1.introduction to development administration

7302019 1Introduction to Development Administration

httpslidepdfcomreaderfull1introduction-to-development-administration 120

| 1



2 |



| 3

11 INTRODUCTION TO DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION

Development Administration comprises two different words Development and

Administration

Development encompass of two important processes that is change and

progress Such as growth change advancement expansion progress

improvement etc (these are some activities occur in development)

It is a simple analogy with expressions such as agricultural development educational

development social welfare development and other development as well



4 |

Administration well recognized as a mechanism or a tool that generates affairs of state

Administration of development needs to be distinguished from the development of

administration It consists of two different interrelated aspects of development administration

Administration helps in arranging human and resources accordingly and therefore in this

context it is a mechanism that helps generate the development efforts in a state The

administration of development shows that is a responsible in running all matters regarding to

development

However much of the literature definition regarding to development relates it to

economic growth the increased production of capital and consumer goods

The essential idea of development lies in the increased ability of human societies to

shape their physical human and cultural environments It is also similar to a process of

modernization Modernization is generally a process of improving the capability of a

nationrsquos institutions and value system to meet increasing and different demands

Generally administration often described as the development implementation and study of

government policy An administration linked to pursuing the public good by enhancing civil

society and social justice Though an administration has historically referred to government

management it increasingly encompasses non-governmental organizations that are not

acting out of self-interest In this sense administration acts as an agent responsible to

develop a state Development administration thus considered a practical solution to help

governments of developing countries towards modernization

111 Importance Of Development Administration To

Developing Countries

1 ECONOMY

In aspect of the economy the importance of development administration

to developing countries is more on the objective to improve standard

of living of people It means the government wants to increase the

quality of life of the citizen by try to enhance their motivation to generate

the income of the country It is important to produce the best product

and maximum profit for developing country as the developing country

can maximize the per capita income



| 5

During the pre-colonial our country provided or sold raw materials to

other countries because there was no expertise in producing our own

manufacturing products Later after development administration our

country had tried to introduce or had produced our own manufacturing

local products using our own materials such as rubber to produce

shoes palm oil to produce cooking oil etc

2 POLITICS

Before development administration the local people depended to British

in their administration but later after development administration the

local people had tremendous participation in politics precisely the

administration of the state and the policy making as well

Thus development administration had generated more participation

of new generation to involve in politics It is important because this

new generation is the citizen creates new ideas and new policies to

develop the people and the country This is the most important element

as it creates or shapes the administrator of the country by choosing their

own representatives that will create policies for them

New Economic Policy by Tun Razak our ex-Prime Minister for instance

had successfully changed the life of the local people Tun Dr Mahathir

Mohamad and his Look East Policy that had generated our country to

be developing such as Korea and Japan Korea and Japan are among

the Asian countries as an example of countries that had been

successful in developing their country without help from foreign or super

power states



6 |

3 SOCIAL

In terms of social we can divide the term social in the three main

division such as education health and facilities

In terms of education the development administration is very important

because it increases the facilities opportunities and education

level among the citizen However due to the efforts made under the

development administration the government had able to create a

positive mindset to the citizen with the existence of more universities

and private colleges It is due to encourage and increase the education

level of citizens through the existence of these institutions Government

also provide scholarships and loans to students to continue their study

in our country or overseas This benefit will increase the motivation of

the student and it is important because students are the new generation

of administrator

After development all races had equal chances to get education The

government built more schools and higher learning education

institutions in order to help citizens to get comfortable and best learning

education Since 2008 about 14 private universities 16 university

colleges and 20 public universities in Malaysia were established

(wwwmohegovmy)

Aftermath the 1969 racial crisis drastic action by the government was to

help the Bumiputra in education In order to provide greater education

opportunity to inculcate the Malaysian national identity and foster loyalty

to the country the national language Bahasa Malaysia used as a

medium of learning and teaching in education institutions The English

primary and secondary schools gradually converted to Malay LanguageNational School beginning with the primary schools in 1970 Later

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) established drastically to

resolve the problem entrance opportunity for Bumiputra due to their lack

of English proficiency that was required as entrance requirement in

Universiti Malaya (Syed Arabi Idid 2008)

In terms of health development administration in developing country

had increased the level of health among citizen Recently after

independence (within ten years) Malaysia did not have hospitals or



| 7

clinics in the rural areas Some of these facilities just existed in the

urban areas As a result it increased the rates of death because of

small diseases such as dengue malaria and mother giving birth to

babies and babies whom did not get enough immunization In the first

decade after independent the government relies that the doctor and

nurses is really needed to manage a lot of cases in the hospital For

example Perlis as the smallest state of the Federation with a population

about 150000 at that time then had only 3 doctors in the state general

hospital and 2 in private practice in 1967 (Syed Arabi Idid 2008)

After development administration the government managed to increase

the element of health because the government knows the importance of

health that generate the best generation to come or in the future Thus

citizen must get enough facilities in terms of health as it creates

stabilization in our country In present day rural areas provided with

abundance of health facilities and treatment from experienced doctors

and nurses It will help the people in that area to get the early treatment

before they will be sent to the nearest hospital if cannot be treated by

rural doctors and nurses These clinics also have a responsibility to give

enough immunization to the children especially babies

Moreover the government also tries to reduce the burden of the citizen

by giving benefit to certain people because as we know the cost of the

health treatment is expensive For example government servants and

student had given discounted low prices for treatment and medicines

This effort is to make sure that this group of people gets enough

treatment if they are sick The establishment of 1 Malaysia clinics by the

present Prime Minister (Datuk Seri Najib) added to the convenience of the people

In the matter of facilities there also have significance of the developing

administration in our developing country such as to and had increased

the number of facilities in our country For example before the

development administration there were not enough public transport

services This situation gave difficulties to the citizen to travel Public

transports at that time were only trishaw bicycles and there were less of car usage



8 |

After the development administration the government provides more

facilities in terms of transportation A convenient and conducive public

transportation provided in urban areas and in rural areas as well

Besides then reducing the congestion of the urban traffic it also helps

the people to move from one place to another in a faster and convenient

way Thus government had increased the level of transportation

through the Light Railway Transit (LRT) and Keretapi Tanah Melayu

(KTM) These transportation gives the comfortable to the people to

travel in short and faster duration of time

4 CULTURE

After we look at the social aspect we also can look at the significance of development administration in developing our country through the

cultural aspect In terms of culture development administration gives

people or organizational new culture When new development were

brought to organization majority of people in that organization will have

difficulties in accepting new development due to lacking of expertise in

new technologies and factors of resistance towards change However

some workers were willing to accept development as they think every

development have their own benefits and will reduce burden and

expenses Actually it is a challenge to them towards new changes due

to less understanding and unfamiliar with the new system introduced

An organizational culture precisely the government organizations

efforts to improve and develop the civil service initiated since

independence All these efforts directed at increasing output as well as

providing more efficient speedy and effective delivery of service

providing also to reduce the work burden of the public servants andreduced governmentrsquos expenses as well Due to this various policies

programs and activities introduced in the public administration of

Malaysia especially after Tun Mahathir Mohammad took office in 1981

Amongst were the introduction of policies program and strategies such

as the Civil Service Core Principles introduced in 1979 Civil Service

Codes of Ethics in 1980 Enforcement of name tags in 1981 The Look

East Policy in 1982 Clean Efficient and Trustworthy Concept in 1982

The Punch Clock System in 1982 and Leadership by Example and

Enculturation Of Islamic Values in 1983



| 9

112 The Relationship Between Development Administration

And Public Administration

Edward Weidner (1964) suggests the development administration as one with

a special purpose inclusive of political economic and social development thatbecomes as a sub-field of public administration This is because it will guide a

developing nation towards the achievement of its development goals As a

sub-field of public administration it is action oriented and places

administration at the hub of nation building

According to Dwight Waldo public administration described as a management

of people and material to achieve government objective According him also

public administration acts as an art and science of management that related

to state matters Besides that Public Administration is all about the

management of scarce resources to accomplish the goals of public policy

(Williams 1980)

Public Administration found in all branches of government within the

legislative executive and the judiciary as well It the use of managerial

political and legal theories which involves processes to fulfil legislative

executive and judicial government mandates Public administration covers a

wide area of study but focuses on citizenship and the state These two areas

are then sub-divide into other minor areas such as management

organization political economy environment and development

Development administration considered as a field of study or a sub-area

under public administration (Nicholson and Connerly 1989) Development

administration emerged as a field of study result of research observations

and implementation carried out by scholars of public administration who are

interested in the progress that took place in the developing nations It is partial

of public administration that is precisely to handle matters regarding to

development As the outcome of emphasis it expected to be efficient in

running development programs and projects

The Public Administration and management systems in many developing

countries however are still unprepared for changes not to mention about

quality productivity effectiveness and efficiency (Bryant and White 1992) It



10 |

is more appropriate to use the term development administration and not mere

public administration in the developing countries because the underpinning

issues in those nations are different from those in the developed world

Therefore a special kind of administrative institution needed and he called it

as development administration

Public Administration is concerned with the uses of managerial

methodological techniques that lead to the most efficient result It is a

management of men and materials in the accomplishment of the purpose of

the state (Rosenbloom 1993)

It is the science of how a country to be ruled

It is a governmentrsquos central instrument for dealing with general social

problems

It is the management of resources to achieve governmentrsquos goals and

objectives

Public administration objective is to generate and implement policies

A policy typically described as a principle or rule to guide decisions and

achieve rational outcomes Policies normally guide every action It provides a

framework for every aim to achieve certain objectives There are three

branches of government that are responsible to generate and implement

policies which is executive legislative and judiciary Nevertheless major

parts of administration carried out by the executive branch The duty of

executive branch is to design and implement the policies rule and regulation

While the power of legislative branch is to debate and enact rules of the

society in the form of laws and judiciary branch function in safeguard the

fundamental rights and liberties of societies These three branches play animportant role to ensure all the policy making and implementation did properly

to give benefit to state and people itself For the example before make a

policy government have to make an investigation and analysis of the

advantage and disadvantages of the policy making in order to ensure the

effectiveness when the policy are implemented

Edward Weidner therefore stated that development administration as a sub-

field of public administration is to form administrative machinery to theobjective of government It divides into two which is process and area of



| 11

study By process development administration means the process through

which the determined organizational objectives accomplished such as

political economic and social progress or country development as a whole

Besides that Fred W Riggs as mentioned above had stated views that

development administration as administration according to dynamic social

situations Accordingly administrative machinery must be adapted to the

existing and new task The essential ideas of development lie in the increased

ability of human societies to shape their physical human and cultural

environments It is also similar to a process of improving the capably of a

nations institution and value system to meet increasing and different

demands

113 Classical And Contemporary Definitions Of Development

Administration

According to Fred Riggs (1970) definition of development administration is

about the administration of development programs using prescribed

governmental methods to implement policies which due for development

objectives and to elevate administrative capabilities As we all know in all

developing countries government had plan and provide a lot of development

program to lessen poverty of the country upgrade or enhance output and

productivity help to improve and develop the way of living of the people

especially in education and economic sector

Besides that according to Fred Riggs also development administration as the

administration of development programs by means of initiatives and policies

chosen by the government to fulfil or achieve its development objectives and

to upgrade the capacity of administration Government also must ensure that

all the mission and program will give benefit to all level of society and not only

to the country itself

Furthermore in the developing nations it is essential or necessary for the

government to create policies and implement them by desirable quality and

good value of projects and programs complete with specific objectives and

goals All the programs and plans arranged or structured by the government



12 |

must be implementing in a good way to ensure that the entire program is not

useless and able to give benefits to all (the government and the people) More

than that the way the plan and program implemented will determine whether

it creates positive or negative effect to the people

However the policy and the program that chosen by the government cannot

give profit and benefit to the society if the government fail to give full effort to

administer it in a proper efficient and cost effective way This is because

government need to arrange it properly so that all the programs must be

restricted to the certain rules and policy to ensure that all the people can

follow and give full corporation to achieve required goals and objectives

Furthermore as we all know all government programs have used a lot of

allotment of countryrsquos wealth Especially in the developing nation government

must provide a big amount of money in operating expenses for the high cost

project It is more burdening and acquires high risk compare to developed

country A three hundred million ringgit only just to construct or provide road

services for instance The money may be useful in helping poor people with

poverty problems which will become worse if these people do not have

houses money and opportunity to go to school or to get education and alsoan opportunity to get nutrient food to continue their live every day

However road services give lot of benefits and it is a very important asset to

enhance economic opportunities Activities of the country and directly will

provide more job opportunities especially for those who are jobless and also

for the graduate enhance and improve in income of the people and also not

to forget it can help to distribute back profits of the country equally to all

citizen

In other word we can say that all the poor people can have all their reward or

incentive in a variety way and method However all this only can happen if the

300 million projects are properly planned and run in an effective way All the

plan and project also must be well understood and implemented by the

instituted of bureaucracy Besides that what is more important is that we

need an efficient bureaucracy body to ensure that they implement and play

their role effectively



| 13

Other than that government plays an important role to provide facilities or

services to make the bureaucracy body more effective and competent in

implementing their responsibility According to Riggs in developing nation

development administration can only be fair and good if it gives full attention

to the human resource in their organization aspect For public services

servant government need to upgrade their skills give them a lot of

experience and also provide incentives as much as they needed

In organization system it improved by using modern administration and new

technology to facilitate work and enhance productivity and quality For

countries that have been developed what is more important is to maintain

and give services that are full of quality and productivity and also must

response and responsive to the publicrsquos need and voice of the people

Development administration furthermore is development orientation Its

central concern is with socio economic change It is committed to peoplersquos

welfare (Hazary 2006) It is positively oriented towards satisfying the needs of

the people It is client oriented Bureaucracy expected to be involved and

committed It expected to be result oriented and time oriented Development

programmed is to achieve within a period It is this special orientation which

concerned with maintenance of status quo and existing property relations But

in any large scale of administration arrangement bureaucracy cannot be

thrown overboard Its dysfunctional ties need to identify and corrected There

should redesign to enable cooperative decision-making Secondly authority

should be decentralized to enable filed unit to take decisions on the spot as

far as possible Thirdly supremacy of the politician must be accepted and

bureaucracy must work alongside him as a co-partner in development

enterprise fourthly bureaucracy must secure the cooperation of the people indevelopment work Bureaucracy must understand that however capable it

may be it cannot take the entire responsibility and load of development The

people must understand that they have to look after themselves They have to

be the primary factors in the development It is in their interest not to be

dependent on the administration Self-help is the best help Fifthly if

development is to have a meaningful content defence expenditure has to

curtail



14 |

14 HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION IN

MALAYSIA

The Colonia l Period (Before Ind ependence) Administration maintaining the

welfare security and peaceful life of the people Administrative system by the British

administered the state without development to the local people There were no serious

efforts to develop the local people and the state at that time Most of the time

development that occurred during that time merely for the benefits of the European

and the English administrators that lived in the state at that time

In general maintenance administration is maintaining the welfare security and

peaceful life of the people During the administrative system that administered by the

British colonial in the state they only developed the administrative system without

doing or giving development to the local people without considering the local people

They did not want to develop the local people because they did not want the local

people exposed to the education that will later give some awareness to them to gain

independence When the local people are educated they will struggle for the

independent and will be hesitant towards all the orders and principles introduced by

the British in the beginning of their administrative system So that is why there were

no serious efforts to develop the local people and the state at that time In addition to

that the existence of the colonizer like British in our country is not to develop the state

or the country It is only to take and grab the opportunity of the natural resources to

export to their country so that all the resources used to help the industrial revolution in

Europe at that time All this will deduct the cost for importing from other outside

countries besides giving them huge profit with little expenses

Most of the time development that occurred during that time was merely for the

benefits of the administrators whom had lived in the state for a long period They onlywant to develop their own people and give education to their own new generations

The local people only become their lower assistant in order to help them developed the

administration that only provided benefits to their own people without considering the

local people All the administration system and the policies created by them were one

of the ways to make their social and economy activities easier

The administrative machinery left by the British was primarily oriented towards the

maintenance of the law and order and the collection of revenue It was not strongenough to implement the newly independent Malaya governments plans (after 1957)



| 15

for a rapid socio-economic growth and to respond to the many challenges posed by

the domestic and global economic and political changes Administration is the

administration in the colonial period which was before our country gained

independence from British It was merely maintaining the welfare interest security or

safety and peaceful life of the people

The administrative system started by the British and all the system and policies

created by British that mostly for their own benefits and for the advantages of their own

people They only developed the administration system for their own good without

concerning the development and improvement of the local people They only made the

local people as a lower assistant to help them to manage the administration system

without a serious effort to educate them to be an officer in the administration office

They cheated local people by tricking them with their policies and principles that

seems to benefit the local people but had actually provided for their own goods

The Post Colonia l Period (After Independence) Development

Administration ndash A reform was made in the administration Therefore the

administrative reform was planned by the government to respond to these changes in

the national status from that of a colony to self-government There were serious and

rapid efforts to develop the people and the nation precisely the development of

Malaysia in economy social culture politics and environment Policies made to

achieve development goals and objectives with a specific mechanism to administer the

programs and projects to achieve the development goals

Development administration however is the administration in the postcolonial period

which is after our country gained its independence from the British It is generally

about the reformation of the administrative system It means that the postcolonial

government had restructured the system of the administration inherited from the British

before

It is contrary to the development administration where all the local people can

contribute in the administration system and the local peoplesrsquo representatives made

policies for their own people after the postcolonial period

Development Administration has undergone numerous expansions in its focus and its

scope had extended beyond what was actually initiated in the 1950s (Nicholson amp

Connerly 1989)



16 |

Malaysia had its public service orientating its role and functions from administration in

the 1960s to development administration in the 1970s and 1980s that witnessed

almost the entire planning and administrative machinery of the government geared

towards efforts in socio-economic development based on the objectives and strategies

of the New Economic Policy and now the National Development Policy The role of the

public service was essentially that of facilitator supporter advisor regulator and

evaluator Certainly these new tasks require adjustment in human capacity

organizational structure work process and procedures and in some cases even

reorientation in approaches and attitudes among public service employees

15 DEFINITION OF DEVELOPED DEVELOPING amp POORCOUNTRY

151 Developed countries

The term developed country is used to describe countries that have a high

level of development according to some criteria Which criteria and countries

that are classified as being developed is a contentious issue and there is

fierce debate about this

Economic criteria have tended to dominate discussions One such criterion is

income per capita and countries with high gross domestic product (GDP) per

capita being described as developed countries

Another economic criterion is industrialization Countries in which the tertiary

and quaternary sectors of industry dominate being described as developed

More recently another measure the Human Development Index which

combines with an economic measure national income with other measures

indices for life expectancy and education has become prominent ((IMF 20

July 2009)

Developed countries such industrial countries or industrially advanced

countries Developed countries means the high income countries in which

most people have a high standard of living Sometimes also as countries with

a large stock of physical capital in which most people undertake highly

specialized activities According to the World Bank classification these



| 17

include all high income economies Depending on who defines them

developed countries may also include middle income countries with transition

economies because these countries are highly industrialized Developed

countries contain about 15 percent of the worlds population ((IMF 20 July

2009)

152 Developing countries

Developing country is a term generally used to describe a nation with a low

level of material well being There is no single internationally-recognized

definition of developed country and the levels of development may vary

widely within so-called developing countries with some developing countrieshaving high average standards of living

According to the classification from IMF before April 2004 all the countries of

Eastern Europe (including Central European countries which still belongs to

Eastern Europe Group in the UN institutions) as well as the former Soviet

Union (USSR) countries in Central Asia (Kazakhstan Uzbekistan

Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan and Turkmenistan) and Mongolia were not included

under either developed or developing regions but rather were referred to ascountries in transition however they are now widely regarded (in the

international reports) as developing countries

In the 21st century the original Four Asian Tigers regions (Hong Kong

Singapore South Korea and Taiwan are considered developed region or

areas along with Cyprus Israel Malta and Slovenia are considered newly

developed countries(IMF 20 July 2009)

The IMF uses a flexible classification system that considers (1) per capita

income level (2) export diversificationmdashso oil exporters that have high per

capita GDP would not make the advanced classification because around 70

of its exports are oil and (3) degree of integration into the global financial

system (IMF 20 July 2009)

The World Bank classifies countries into four income groups Low income

countries have GNI per capita of US$975 or less Lower middle income



18 |

countries have GNI per capita of US$976 ndash$3855 Upper middle income

countries have GNI per capita between US$3856 ndash$11905 High income

countries have GNI above $11906 The World Bank classifies all low- and

middle-income countries as developing but notes The use of the term is

convenient it is not intended to imply that all economies in the group are

experiencing similar development or that other economies have reached a

preferred or final stage of development Classification by income does not

necessarily reflect development status(World Bank Report 2009)

According to the World Bank classification countries with low or middle levels

of GNP per capita as well as five high income developing economies such

Brunei Singapore Thailand Malaysia and Philippines These five economies

are classified as developing despite their high per capita income because of

their economic structure or the official opinion of their governments Several

countries with transition economies are sometimes grouped with developing

countries based on their low or middle levels of per capita income and

sometimes with developed countries based on their high industrialization

More than 80 percent of the worlds population lives in the more than 100

developing countries

153 Poor countries

Poor countries are the countries that are not developed in achieving the

economic growth

There are several countries are not developed which are Myanmar Laos

Cambodia Vietnam also Afghanistan Angola Bangladesh Benin Bhutan

Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cape Verde Central African Republic

Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of Congo Djibouti Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Haiti Kiribati Laos

Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Maldives Mali Mauritania

Mozambique Myanmar Nepal Niger Rwanda Samoa Satildeo Tomeacute and

Priacutencipe Senegal Sierra Leone Solomon Islands Somalia Sudan East

Timor Togo Tuvalu Uganda Tanzania Vanuatu Yemen Zambia All these

countries are not successful with their development ((IMF 20 July 2009)



| 19

Also mostly these poor countries have similarities of problems such as

high b ir th ra te comp ared to to tal pop u la tion

Also known as overpopulation the situation of having large numbers of

people with too few resources and too little space is closely associated

with poverty It can result from high populat ion densi ty (the ratio of

people to land area usually expressed as numbers of persons per

square kilometre or square mile) or from low amounts of resources or

from both Excessively high population densities put stress on available

resources Only a certain number of people can be supported on a

given area of land and that number depends on how much food and

other resources the land can provide In countries where people live

primarily by means of simple farming gardening herding hunting and

gathering even large areas of land can support only small numbers of

people because these labour-intensive subsistence activities produce

only small amounts of food

uns table pol i t ica l system

About 60 of the poorest countries experienced civil conflict of varying

intensity and duration in the period 1990 ndash

2001 that in most caseserupted after a period of economic stagnation and regression In

Rwanda for example average private consumption per capita fell by

more than 12 between 1980 and 1993 the year before the genocide

occurred

high ra te of unemp loyment

Changes in labor markets also contributed to increased unemployment

For instance the number of relatively high-paying manufacturing jobs

has declined while the demand for workers in service- and technology-

related industries has increased Historically people have learned the

skills required for jobs that involve manual labour such as those in

manufacturing either on the job or through easily accessible school

vocational programs As these jobs replaced by service- and

technology-related jobsmdash jobs that usually require skills taught at the

college level mdash people who cannot afford a college education find it

increasingly difficult to obtain well-paying work



20 |

environmental degradat ion

In many parts of the world environmental degradation mdash the

deterioration of the natural environment including the atmosphere

bodies of water soil and forests mdash is an imp ortant cause of poverty

Environmental problems have led to shortages of food clean water

materials for shelter and other essential resources As forests land air

and water are degraded people who live directly off these natural

resources suffer most from the effects ( World Bank Report 2009)

QUESTION 1

a) Define Development Administration

(5 marks)

b) Differentiate the colonial administration and the postcolonial administration in

development

(20 marks)

QUESTION 2

Discuss the importance contributions of Development Administration in developing

Malaysia

(25 marks)

QUESTION 3

Elaborate on the similarities of obstacles encountered by poor countries to develop

(25 marks)

QUESTION 4

Distinguish between developed developing and poor countries by citing to relevant

example

(25 marks)

QUESTION 5

Explain the history of Development Administration in Malaysia(25 marks)



2 |



| 3



Administration








4 |







development
















1 ECONOMY










| 5







2 POLITICS

















power states



6 |

3 SOCIAL













of administrator






(wwwmohegovmy)
















| 7



































8 |










4 CULTURE


























| 9













(Williams 1980)





















10 |












problems


objectives




















| 11











demands


Administration





















12 |
























citizen










| 13
































curtail



14 |


MALAYSIA
































| 15


























before






Connerly 1989)



16 |
























July 2009)








| 17





2009)


























18 |



















153 Poor countries


economic growth













| 19






















occurred














20 |









QUESTION 1


(5 marks)


development

(20 marks)

QUESTION 2


Malaysia

(25 marks)

QUESTION 3


(25 marks)

QUESTION 4


example

(25 marks)

QUESTION 5




| 3



Administration








4 |







development
















1 ECONOMY










| 5







2 POLITICS

















power states



6 |

3 SOCIAL













of administrator






(wwwmohegovmy)
















| 7



































8 |










4 CULTURE


























| 9













(Williams 1980)





















10 |












problems


objectives




















| 11











demands


Administration





















12 |
























citizen










| 13
































curtail



14 |


MALAYSIA
































| 15


























before






Connerly 1989)



16 |
























July 2009)








| 17





2009)


























18 |



















153 Poor countries


economic growth













| 19






















occurred














20 |









QUESTION 1


(5 marks)


development

(20 marks)

QUESTION 2


Malaysia

(25 marks)

QUESTION 3


(25 marks)

QUESTION 4


example

(25 marks)

QUESTION 5




4 |







development
















1 ECONOMY










| 5







2 POLITICS

















power states



6 |

3 SOCIAL













of administrator






(wwwmohegovmy)
















| 7



































8 |










4 CULTURE


























| 9













(Williams 1980)





















10 |












problems


objectives




















| 11











demands


Administration





















12 |
























citizen










| 13
































curtail



14 |


MALAYSIA
































| 15


























before






Connerly 1989)



16 |
























July 2009)








| 17





2009)


























18 |



















153 Poor countries


economic growth













| 19






















occurred














20 |









QUESTION 1


(5 marks)


development

(20 marks)

QUESTION 2


Malaysia

(25 marks)

QUESTION 3


(25 marks)

QUESTION 4


example

(25 marks)

QUESTION 5




| 5







2 POLITICS

















power states



6 |

3 SOCIAL













of administrator






(wwwmohegovmy)
















| 7



































8 |










4 CULTURE


























| 9













(Williams 1980)





















10 |












problems


objectives




















| 11











demands


Administration





















12 |
























citizen










| 13
































curtail



14 |


MALAYSIA
































| 15


























before






Connerly 1989)



16 |
























July 2009)








| 17





2009)


























18 |



















153 Poor countries


economic growth













| 19






















occurred














20 |









QUESTION 1


(5 marks)


development

(20 marks)

QUESTION 2


Malaysia

(25 marks)

QUESTION 3


(25 marks)

QUESTION 4


example

(25 marks)

QUESTION 5




6 |

3 SOCIAL













of administrator






(wwwmohegovmy)
















| 7



































8 |










4 CULTURE


























| 9













(Williams 1980)





















10 |












problems


objectives




















| 11











demands


Administration





















12 |
























citizen










| 13
































curtail



14 |


MALAYSIA
































| 15


























before






Connerly 1989)



16 |
























July 2009)








| 17





2009)


























18 |



















153 Poor countries


economic growth













| 19






















occurred














20 |









QUESTION 1


(5 marks)


development

(20 marks)

QUESTION 2


Malaysia

(25 marks)

QUESTION 3


(25 marks)

QUESTION 4


example

(25 marks)

QUESTION 5




| 7



































8 |










4 CULTURE


























| 9













(Williams 1980)





















10 |












problems


objectives




















| 11











demands


Administration





















12 |
























citizen










| 13
































curtail



14 |


MALAYSIA
































| 15


























before






Connerly 1989)



16 |
























July 2009)








| 17





2009)


























18 |



















153 Poor countries


economic growth













| 19






















occurred














20 |









QUESTION 1


(5 marks)


development

(20 marks)

QUESTION 2


Malaysia

(25 marks)

QUESTION 3


(25 marks)

QUESTION 4


example

(25 marks)

QUESTION 5




| 9













(Williams 1980)





















10 |












problems


objectives




















| 11











demands


Administration





















12 |
























citizen










| 13
































curtail



14 |


MALAYSIA
































| 15


























before






Connerly 1989)



16 |
























July 2009)








| 17





2009)


























18 |



















153 Poor countries


economic growth













| 19






















occurred














20 |









QUESTION 1


(5 marks)


development

(20 marks)

QUESTION 2


Malaysia

(25 marks)

QUESTION 3


(25 marks)

QUESTION 4


example

(25 marks)

QUESTION 5




10 |












problems


objectives




















| 11











demands


Administration





















12 |
























citizen










| 13
































curtail



14 |


MALAYSIA
































| 15


























before






Connerly 1989)



16 |
























July 2009)








| 17





2009)


























18 |



















153 Poor countries


economic growth













| 19






















occurred














20 |









QUESTION 1


(5 marks)


development

(20 marks)

QUESTION 2


Malaysia

(25 marks)

QUESTION 3


(25 marks)

QUESTION 4


example

(25 marks)

QUESTION 5




| 11











demands


Administration





















12 |
























citizen










| 13
































curtail



14 |


MALAYSIA
































| 15


























before






Connerly 1989)



16 |
























July 2009)








| 17





2009)


























18 |



















153 Poor countries


economic growth













| 19






















occurred














20 |









QUESTION 1


(5 marks)


development

(20 marks)

QUESTION 2


Malaysia

(25 marks)

QUESTION 3


(25 marks)

QUESTION 4


example

(25 marks)

QUESTION 5




12 |
























citizen










| 13
































curtail



14 |


MALAYSIA
































| 15


























before






Connerly 1989)



16 |
























July 2009)








| 17





2009)


























18 |



















153 Poor countries


economic growth













| 19






















occurred














20 |









QUESTION 1


(5 marks)


development

(20 marks)

QUESTION 2


Malaysia

(25 marks)

QUESTION 3


(25 marks)

QUESTION 4


example

(25 marks)

QUESTION 5




| 13
































curtail



14 |


MALAYSIA
































| 15


























before






Connerly 1989)



16 |
























July 2009)








| 17





2009)


























18 |



















153 Poor countries


economic growth













| 19






















occurred














20 |









QUESTION 1


(5 marks)


development

(20 marks)

QUESTION 2


Malaysia

(25 marks)

QUESTION 3


(25 marks)

QUESTION 4


example

(25 marks)

QUESTION 5




14 |


MALAYSIA
































| 15


























before






Connerly 1989)



16 |
























July 2009)








| 17





2009)


























18 |



















153 Poor countries


economic growth













| 19






















occurred














20 |









QUESTION 1


(5 marks)


development

(20 marks)

QUESTION 2


Malaysia

(25 marks)

QUESTION 3


(25 marks)

QUESTION 4


example

(25 marks)

QUESTION 5




| 15


























before






Connerly 1989)



16 |
























July 2009)








| 17





2009)


























18 |



















153 Poor countries


economic growth













| 19






















occurred














20 |









QUESTION 1


(5 marks)


development

(20 marks)

QUESTION 2


Malaysia

(25 marks)

QUESTION 3


(25 marks)

QUESTION 4


example

(25 marks)

QUESTION 5




16 |
























July 2009)








| 17





2009)


























18 |



















153 Poor countries


economic growth













| 19






















occurred














20 |









QUESTION 1


(5 marks)


development

(20 marks)

QUESTION 2


Malaysia

(25 marks)

QUESTION 3


(25 marks)

QUESTION 4


example

(25 marks)

QUESTION 5




| 17





2009)


























18 |



















153 Poor countries


economic growth













| 19






















occurred














20 |









QUESTION 1


(5 marks)


development

(20 marks)

QUESTION 2


Malaysia

(25 marks)

QUESTION 3


(25 marks)

QUESTION 4


example

(25 marks)

QUESTION 5




18 |



















153 Poor countries


economic growth













| 19






















occurred














20 |









QUESTION 1


(5 marks)


development

(20 marks)

QUESTION 2


Malaysia

(25 marks)

QUESTION 3


(25 marks)

QUESTION 4


example

(25 marks)

QUESTION 5




| 19






















occurred














20 |









QUESTION 1


(5 marks)


development

(20 marks)

QUESTION 2


Malaysia

(25 marks)

QUESTION 3


(25 marks)

QUESTION 4


example

(25 marks)

QUESTION 5




20 |









QUESTION 1


(5 marks)


development

(20 marks)

QUESTION 2


Malaysia

(25 marks)

QUESTION 3


(25 marks)

QUESTION 4


example

(25 marks)

QUESTION 5


1.introduction to development administration

Documents