1. Physical Development

2. Cognitive Development

3. Social Development

* Believed Social Development occurred in: EIGHT STAGES* Attachment* Conflict/Resolution/Fixation – Explain what this means ….

Psychoanalytic/Freudian in natureUnconscious conflictIf resolved (needs are met by others/socially), then

you advance to next stage healthfullyIf unresolved (needs are not met by others/socially),

then you become fixated (stuck) in this stage and still advance to the next stage

You may fix fixations later in life, if needs are met

Prepare an advertisement presentation to teach parents/kids/teens/adults about the conflict kids/adults are going through for the stages of development assigned to your group.

In other words, help your “audience” to understand themselves/their kids/their parents better through

your CREATIVE “service announcement.”• Your poster should be THOROUGH, READABLE (even from a

distance), and FACTUAL!• Your advertisement should be presented as a commercial/ad

– make a plan!• Take your audience from the concrete (this paper) to the formal

(be creative)!

A. The bond that develops in the first year of life makes human babies rely on their caregivers for SAFETY and COMFORT.   1. Babies show DISTRESS upon separation. B. Attachment occurs for all children in all CULTURES.C. Around EIGHT months, when children have cognitively developed an understanding of OBJECT PERMANENCE, their own attachment to caregivers becomes evident when strangers are present and caregivers leave a room.

1. This is known as STRANGER ANXIETY.(I know you’re out there somewhere….)

D. How did Erikson address this concept? What Stage?

TRUST vs. MISTRUST

E. How can we foster SECURE attachments?1. There is not a

CRITICAL PERIOD for attachment in

humans.2. Harry Harlow’s

monkey studies showed that

attachment requires:

•SAFE HAVEN (when distressed)•SECURE BASE (from which to explore)

Harlow 

a. Children who show development of a secure attachment by TWELVE months, later tend to have the following qualities:

• They are more at ease with other children. 

• They are more interested in exploring their surroundings. 

• They are more positive and persistent when presented with new challenges 

• They become distressed when the parent is not around (haven) 

• They seek contact with the parent upon return (secure base)

b. Children who show development of an insecure attachment show the following qualities: (orphans??)

• Low self-esteem and high self-doubt

• Inappropriate emotional reactions when parents leave/return

• Little or no exploration• Clingy

Showed that attachment can also affect your future relationships… (you can blame your parents for your date anxiety or your social ease!!!)  a. It affects how you view LOVE relationships.

- When children are deprived of attachment, they lose a sense of social COMPETENCE.

- Although, this CAN change if given the right care after the fact. (Erikson)

- Based on research of John BowlbySecure/Insecure Attachment

Styles

(1) Parent and infant alone.(2) Stranger joins parent and infant.(3) Parent leaves infant and stranger alone.(4) Parent returns and stranger leaves.(5) Parent leaves; infant left completely alone.(6) Stranger returns.(7) Parent returns and stranger leaves.

Four categories of behaviors are measured and observed:

(1) separation anxiety: the unease the infant shows when left by the caregiver(2) the infant’s willingness to explore(3) stranger anxiety: the infant’s response to the presence of a stranger, and (4) reunion behavior: the way the caregiver was greeted on return.

Ainsworth

Secure Attachment

Ambivalent Attachment

Avoidant Attachment

Separation Anxiety

Distressed when mother leaves.

Infant shows signs of intense distress when mother leaves.

Infant shows no sign of distress when mother leaves.

Stranger Anxiety

Avoidant of stranger when alone but friendly when mother present.

Infant avoids the stranger - shows fear of stranger.

Infant is okay with the stranger and plays normally when stranger is present.

Reunion behavior

Positive and happy when mother returns.

Child approaches mother but resists contact, may even push her away.

Infant shows little interest when mother returns.

a. Permissiveb. Rejecting/Neglectingc. Authoritarian (TOTALITARIAN/DICTATORIAL)d. Authoritative (TALKATIVE/DEMOCRATIC)

Children who grow socially from AUTHORITATIVE parenting have the following characteristics:* Increased Self-esteem* Strong Self-reliance* Social competence… for which culture? – Individualistic Cultures

Temperament (Ahhhh!!)A. Defined as a person’s characteristic emotional REACTIVITY and INTENSITY. B. Research shows that temperament affects ATTACHMENT and it does ENDURE over time. C. A baby’s social interactions are often guided by their temperament and the temperament of their parents.

A. Self-concept is defined as a person’s sense of IDENTITY and PERSONAL WORTH.

1. It is usually measured in degree. (high/low)

B. These change as we grow older and enter different phases of development.

1. 6-8 months No Self-Concept/Rouge Test

2. 15-18 monthsRecognize Self in Mirror:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2I0kwSua44   3. Early School Age (4-7)

Build Schema of “me” – gender, ability, group, family  4. 1st or 2nd Grades

Begin to Plan for “future me” 5. Adolescence (Identity)

Ultimate Social Goal – Westernized/Individualism(will discuss later)

Peer Influence… How do we develop in our peer relationships?1. Solitary Play B-22. Parallel Play 2 - 43. Cooperative Play 4 - K4. Peer Group 6 -

See Influence Information (on projector)

I. Intimacy(Read/Annotate

Research/Review)

A. How do adolescents form an identity in Western Society?

1. We try out different roles.2. We gradually reshape these “selves”(roles) to

form an identity

Identity: One’s concept of their “self,” which includes all elements of being (possessions, ideals, ideas, relationships, roles, etc.) that one can claim ownership of.

Alternatives to forming an identity:Sometimes, identities do not form.Sometimes, we take on our parents’ identities.Sometimes we do the opposite of what our authority figures wish.Sometimes, our identities aren’t formed until late in adolescence or early in adulthood.

• Four separate scores• Circle your highest• Group by adding your answers for the following 4

groups:1.5,9,11,12,14,26,31,32,34,36,43,47,48,54,57,61

2. 1,2,4,6,7,10,16,19,23,25,29,30,52,53,56,59

3.8,13,15,18,20,22,33,35,40,42,45,46,49,51,55,60

4.3,17,21,24,27,28,37,38,39,41,44,50,58,62,63,64

What is seen to be the major crisis?•Separate from parents’ values/ideals•Test parents’ values/ideals against own experience•Try on different “roles” •Come to a conclusion about what ideals/values/roles are “YOU”

1. What are the 4 levels of identity formation?#3 a. Identity Achievement – Considered options, reevaluated past beliefs, went through crisis period, committed to job/ideology despite parental conflicts.#2 b. Identity Diffusion – Lack commitment, may or may not have had crisis, not concerned with job/ideology.#1 c. Moratorium – Still in crisis period, unable to make decision. Trying to compromise b/t parents, society, own demands.#4 d. Forclosure – Made commitment

without a crisis. Goals/ideologies are those of parents. Becoming what others intended for them. Rigid personality. Unable to cope if faced with situation where parental values/ideologies are challenged, may be threatened.

 

(OM – EIS) – Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status

Erikson:Conflict Resolution/FixationA. Levinson

Midlife Crisis/40-45Ends with commitment and compassionMarcia-likeTesting Unreliable

B. Counterevidence:1. Divorce higher in 20’s2. More suicide in 70’s3. Crisis does NOT peak at midlife

4. Stages are unreliable overall and vary from person to person and culture to culture.

5. It’s more important to investigate the events that occur socially rather than a timetable.

marriageparenthoodjobretirementempty nestetc.

Commitments1. Intimacy vs. IsolationAll humans form love bonds2. Fundamental for passing on our genes (evolution)

Bonds work better if: (listed in class)

Age Women Men

Under 20 years old 27.6% 11.7%

20 to 24 years old 36.6% 38.8%

25 to 29 years old 16.4% 22.3%

30 to 34 years old 8.5% 11.6%

35 to 39 years old 5.1% 6.5%

3. Marriages last longer if after 20 years and if individuals are educated.

Divorce rate US: Approx 50%

Divorce rate Utah: Approx 53%

4. 9 out of 10 adults marry/75% remarry after divorce.

5. Married people report being happier more often than single

people6. What qualities make a marriage last?

List:

7. Women find children to be more taxing on their marriages.

8. Most “empty nesters” see

the time after their children leave as a time of renewal.

To feel as though they’ve “generated” something worthwhile, elderly individuals should:1. Feel a sense of competence at what they do. 2. Most people are not capable of committing to a field even TWO years out of high

school 3. A liberal (exposure to many options) education provides opportunities to “try on” different roles.4. In the end, the quality of the work experience matters more than the actual job.

A. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross

Stages of Death and DyingStages of Loss/Grief

DABDA –• Denial: This isn't happening;

this is nothing. I'll just pretend it isn't there and it'll go away.

• Anger: This isn't right! I DON'T DESERVE THIS!

• Bargaining: God, if you're up there, I promise to do everything I can to make this world better for the rest of my life.

• Depression: (Ultra-depressed crying).

• Acceptance: Well, everybody dies someday. I guess the only way to be able to live while I'm here is to accept it.

B. Culture plays a huge role in how one accepts death of a loved one or their own death.

C. Fault of her research?Subjects – cancer onlyCultureAge

D. Hospice care evolved to be more humane and involve psychological care in addition to pain care.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6mh8SX_sXs&safe=active

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dbofp_bgdzI