NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS

OF RESEARCH

Meaning of Research

Research is a scientific investigation of phenomena, which includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that link man’s speculations with reality. (Calmorin)

Research is the continuous discovery and exploration of the unknown, an investigation of new facts leading to the discovery of new ideas, new methods or improvement.

( Sanches )

Research is a systematic study or investigation of something for the purpose of answering questions posed by the researcher. ( Parel )

Research is searching for a theory, testing for a theory and for solving a problem. (Sevilla)

Research is a systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relation among the natural phenomena. (Kerlinger)

Importance of Research

Research is a vehicle for mobility, a contribution towards the attainment of national goals.

Research explains an issue or controversy.

Research advances human knowledge and satisfies curiosity.

Research improves instruction and student achievements.

Research improves quality of life.

Research satisfies man’s needs.

Research reduces the burden of work

Research has deep-seated psychological aspect.

Objectives of Research

to seek new knowledge and

answer specific question

provide useful information in the form of verifiable data

Characteristics of a Researcher

Intellectual Curiosity

Prudence

Healthy Criticism

Intellectual Honesty

Qualities of a Good Researcher

R- esearcher oriented

E- fficientS- cientific

E- ffective

A- ctive

R- esourceful

C- reative

H- onest

E- conomical

R- eligious

Characteristics of Research

Empirical. Research is based on direct experience and observation of the researcher.

Logical. Scientific investigation is done in an orderly manner.

Cyclical. Research starts with a problem and ends with a problem.

Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures

Replicable. The research design can be replicated for validation of results.

Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgements.

Types of Research

According to Use

Pure Research It is also called “basic research” or

“fundamental research” that aims to discover basic truth and principles intended to add to the body of scientific knowledge

Applied Research

It involves seeking new applications of scientific knowledge to the solution of a problem.

Action Research

It is a decision-oriented research involving the application of the steps of scientific method in response to immediate need to improve existing practices.

According to Venue

• Library Research

Research done in the library where answer to specific questions or problems of the study are available.

• Field Research

Research is conducted in a natural setting where no changes are made in the environment.

• Laboratory ResearchResearch is conducted in

artificial or controlled conditions by isolating the study in rigorously specified and operationalized area.

• The purposes are: 1. To test hypothesis derived from a theory, 2. To control variance under research conditions, 3. To discover the relations between the dependent and independent variables.

According to Type of Data

Quantitative ResearchResearch that utilizes

numerical method of measuring or ascertaining the variable. It uses an objective method of measuring the variable and data are treated using statistical tools.

Qualitative ResearchResearch that do not utilize

numerical data but instead data are presented through elaborate word descriptions of what is observed. Interpretation and analysis relies on the researcher’s personal judgement and critical analysis of the event, condition, or behavior observed under investigations. This is usually utilized with case studies.

According to Procedure and Techniques

Historical ResearchResearch which is the

accumulation of facts in relation to a particular time sequence to determine whether or what certain events in history actually happened.

Descriptive Research It includes all studies that

purport to present facts concerning the nature and status of anything. It is concerned with condition of relationships that exist, practices that prevail, beliefs and processes that are going-on, felt influences and developing trends.

Experimental Method It is a problem-solving

approach of research that describes what will be when certain variables are carefully controlled or manipulated. It is the technique of discovering information by means of experimentation.

Ex Post Facto ResearchResearch which

investigates a problem by studying the variables in retrospect. The dependent variable is immediately observable and the main concern is to find out the antecedents that give rise to this consequence.

The Research Process

Problem/Objective

Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

Assumption

Hypothesis

Review of Related Literature

Research Design

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

Analysis and Interpretation

Data Processing and statistical Treatment

Data Collection

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