citizen L.t. 1840s 38year

L.t. 1990s 75-80year

Significance & Impact of Fertilizers

Fertilizers : product of scientific research by Haber Bosh (1908-1913)

3H2 + N3 ---- 2NH3Professor Kenneth Bolding (Colorado University): “Everyone was expecting a world famine as we continued to deplete the natural resources of nitrate salts of Chile for agriculture in Europe & USA. The synthesis of NH3 has just been discovered in the right time to save the world “

Significance & Impact of Contraceptives & anticancer drugs

Discovery of cholesterol derivatives and Diosgenin from plant resources lead to synthesis of > 40 new steroidal drugs including contraceptives.

Taxol was discovered in 1990 as a highly potent new anticancer

Significance & Impact of Scientific research

The early scientific research on improvement of wheat varieties by Rockefeller Foundation in 1950s , headed by Norman Borlag lead to discovery of short highly productive varieties of wheat As a result wheat production in Mexico doubled in 1960-1964. Dr Borlag awarded Noble Prize in 1970.Other research groups employed Borlag method to develop highly productive varieties of other crops & vegetablesIndian wheat production

rocketed to >95mTons /year

Denise Mann Brunilda Nazario,MD WebMD Medical News

Wednesday, January 28, 2004

Avastin is an angiogenesis inhibitors, shutting down the blood vessels that feed tumors, effectively starving the tumor. Avastin targets a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) angiogenesis).Last meeting at the New York Academy of Sciences in New York City disclosed a new cancer drug, Avastin.

Avastin starves tumors and may help patients in both foreseen and unforeseen ways in the near future, experts say.

Avastin is currently considered for FDA approval for colon cancer

Significance & Impact of rDNA technology research in medicine

Stanley Cohen (Stanford University) & Herbert Boyer (California University) implement transfer of genes using PB322 as vectors .

Subsequently: research conducted and supported by Eli & Lilli and Gentech produced in 1981 Humalin

Humalin is a human insulin analogue (2 peptide compound) produced by E.coli

Significance & Impact of rDNA technology research in medicine

More than 300 recombinant products are available including important pharmaceuticals:

human growth hormone (hGH)α 2a Interferon (Kaposi sarcoma & Leukemia).Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA); (Myocardial infarction& acute pulmonary embolism)

Gregory Cheng, associate professor of medicine at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, holds up a bag of serum containing SARS antibodies from people who beat the disease.

For this reason : scientific research is well appreciatedCapitals are invested by government /non-governmental bodiesUK =1.0% NIFR =1.4% NIGER =1.6% NIUSA =2.0% NIJA =2.8% ($60billions)

Significance & Impact of Scientific Research

Impact of Scientific ResearchJ. Science Generation: What financial resources has the French state devoted to research in 2002?Roger-Gérard Schwartzenberg Minister of Scientific Research

•The civilian research and development budget for 2002 is worth a total of €8,725 million (FRF 57,234 million).

•This budget is accompanied by an allocation of €3,835 million destined to cover operating expenses and research investments, divided between state-funded laboratories and university research facilities.

•As a result, France boasts 4th place worldwide in terms of research and development expenditure after Japan, the USA, and Germany.

JAPAN citizen payment = $12+22.8% increment /year

1988-1990 4900-5600 qualified Japanese scientists

Contribution effective 10% of scientific publication world wide

Impact of Scientific Research

Industrial sector & Scientific Research

Nevertheless Industrial establishments have interest to invest research findingsA network/channels for contact & cooperation are fosteredFor example UK> 20 cooperative institutions for scientific research establishment as joint investment (government & Non governmental) >£13 m /year

development of products of heavy & light industry = £40X103 m /year

Scientific Research in Developing countries

On the contrary: support for research is negligible in many developing countries including:

western Asian countriesSome oil producing countries Other developing countries .

Why ?

Scientific research is not a priority : Why?

Private sector is apprehensive/ aversive lack interest to invest research findings

Decision makers & engineers of our strategies & planning not truly appreciating role of scientific establishments in development & production

Society at large is dominated by mythical culture

All think of scientificresearch as a luxury can not be afforded

Impact of Scientific Research

ة فى ة فى نشرت مقارن اق مجل ة آف ة العلمي حول ) م1987 (األردنيام حجم ام األهتم العلوم الع ا واألبحاث ب ة وتطبيقاته ى التقني دول ف ال

ة ن المتقدم ة م دول جه ة وال ن النامي ة م رى جه ر اخ امة. دذآ اس: األسبق البحرين بجامعة العلوم آلية عميد الخالدى

ه” ا ان ا فيم ل فيم ث يعم ى الباح ة ف ة الدول دا النامي ع مجته ليقنرة المجتمعات تغيير فى بدوره اآلخرين ه ان نجد اقتصاديا الفقي مثيل

ى الم دول ف د ال المتحدث الع دا صعوبة يج ى اب ر ف د تبري ذى الجه ال“ األساسى النظرى حتى او التطبيقى العلمى البحث مجاالت فى يبذله

عميد آلية االقتصاد والعلوم السياسية، ( آمال المنوفي . د )جامعة القاهرة

من اهم اسباب هجرة العلماء العرب هو ان بيئة البحث العلمى غير محفزة

مليار دوالر على 600وفى الوقت الذى تنفق فيه الدول العربية التسلح ال تنفق سوى مليون دوالر للبحث العلمى والجامعات

بالمائة فقط من ميزانية الجامعات العربية 1 اضافة الى ان بالمائة من ميزانيات 40يخصص للبحث العلمى مقابل

الجامعات االميرآية وهو ما يؤدى الى ان الناتج من البحث العلمى لدى الدول

للعالم العربى %0.1 مقابل %3.5الغربية يصل الآثر من

) العلوم السياسة، بجامعة أسيوط ( عبدالسالم نوير . دان خسائر البلدان العربية من جراء هجرة األدمغة العربية

مليار دوالر في عقد السبعينيات، 11تساوى ألفًا من العقول 450وان الدول الغربية هي الرابح األآبر من

العربية المهاجرة مليار 200وان الخسائر االجتماعية نتيجة هذه الظاهرة تقدر بـ

دوالر

Promotion of Research Promotion of Research

International /regional organizations UNIDO, WHO, UNESCO, DAAD,ALECSOTWAS, ICGEB, JAICA, ODA etc..

Promote support for research

GovernmentSupport& funding

Private sector investment

Initiatives of Researchers

Research scientists need to :produce high quality (used to conduct research work solely for bread and butter).publish & publicize their research findings implement research findings by investment in collaborative ventures with private sectors / Non governmental bodies

Why research science is not a priority

A QUALIFIED RESEARCH STUDY

SAMPLING METHODOBJECTIVES

STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS

STRATEGICPRIORITES ACADEMIC

PRIORITIES OFFUNDING AGENTS

STUDY DESIGN

EXPERIMENTAL NON EXPERIMENTAL

DATA ANALYSIS

DESCRIPTIVE

NON-RANDOM RٌANDOM

ANALYTICAL (PARAMETRIC /

NON PARAMETRIC

DATA PRESENATATION

WebsitesJournals

ConferencesMeetings

RESEARCH FINDINGS APPLICATION

Investment Patenting

مشروع دراسة اثر أشعة قاما على بويضات البلهارسيا المعوّية :بالسودان

و هدفت إلى 1987 -1984 تم إجراء هذه الدراسة في الفترة .تطوير المحاوالت الساعية نحو إيجاد لقاح لمرض البلهارسيا

):1988-1986 ( مشروع العناية الصحية بمنطقة الجزيرة . قام المشروع بتوفير المعلومات الالزمة للتخطيط و التطبيق

. األمثل لبرامج الرعاية الصحية األولية بالمناطق الريفية

دراسات بحثية رائدة فى السودان

مشروع دراسة خصائص المناعة ضد البلهارسيا المعوية . )1986-1989:(

هدفت هذه الدراسة آلي تحديد مقاومة اإلنسان لمرض البلهارسيا ، و تمت مناقشة مدى تأثير العالج على مناعة

اإلنسان و تفاعله عند التعرض لإلصابة بالمرض مرة

- 1989 مشروع اثر انتشار البلهارسيا بالجزيرة و المناقل . ).تمويل خارجي من الصحة العالمية (1991

قام المشروع بدراسة التغيرات في معدل اإلصابة بالبلهارسيا في المناقل خالل فترة ثالث سنوات و عالقة / منطقة الجزيرة

. اإلصابة بالمرض بالمتغيرات االجتماعية و درجة المرضية آما قام المشروع بدراسة جهود المكافحة التي قام بها

مشروع النيل األزرق الصحي و اثر هذه الجهود على معدل انتشار المرض و درجة المرضية، على المديين القصير و

. الطويل

1992-1991 مشروع أبحاث الليشمانيا بالسودان

تمت من خالل هذا المشروع دراسة فعالية مرهم البارومومايسين في عالج الليشمانيا الحشوية؛ معرفة القيمة الوبائية الستعمال اختبار

الليشمانين في السودان؛

دراسة آينونة الطفيليات المسببة لليشمانيا الحشوية بواسطة تحليل نظائر االنزيمات؛ تقييم استعمال اختبار التراص المباشر في تشخيص

الليشمانيا الحشوية و الجلدية،

تأسيس تقنية مسبار الحمض النووي المأشوب لتحديد خواص معزوالت الليشمانيا بالسودان؛ و من ثم تحديد خواص المستضدات و االجسام المضادة الموجودة في السوائل البيولوجية لجسم المرضى و جدوى

.استخدامها في تشخيص مرض الليشمانيا