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Chapter OutlineThe Living World

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya, (Viruses)

Biomolecules

Functional Groups

Major Classes of Biomolecules

Biochemical Reactions

Reactions, Energy, Metabolism, Order

Genetic Information Processing

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What is Life?

1. Life is complex and dynamic.

2. Life is organized and self-sustaining.

3. Life is cellular.

4. Life is information based.

5. Life adapts and evolves.

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1.1 The Living WorldAll living species are composed of

prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.

Living organisms are classified in to three domains:

bacteria

archaea (extremophiles)

eukarya

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ProkaryotesTwo groups:

eubacteria

e. g. Escherichia coli

Staphylococcus aureus

archae

e. g. Halobacterium salinarium

Thermoplasma acidophilus

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EukaryotesEukaryotic cells are larger and more

complex than prokaryotic cells.

They contain organelles: eg. Nucleus.

Most are multicellular.

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1.2 BiomoleculesMost compounds found in organisms are

organic molecules.

These molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

Most molecules found in organisms are derived from hydrocarbons.

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Biomolecules: Hydrocarbons

CH2

CH2CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

cyclohexane

CHH

HH

methane

CCCCH

HH

H

H

H

H

H

HCH

CH

H

HH hexane

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Biomolecules: Functional Groups

R CH CH R alkene

R OH alcohol

R SH thiol

RCHO

aldehyde

R C RO

ketone

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Biomolecules: Functional Groups

RCO

OH carboxylic acid

R C ORO

ester

R C NH2

Oamide

R NH2 amine

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Classes of Biomolecules-1aAmino acids make peptides and proteins.

C

C

R

HNH2

OHO

CH2

CC

HNH2

OH

OH

O

Serine, SerCC

NH2

OH

CH2NH2

O

H4Lysine, Lys R groups

-aminoacid

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Classes of Biomolecules-1bSome amino acids are not -aminoacids.

CH2NH2 CH2CO

OH

-alanine

CH2NH2 CH2CH2CO

OH-aminobutyric acid GABA

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Small Biomolecules-1c

NC CR

HNH3

+ OC CR

HO

OH

Peptide bond

CHNH2 CO

NHCH2OH

CH CO

NHH

CH CO

NHCH2SH CH3

CHCO

OH

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Small Biomolecules-2Monosaccharides (simple sugars) make

carbohydrates

CC

O H

COHH

CH OHH

CH2OHOH

D-ribose

CH2OHCC

OOH

C OHHC

H

H OHCH2OH

D-fructose

CHOCC

OHOH

C OHHC

H

H OHCH2OH

H

D-glucose

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Small Biomolecules-3aFatty acids are part of many lipids.

CH3

CH2CH2

CH2CH2

CH2CH2

CH2CH2

CH2CH2

C

O

O

Lauric acid (saturated) in anion form

CH2CH2

CH2CH2

CH2CH2

CH3

CH2

CHCH

CH2

CH2CH2

CH2CH2

CH2CH2

C

O

O

An unsaturated fatty acid

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Small Biomolecules-3b

CH2

CH

CH2

O

O

O CO

CO

CO

R1

R2

R3a fat/oil or triacyl glycerol

CH2CH2 N+

CH2

CH

CH2

O

O

O P

O

C

O

C

OR1

R2

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

phosphatidylcholine

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Small Biomolecules-3c

CHCH2(CH3)2CH

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3

3

Cholesterol

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Small Biomolecules-4aNucleotides join to form DNA and RNA.Nucleotides are composed of:

a nitrogenous baseribose or deoxyribose sugar ringphosphate group

OCH2

HOH

H

OH

HH

N N

N N

NH2

OP

O

O

O-

-

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Small Biomolecules-4bBases

NCCH

C

N

NC

CHN

NH2

HNC

CHC

N

NC

CNH

O

HNH2

NC CHNH

O

CCO

CH3

HN

C CHN

O

CHCNH2

HN

C CHNH

O

CHCO

H

Adenine (A)Guanine (G)Cytosine (C)Thymine (T)Uracil (U)pyrimidines purines

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Small Biomolecules-4cDNA

Is a polymer of two polynucleotide strands wrapped in a right handed double helix.

Has a sugar (deoxyribose) phosphate backbone.

Has the bases paired via hydrogen bonding. (A-T and G-C)

Carries the genetic information (genes) of an organism.

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Small Biomolecules-4d

Fig 1.14

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Small Biomolecules-4eRNA

Is a polymer of polynucloetide strands.

Has a sugar (ribose) phosphate backbone.

Has the bases A, U, G, and C.

Consists of three types:

messenger RNA

transfer RNA

ribosomal RNA