• ~....~ .,..,.~ ,~>\'"~ '. -:'":_ , .~ r . :-.~'

":..~'7-:- ..;.. :~-~~i:~~::.Z-~~~~: ~_~~:::~:: .. ~,o- T

L" :l([:.·!~~·~t~, ~~-.. ~~.~~.::~i>,.,?

~ ••':-"";"'."~ - ""I"·!

I1.

.......-

Archaeological Assessment

1 POPLAR STREET, SVRRY HILLS

Report prepared for Kann Finchand The NSW Heritage Council

.-~;. ~ .

~-.-.'

-.

.,..:-'''~. ~ .~::..: : ..'~:~ ~-:.. ."'.~_. ~~ --: ~ .~-:_-:.~ P-t;_~4",: .' . :::.,;r -'":~ .... ~ 4:,,1.. ' ,_ ~. ._""" •:c~5!j;' 21~~~h~J::·:":-::':':-::'-:·:":--'::::'-":";'·-':':'··":'-";'-::"··-"·":·:"'_"":'':''''''':''''':''''':''''':_--_':--.:........:-_._ ....:..-~:...._-----_ ...........:."""'-_......_iifj""'"

• .~ 1.,'- _ > -: ,~ ..9::~. ~:.,. or ~ :

'" -... ~~-___..._~\:4 .. :_~ .'"- ---: . ,,..

. --.... "' .. ,

'.

"

I~ .

}

I

January 1995

:.

:

HERITAGE CO::\'SL'LTA:S-TS

GODDE:-; MACKA Y PTY L TD A.C.:S-. tin !'!1 3-ioZ

"

56 WATERLOO STREET SURRY HILLS ::\'SW 2010 TELEPHO:SE il'2 .U'!' ~'Ul

- ' ......'" .- .. -....-.. '..

';- ..

~.

' ...... -";." ...

..; -"

.- ~~... ....-'" :: .~.. -.,~<

,-

' ....

-.~':-- ..... -.• - ~ > ~

;::.--. --:--:~~-: -. - ;- -..

IIIIIIII(I

'I'II1:1

'III'1IIIII

1 POPLAR STREET

Archaeological Assessment

Report prepared for Kann Finchand The NSW Heritage Council

January 1995

I'II,I

III'IIIIIIIIIIIIII

GODDENMACKAY

CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1 Background1.2 Study area1.3 Author identification1.4 Statutory Controls

1.4.1 NSW Heritage Act 1977 (as amended1.4.2 Archaeological Zoning Plan for Sydney1.4.3 Acknowledgements

2.0 HISTORIC CONTEXT2.1 Contextual history2.2 Endnotes

3.0 HISTORIC MAPS AND PLANS3.1 General

4.0 PHYSICAL ANALYSIS4.1 Limitations4.2 Description4.3 Evaluation of Survival of Potential Archaeological

5.0 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE5.1 Principles5.2 Basis for Assessment5.3 Evaluation5.4 Statement of Cultural Significance5.5 Notes

6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

7.0 BIBUOGRAPHY7.1 Published Material7.2 Unpublished Material

8.0 APPENDICESAppendix A The Burra Charter of Australia IcomosAppendix B. Title Documents

PAGE

11111122

667

99

232323

Features. 23

282828303232

33

343434

35

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

GODDENMACKAY

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Godden Mackay have been commissioned by Kann Finch to prepare an archaeologicalassessment for a development site located at 1 Poplar Street, Surry Hills. This assessmentis required by Sydney City Council as part of the Development Application process.Interim advice relating to the archaeological potential of the site has already been providedto Kann Finch for lodgement with the Development Application

1.2 STUDY AREA

The proposed development site is a corner block in Surry Hills bounded on one side byBrisbane Street, to the west, and by Poplar Street to the north(see Figure 1.1 and 1.2). Thesite consists of a vacant block, now covered by bitumen, fronting, Brisbane Street andextending up Poplar Street and an industrial building fronting Poplar Street.

1.3 AUTHOR IDENTIFICATION

The physical examination, analysis and assessment of the site was completed by MatthewKelly. Matthew Kelly was also responsible for review of historic plans, the evaluation ofsignificance and the assessment of the potential impact of the development proposal.

1.4 STATUTORY CONTROLS

1.4.1 NSW Heritage Act 1977 (as amended

The NSW Heritage Act 1977 affords automatic statutory protection to 'relics' that formarchaeological deposits or part thereof. The Act defines 'relic' as;

any deposit, object or material evidence relating to the settlement of the area thatcomprises NSW, not being an aboriginal settlement, and which is 50 or more yearsold

Sections 139 to 145 of the act prevent the excavationer disturbance of land for the purposeof discovering, exposing or moving a relic, except by a qualified archaeologist to whom anexcavation permit has been issued by the Heritage CounCil of NSW.

1

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

GODDENMACKAY

1.4.2 Archaeological Zoning Plan for Sydney

The site encompassed by this work, the development, is listed as an area of archaeologicalsensitivity in the Archaeological Zoning Plan for Sydney and as such requires anarchaeological baseline assessment (this document) investigating the archaeologicalpotential of the site (see Figure 1.3). '

1.4.3 Acknowledgements

Victor AlIen for providing much of the historical information.

2

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

Figure 1.1 Site location

3

f\ '?>() 'o()

..... Cl __.....;tf\_.-~o-:;:;::::===,,=:::::>~~~~~~PM 53L73RL 27.61

AHD ..ON BOLT

u. CONCRETE3: PLATFORM

10 ",,,, u 29.53o,.~x- ",'"&c; .....0,. ~

,,'0

.....'0.....0,.

VACANT

r .....0,. GATE.. VC BITUM"0,' o,().....'0.()'o .. ",0,~o,. ",10 .'0'I'I

o,~''o() ",'\$'-";~

'0' .....'0.","

",'" .......'0.... .....'0 •

.~",'o

.....'" '),.,,,. ~x- V.C0" KO

....."0,'" ""."........

'0".p

"",.

'0"'\.. ",

r-I

IIIIIIIIIIIIIII,I:1III

fr

THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ZONINGPLAN FOR CENTRAL SYDNEY

PLAN OF AREAS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL

SHEET FIVE OF SIX

KEY:

AREA OF ~~C~~EOLOGICAL POTENTIAL

AREA OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL PARTIALLYDIS1'URBED

AREA OF NO ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL

.LAVELLE AND MIDER FOR THE SYDNEY CITY COUNCIL 1992

Figure 1.3 Sydney Archaeological Zoning Plan (extract)

5

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

GODDENMACKAY

2.0 mSTORIC CONTEXT

2.1 CONTEXTUAL mSTORY

The site is part of a 25 acre grant made in 1795 by Lieutenant Governor Paterson toAlexander Donaldson. 1

The property was acquired soon after by John 'Little Jack' Palmer who, by purchasing thesubstantial estate of Captain Joseph Fouveaux eventually owned most of what is now SurryHills. 2 Palmer built a ditch as a boundary line between his farm and the township (seefigure 3.1). This boundary was later to become the boundary between the parishes of StJames and the Parish of Alexandria, the Parish in which the subject site sits.

Despite the fact that as a farmer and grazier he was an unqualified success, Palmer's supportof Governor Bligh saw him sacked from his role as Commissary General. His absence inEngland pushed his private affairs towards bankruptcy and as a result, to settle outstandingdebts, the Sheriff was ordered to sell his Surry Hills Estate in 1814. This auction saw theestate divided into 27 lots with the subject site faUing into the lot No. 1 purchased fortwelve pounds, ten shillings by Mr George Howe. 3

By the 1828 this lot was in turn subdivided with the subject site falling into the land leasedby John Mackenness from William Wemyss- 4

During the 1840s Edward Riley attempted to reconsolidate the Palmer estate by purchasinglots throughout Surry Hills but by 1839 the subject site was owned by W.c.Wentworth whomortgaged it in 1849 to Robert Campbell, President of the Bank of New South Wales andby 1852 the site was used by the Wentworths to secure 25,000 pounds. 5

Graphic evidence indicates that the site remained undeveloped at least until the late 1850sor perhaps the 1860s (see figure 3.6). The site obviously formed part of the excited landspeculation which gripped much of the wealthy population of Sydney during the first half ofthe century and guided their investments. By 1861 the site had been transferred to RobertOliver by W.C Wentworth's trustees. 6 Oliver held the property until his death when itpassed to his wife.

The Sands Directory indicates that no street numbers appeared in Brisbane Street north until1862 onwards. 7 Regular addresses from then on numbered 18 to 26 Brisbane Street and 1to 5 Little Brisbane Street indicate the subdivision and occupation of the areas followed.

By the 1880s there were terraces fronting Brisbane Street from the corner of Little BrisbaneStreet numbered 18-26 and terraces fronting Little Brisbane Street number 1-5 (see figure3.10). All feature outbuildings and yards. All are two storey brick dwellings with slateroofs replaced in the 1890's with galvanised iron' 8

6

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

GODDENMACKAY

In 1881 an epidemic of Smallpox hit Sydney and Surry Hills was one of the worst areasaffected with 13 cases and three deaths. 9The first wave of the infection located in SurryHills lead to the spread of the disease to Croydon and Glebe and the subsequent publicreaction led to the Public Authorities requiring cases be quarantined and areas cleansed and'scavenged'. None of the homes on the subject site were effected by the cleansingoperations as the team of 'scavengers' was despatched in June 1881 to the area bounded byFouveaux, Elizabeth, Albion and Riley Streets. 10

Perhaps the most lasting effects were on the reputation of Surry Hills and its Chineseinhabitants who, as, one were regarded in popular opinion as more susceptible to diseasethrough their racial characteristics and their living conditions.

Janice Oliver held the property until 1904 when ownership passed to the Permanent TrusteeCompany.

This area featured in the early twentieth century resumption plans as part of the area knownas the "Robin Hood Lane Resumption Area" and a number of redevelopment plans for thearea included demolition of whole swathes of houses for new wide avenues linking parts ofSydney south (see figures 3.11 and 3.12).

The title of the subject site was transferred in 1917 to a minor Howe but by the 1930s wasin the hands of the City of Sydney who have held it until recently.

little Brisbane Street was renamed Poplar Street in 1897-8 and the street was widened in1947 completely removing the remains of No. 18 Brisbane Street and the frontages of thePoplar Street (little Brisbane Street Nos 1-5) terraces. Presumably at this time the terracesat 20 and 22 were also demolished.

A surveyors plan of 1947 indicating the right of way shows the lot now occupied by thefactory as still vacant (see figure 3.14)..

2.2 ENDNOTES

1 LTO

2 Keating, C Surry Hills :the city's backyard, Hale and Irermonger, 1991, p

3 Keating, C Surry Hills, P

4 LTO

5 LTO

6 LTO

7

"------------------_._--_..._---- -----------

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

GODDENMACKAY

7 Sands directorys 1860, 1861, 1862-5

8 Rates Books 1865-1900, City of Sydney Archives

9 Curson P, Times of Crisis:Epidemics in Sydney 1788-1900, Sydney UniversityPress, 1985,p 94

10 Curson, p107

8

IIII"

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

GODDENMACKAY

3.0 mSTORIC MAPS AND PLANS

3.1 GENERAL

The research undertaken as part of this project yielded a series of historic maps and plans ofvarying detail, scale and quality. These were analysed and a number are referred to inSection 4 above, and in the accompanying historic context report.

Archival constraints and problems of accessibility precluded the use of original material.However, in most cases first generation photocopies were used. As the plans are producedfrom a variety of sources it is possible that there are errors and discrepancies, particularly inthe pre-1850 material which relied on chain surveys: these plans are the most likely to bephysically distorted. However, it is the accumulation of information which is informativeand no substantive difference is considered to occur within the overall findings andinformation accrued.

9

-

o....

~'.

'..7'

1,. '0

1

6}\ ".

IS .,

,

,r.

.... 1···:Zji,····."" ,.............: I '0 .0••0... . 14- 1!4·· ..

t - --_.~_.,-- ....... ·i :

.'.1.",

.9

IQ

s

10

40 7

M":i,l-'---~ (1, '.

D. '!'MIl

I.ToWH·AN~ SUBURBS0" •

SYDNEY'Aut/t:J~-..!.82Z.

If.B. TII, S,u.iin!,., ~,.. i"ftthOtr" d L.W,tu

V.,i,t1.n 'lttl't'ftl ..ltlt. Ka' n m.6y .. A,;.' Af4.a- ~"fO.Qn1f1., ':.lT I'"~. I! AI K,"".; ...,M.ri• .rlrtrt 6.•lf l ..t"1 I! AI N.E. 6.lIi.. "rlMIe,uui•...•.1.. 1 £.,tBy g~ lit f1'~'I,(f .. , ••,....".7 11.. fr. J"I

DIp ""J..,~ ..; Illt-elll N..41. i.1 ,,, 'I}t1,,,,*=::.~.ti.tUft',".BllIftkl,,,Mill.'Z,- IY,

.9

" •• .'0. I

. '

s .£ _~ ~-.9_~. ~'--s" ._.

.9

.9

.' • 1

. 10 G

,. No7/"

..

.f

7.... , .... ,. .T

11lI;t

14

,....M.

,\

\ .,

, I

sf..

."

Il-E-

11

Figure 3.2 Sketch Showing part of the extended lines of street (sic) as laid down for the extension of the townof Sydney. 1833, AD. SGSB V 2 f 52.

II,I

III\1II'.•IIIIIIIIII

,

i'I

•

~~;;"7~~~

~

"

•

--,r- ~-ir

'I;'

( , ~

i: r :;,. ,>~,.., I'"

IIIIIIIIIIIIII·1

II

"<

II', '. ..:

~.?.,f.•.

":--::-:'"-:.

·"J:tll1~:ICCe4f.i~. .'Ii .,

.'I

_0_1--!

12

s~..:~8u'0t::tIl

~ t"lg, ....

~.....>-G>t::

"&..Cl)

""'0ct3

G>-:S'00.

:.§~

~"'tf'l

e::r.elll'z;.(

- -

.1:.-",-,,,,,,._,.~ .., / ....._..

:r/I.,..... I . • ~

1_.' .• •~.

- - - - _I - - - - -

w

.'""'.

- - - - -

IIIIIII

~~..(:!~

;-t. Iff '/; tJ~ i ~J

: .... I~ i: .

.D., ~ '3 (l1".7. J:, i~ I

:'~-,~~~1

... ,f ..... r ......~ ..... (......_.......

-.f,("I'

'II,

.. :

\, \-."_ ·.JI •• ~/• .,-:_' .;.~_.~.:

~; 1'..!d' .R .rl!~--------:;=

ill : ~

""''''""''"'"''__•.•_....,.:_.. '-"_'f_'_'_:.'_'_'_•.'~,_..__..• ~ • i "'ct·:.:..!····:- - . -

:: .:. j"'i-

II

I

II

I

I

I

IIII Figure 3.5 Division of the Riley &tate. 1844. Keating, C Surry Hill:the city's backyard, Hale and Iremonger

1991, pg 20 .

II

14

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

Figure 3.6 Woolcot and Clarke's Map of the City of Sydney with the environs of Balmain and Glebe,Chippendale, Redfem, Paddington etc, 1854 (KeIIy and Cracker, p22) .

15

t\I

"

?-.r,i:

i

I!

i

IiiI

-li

\

I

o

I . 'ou••

\UJ~jl'- ,· ....rr .......,

i :tItt

------ -;~

~

I I I I I I Lt I 11 I ~, , I 1 6. L I J L_)I !:----- --+ ..,

,.;

~w~~~ ~~~~~lRql

00~

:llt'lt'l

~~~ril~Mt~~t,~:,,:..:.,.]" ~

l

~"lII6UJlI6L.l· ....· .....·""'"1 _I lUll........~ ~-1iW.QZZl x:-..·;::;·!~·::::J,l ....... ,tw.LJ:itUI.m:::rrm _AlW:I.~~~ ~~~~

._-_..!~~!'~~

.....('cr. :ll 't:I "-

~

OiVI!"

....-..l

18

".~

l//

.,Il.

,:,j~,:..~.,

• I· !

l~ ,I ", I~"if'Py",',i

. 1

~"""0 "~.. !:",,'"o

oF:igure 3.9 Water Board Plan 1889·94, (Water Board Historical Unit).

7/~"!{~~~ ': .. "". "ff /""

f

". ~ .... t. I 'X'"'.........~ / / ~f.:"..,.~.. /~'..:

/; ."..... ' .~ , .I .'~, ~! .', .

, I "" '- I /' .. / ' •

/ / I'''':'i~' .. ' / ..,/ / ":;. ... " '/ / ./~"r/ I ~ , '/t' I i'"• ,. I '-':::: . /'

: ,. , • No "', , !, /' I'........ '-;-. ' .' I ,, / '" ~', '!1? i '

/ ::. " ,:. I-_._/- _.);..... ';: .._" i:·_ -_. ~_

/ ,/ . .:.

IIII,r---------------------------:--------.,----

IIIIII

IIII'I

II

ROYAL COMMI:

PLA.N SHEWIN

fROM L IVERI

,use THE N£\

Photo-

IFigure"3.10 Plan~ed Improvements and streets in Sydney. 1906 Royal Commision. ML.·I 19

---IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

Figure 3.11 Surry Hills Resumption Areas .Keating pg

20

I

I·1

"

. 1 _-----I-.--.-.--.-;--.-, : ....-:- .. !~~s)·

I ~ ~

i ,t- I:.,'

'.t .'"'; "'.

.~ ~ .~ ........... ~ - '. . .._-

-.---~ ........" ..

. ,.~-~---

,l.....,~- .._._.....-11>< pI'O'fiJ IicIbrc m

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

GODDENMACKAY

4.0 PHYSICAL ANALYSIS

4.1 LIMITATIONS

Physical evaluation of the possible nature and extent of archaeological features within thestudy area is constrained by the existing surface treatment and structures. No sub-surfaceareas are exposed and no geotechnical core samples at relevant depths were available for thestudy area. As a result of these constraints, the physical evaluation is based largely uponvisual assessment and assumptions.

It was not possible to gain access to the interior of the factory during the site inspection todetermine the level of disturbance associated with the construction and use of the factory.

4.2 DESCRIPTION

The study area consists entirely of a vacant block fronting onto Brisbane Street and runningalong Poplar Street, Surry Hills (Figs 4.1 and 4.2 and 4.5).

The area fronting Brisbane Street, next to the current factory consists of a bitumen coveredlot with a sharp slope to the east running up to a series of brick containment bins at theeastm extremity of the vacant lot. This area corresponds the the site of 20-22 BrisbaneStreet.

The lots on Poplar Street itself are now covered by a 20th century factory which hasobliterated the interior living spaces of the terraces which once fronted Poplar Street (LittleBrisbane Street, numbers 1-5 (Fig 4.3).

4.3 EVALUATION OF SURVIVAL OF POTENTIAL ARCHAEOLOGICALFEATURES.

Inspection of the current ground levels relative to the surfaces of both Brisbane and PoplarStreets indicates that little reduction in the topography is apparent at the street frontages.There is no evidence of major cutting or filling of the topography to level the site. Thekerbing in Brisbane Street follows the current ground slope and perhaps more importantlythe sandstone footings for 20-22 Brisbane Street are still in situ. (Figure 4.4).

The terrace houses once fronting Poplar Street (Nos 1-5) have had their frontages removedby street widening and it is likely that all that remains are the rear yards and outbuildings. r

23

IIIIIIIIIIIIIiIIIIIII

GODDENMACKAY

The major impact likely to have been caused to any surviving archaeological features willhave resulted from the construction of different edifices on the site over time. In particularthe construction of the factory may have disturbed some earlier deposits. However thelaying of the floor as a solid concrete slab is expected to have sealed deposits rather thandestroyed them.. It can be expeceted that the footings of the factory will have removeddeposits and structures within the immediate vicinity of the trenches for the footings.

The widening of Poplar Street in the 1940s is expected to have had a major impact on thedpeosits and structures associated with the front of the lots at 1-5 Poplar street and 18Brisbane Street.

Local site disturbance is expected from service lines, water gas and electricity, but this isexpected to be negligible compared to the area of remaining archaeological resource.

On balance it is concluded that an extensive physical record of the activities and structuresover the whole of this site since the mid nineteenth century remains as sub-surfacearchaeological resource. However this resource though extensive across the existing site,represents only a small portion of the past resource associated with the original allotments.

24

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

Figure 4.1 Corner of Brisbane Street and Poplar Steet. Site consists of vacant lot and factory in thebackground

Figure 4.2 Brisbane Street frontage of site. Note existing driveway.

25

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

Figure 4.3 Existing factory building at 1 Poplar Street.

Figure 4.4 Sandstone footings of terraces exposed in Brisbane Street footpath.

26

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Figure 4.5 Panorama of site from Polar Street. Note slope of site to left (east) and brick holding bins at rear of site.

27

III-IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

GODDENMACKAY

5.0 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

5.1 PRINCIPLES

The concept of 'Cultural Significance' or 'Heritage Value' embraces the value of a place oritem which cannot be expressed in solely financial terms. Assessment of CulturalSignificance endeavours to establish why a place or item is considered important and isvalued by the community. Cultural Significance is embodied in the fabric of the place(including its setting and relationship to other items), the records associated with the place,and the response that the place evokes in the community.

The assessment of Cultural Significance with respect to archaeological sites is moredifficult, in that the extent and nature of the features is sometimes unknown and it becomesnecessary for value judgements to be formulated on the basis of expected or potentialattributes. The element of judgement can be greatly reduced by historical or other research,as has been carried out in the case of the current study.

Archaeological deposits and features provide impolt.ant evidence of the historj andsettlement of New South Wales. Archaeological sites may include stratified deposits ofmaterial culture which can be analysed to yield information about the history of the colonywhich is unavailable from documentary sources alone. Archaeological investigations canreveal much about technologies, economic and social conditions, taste and style. Thefeatures and artefacts extracted and recorded can provide primary evidence about the way oflife of previous generations, through examination of structural features, artefacts anddeposits. Archaeological sites that contain these elements therefore have a high scientificvalue. This value can be further enhanced where there is a substantial body of supportingdocumentary evidence that enables further inference to be drawn from the archaeologicalrecords. It is through this potential for revealing information that the heritage significanceof archaeological sites occurs.

5.2 BASIS FOR ASSESSMENT

The Burra Charter of Australia ICOMOS and its Guidelines for Assessment of CulturalSignificance (refer Appendix) suggest that significance can be assessed in categories such asaesthetic, historic, scientific and social. While categories provide a useful framework andbasis for considering sites and items, they are not so relevant for purely -archaeological sites,where the remains are entirely sub-surface and the significance is therefore predominantlyscientific, (except where the site may be significant for historical or social reasons - if thesite is of an important historic event)

A recent study completed by DomiceW for the New South Wales Department of Planningconsidered the criteria for significance assessment currently used by the Australian Heritage

28

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!I.1II

GODDENMACKAY

commission in the Register of the National Estate, with respect to the current developmentof a New South Wales State Heritage Inventory. Her report defines the following criteria:

Group 1: Nature of SignificanceCriterion 1 (historic) - significance in the evolution and pattern of the history of New SouthWales.

Criterion 2 (aesthetic) - significant in possessing or contributing to, creative technicalaccomplishment in New South Wales.

Criterion 3 (social) significant through association with a community in New South Walesfor social, cultural or spiritual reasons.

Criterion 4 (scientific) - significant for the potential to yield information contributing to anunderstanding of the history of New South Wales.

Criterion 5 (other) - significant for some other value to past, present or future generationsin.

Group 2: Degree of SignificanceCriterion 6 (rare) - significant in possessing rare, endangered or uncommon aspects of thehistory of New South Wales.

Criterion 7 (representative)- significant in demonstrating the characteristics of a class ofcultural places or environments in New South Wales.

Criterion 5 (associative) - significant for association with people, activities, phases or eventsin the evolution of New South Wales.

While Domicelj's criteria provide an overall framework for significance assessment, theyare not specific with regard to arc;haeological sites, and historical archaeological sites inparticular. This is a matter that has been considered in an influential paper by Bickford andSullivan, published in 1984.2 Bickford and Sullivan draw attention to the dilemma faced asa result of archaeologists and developers, in connection with sites that are to be destroyed asa result of development and discuss effective means of assessing their heritage value.Archaeological significance has long been accepted in the United States as directly linked toscientific value.3 This is a concept that has been extended by Bickford and Sullivan in theAustralian situation and redefined as the following three questions which can be used as aguide for assessing significance of an archaeological site within a relative framework:

1. Can the site contribute knowledge that no other resource can ?

2. Can the site contribute knowledge that no other site can?

29

IIIIIIIIIIIIIII,

I·IIII

GODDENMACKAY

3. Is this hLOwledge relevant to general questions about human history, orother substantive questions relating to Australian history, or does itcontribute to other major research questions ?4

The evaluation below endeavours to identify, in a specific sense, the values or attributes ofthe Poplar Street site which give it cultural significance. Each criterion/question isconsidered in turn before an overall statement of significance endeavours to encapsulate thesignificance of the site.

S.3 EVALUATION

The sensitivity and physical evidence analyses have indicated the survival of archaeologicalmaterial on the site at 1 Poplar Street, Surry Hills. This data when analysed in conjunctionwith the historical overview provides us with significance under various criteria - they areas follows.

Significant in the Evolution and Pattern of the History of New South Wales.

The area was important as both a domicile and workplace for a wide variety of occupationsand ethnic groups, notably chinese. Features directly associated with the occupation of thisarea, particularly evidence of material culture or buildings which may be revealed througharchaeological investigation, are likely to reflect taste, habits and means, and hence thesocial and economic status of the site's inhabitants.

Significant in Possessing or Contributing to Creative or Technical Accomplishment inNew South Wales

At this time, when the physical evidence on site is largely obscured, it is impossible todetermine with any certainty whether and, if so how, the features of this site might meet thiscriterion. It is expected that the remains of built structures, artefact scatters and othermaterial evidence, while it may have some picturesque or distinctive visual qualities asruins, are unlikely to display technical achievement per se. However, it is possible thatsome of the structures, in particular, will evidence construction tecb,niques and buildingtechnology that are typical of their period.

Significant through Association with a Community in New South Wales for Social,Cultural or Spiritual reasons.

As one of few surviving places within Sydney wher~ it is possible that a substantialphysical connection exists with the present period and the establishment of a residentialneighbourhood, this site has great potential value to the local community and to the widerpopulace. The likely presence of physical evidence enhances the ability of the communityto relate to the site and to its history.

30

IIIIIIIIIIIIIII"IilIII

GODDENMACKAY

Significant for the Potential to Yield Information Contributing to an Understanding ofthe History of New South Wales.

Archaeological deposits and features, particularly when considered in conjunction withdocumentary evidence, can provide evidence of material culture that yields informationwhich may be unavailable from documentary sources alone. This site is an archaeologicalresource which may contribute data that lead to a better understanding of the social,economic and cultural history of Sydney and the Surry Hills community in particular.

Significant in Demonstrating the Characteristics of a Class of Cultural Places orEnvironments in New South Wales.

The continuous occupation of this area of Surry Hills from the late 18th century andthroughout the nineteenth century to the change in character in site use in the twentiethcentury provides an opportunity to consider a range of questions related to changes anddevelopment in society and particularly changes in home life, the use of domestic spaceover time and its relationship to the workplace.

Can the Site Contribute Knowledge that no Other Resource Can?

The archaeological record provides evidence that is different from, and likely tosupplement, or contradict documentary sources. Although much has been revealed aboutthe history of the site, and particularly about the specific land tenure and record ofindividuals known to have lived there, much remains unknown. In particular, thedocumentary sources do not tell us about an aspect of the lives of the occupants of the sitethat is known to have been of major importance to them - the material dimension: the sizeof their rooms, the configuration of their houses, their possessions and the manner in whichthey used them to conduct their daily lives. This information, if available at all, will onlybe available from the archaeological resources at the site.

Can the Site Contribute Knowledge that no Other Site Can?

The archaeological resource represented at 1 Poplar Street is not particularly rare. It islikely that many similar resource sites exist within Surry Hills and within the greater area ofwhat is now Sydney City. Due to this fact the significance of the resources can only beassessed as moderate considering the likley survival of similar deposits within the suburb.

31

1-

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIi:1III

GODDENMACKAY

5.4 STATEMENT OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

The site at 1 Poplar Stre~t is of moderate archaeological significance vested in the remainsof occupation of the site between the 1850s and the 1930s. The deposits located on the siteare expected to provide information, that when analysed in conjunction with documentaryevidence, will have the potential to yield information relating to the various occupationsover the last half of the nineteenth century.

5.5 NOTES

1. Dornicelj, 1990/ State Heritage Inventory Status and Scope Evaluation Criteria andApplication

2. Bickford and Sullivan 1984, "Assessing the Research Significance of Historic Sites" inS. Sullivan and S. Bowdler (eds) Site Surveys and Significance Assessment inAustralian Archaeology. (Proceedings of the 1981 Springwood Conference onAustralian Prehistory), Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies,The Australian National University, Canberra.

3. Schiffer and G.J. Gunerman, 1977, Conservation Archaeology. Academic Press, NewYork, p. 239. .

4. Bickford and Sullivan, op.cit., pp 23-24.

32

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

GODDENMACKAY

6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

The previous sections have provided some historical background for the site of 1 PoplarStreet, and its significance has been established. Having regard to that assessment and thecurrent plans for the site, the following recommendations are made:

1. Prior to any site redevelopment involving disturbance or removal of sub-surfacefeatures, the site should be subject to archaeological excavation. (The extent ofexcavation should be determined as part of the research design preparation).

2. Preparation for archaeological involvement should be commenced as soon as possiblein relation to the proposed development of the site and should be programmed, so thatarchaeological work does not unduly delay and part of the overall project.

3. An archaeologist responsible for the archaeological work should be appointed at anearly stage of the development.

4. A research design should be commisioned providing a research strategy for ,excavatingthe site and excavation/post-excavation methodology, and should be submitted with anexcavation permit application to the Heritage Council of New South Wales. (Aminimum of four weeks should be allowed for processing the permit application.)

5. The work proposed in the research design and excavation and post excavationmethodology should be programmed into the development timetable.

6. Liaison should be established with the Heritage Branch, Department of Planning andSydney City Council in relation to archaeological works on the site.

7. Early negotiations should commence with relevant authorities regarding the long termcuration and storage of material recovered during excavation which become theproperty and responsibility of the site owner.

33

IIIIIIIIIIII'I'II'IIIII

GODDENMACKAY

7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

7.1 PUBLISHED MATERIAL

Curson P, Times of Crisis:Epidemics in Sydney 1788-1900, Sydney University Press, 1985

Keating, C, Surry Hills The City's Backyard, Hale and Iremonger, 1991.

Kelly M. and Cracker R. 1978, Sydney Takes Shape, Doak Press, Sydney.

Schiffer M. B. and Gunennan G. J. 1977, Conservation Archaeology, Academic Press, New~ork. .

7.2 UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL

Bickford A. and Sullivan S. 1984, "Assessing the Research Significance of Historic Sites"in S. Sullivan and S. Bowdler (eds), Site Surveys and Significance Assessment in AustralianArchaeology. (Proceedings ofthe 1981 Springwood Conference on Australian Prehistory),Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian NationalUniversity, Canberra.

Domicelj J. 1990, State Heritage Inventory Status and scope Evaluation Criteria andApplication.

Land Titles Office.

34

IIIIIIIIIIIII'IIII'I

II

II

GODDENMACKAY

8.0 APPENDICES

APPENDIX A. THE BURRA CHARTER OF AUSTRALIA ICOMOS

APPENDIX B. TITLE DOCUMENTS

IIIIIII,

IIIIIII,IIIIIII

GODDENMACKAY

APPENDIX A. THE BURRA CHARTER OF AUSTRALIA ICOMOS

IIII

THE AUSTRALIA ICOMOS CHARTER FOR THECONSERVATION OF PLACES

OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE(The Burra Charter)

\Ifj

IpreambleHaving regard to the International Charter for the

I conservation and Restoration of Monuments arid Sites(Venice 1966), and the Resolutions of 5th GeneralAssembly of the International Council on Monuments

Iand Sites (lCOMOS) (Moscow 1978), the followingCharter was adopted by Australia ICOMOS on 19thAugust 1979 at Burra Burra. Revisions were adopted on23rd February 1981 and on 23 April 1988.

I D f' 't'e Inl IOnsI

Article 1. For the purpose of this Charter:1.1 Place means site, area, building or other work,

group of buildings or other works together withassociated contents and surroundings.I 1.2 Cultural significance means aesthetic, historic,scientific or social value for past, present or futuregenerations.

Explanatory NotesThese notes do not form pan of the Charter and may be added to byAustralia [COMaS.

Article 1.1Place includes structures, ruins. archaeological sites and landscapesmodified by human activity.

IIIIIII

I,

1.3 Fabric means all the physical material of the place.lA Conservation. means all the processes of looking

after a place so as to retain its cultural significance.It includes maintenance and may according to'circumstance include preservation, restoration,reconstruction. and adaptation and will becommonly a combination of more than one ofthese.

1.5 Maintenance means the continuous protective careof the fabric, contents and setting of a place, andis to be distinguished from repair. Repair involvesrestoration or reconstruction and it should betreated accordingly.

1.6 Preservation means maintammg the fabric of aplace in its existing state and retarding deterioration.

1.7 Restoration means returning the EXISTING fabricof a place to a known earlier state by removingaccretions or by reassembling existing components·without the introduction of new material.

1.8 Reconstruction means returning a place as nearlyas possible to a known earlier state and isdistinguished by the introduction of materials (newor old) into the fabric. This is not to be confusedwith either re-creation or conjectural reconstructionwhich are outside the scope of this Charter.

1.9 Adaptation means modifying a place to suitproposed compatible uses.

-J 1.10 Compatible use means a use which involves hO.' c~ange to the culturally significant fabric, chan&es"_ which are substantially reversible, or changes which

require a minimal impact.

Article 1.5The distinctions referred to in Article 1.5. for example in relation to

roof gutters, are:maintenance - regular inspection and cleaning of gutters

repair involving restoration - returning of dislodged gutters to their

placerepair involving reconstruction - replacing decayed gutters.

III

Conservation PrinciplesArticle 2. The aim of conservation is to retain the culturalsignificance of a place and must include provision for itssecurity, its maintenance and its future.

Article 3. Conservation is based on a respect for theexisting fabric and should involve the least possiblephysical intervention. It should not distort the evidenceprovided by the fabric.

Article 4. Conservacion should make use of all thedisciplines which can contribute to the study and safe-guarding of a place. Techniques employed should betraditional but in some circumstances they may bemodern ones for which a firm scientific basis exists andwhich have been supported by a body of experience.

Article 5. Conservation of a place should take into con-sideration all aspects of its cultural significance withoutunwarranted emphasis on anyone aspect at the expenseof others.

Article 2Conservacion should noc be undertaken unless adequace resources areavailable to ensure chac che fabric is noc lefc in a vulnerable scace andchac che cultural significance of che place is noc impaired. However,ic muse be emphasised chac the besc conservacion ofcen im'olves che leasework and can be inexpensive.

Article 3The traces of additions, alcerations and earlier creacments on che fabricof a place are evidence of ics history and uses.Conservacion accion should cend co assise racher chan to impede cheirinterprecation.

IIIIIII

Article 6. The conservation policy appropriate to a placemust first be determined by an understanding of itscultural significance.

Article 7. The conservation policy will determine whichuses are compatible:.

Article 8. Conservation requires the maintenance of anappropriate visual setting: e.g., form, scale, colour,texture and materials. No new construction, demolitionor modification which would adversely affect the settingshould be allowed. Environmental instrusions whichadversely affect appreciation or enjoyment of the placeshould be excluded.

Article 9. A building or work should remain in itshistorical location. The moving of all or part of a buildingor work is unacceptable unless this is the sole means ofensuring its survival.

Article 10. The removal of contents which form part of .the cultural significance of the place is unacceptableunless it is the sole means of ensuring their security andpreservation. Such contents must be returned shouldchanged circumstances make this practicable.

Article 6An underscanding of che cultural significance of a place is essential coics proper conservation. This should be achieved by means of a choroughinvestigacion resulting in a repore embodying a stacemenc of culturalsignificance. The formal adoption 0 f a stacement 0 f cultural significanceis an essential prerequisice co che preparacion of a conservation policy.

Article 7Continuity of che use of a place in a particular way may be significantand cherefore desirable.

Article 8New construction work. including infiU and addicions, may beaccepcable, provided:

it does not reduce or obscure che cultural significance of the placeit is in keeping with Article 8.

Article 9Some structures were designed to be readily removable or already havea history of previous moves, e.g. prefabricated dwellings and poppet-heads. Provided such a structure does not have a strong associationwith its present site, its removal may be considered.If any structure 'is moved, it should be moved to an appropriate settingand given an appropriate use. Such action should nOt be to the detrimentof any place of cultural significance.

IIIIIIIIII

II

I~ J

I

Conservation Processes

Ipreserva tionArticle 11. Preservation is appropriate where the existingstate of the fabric itself constitutes evidence of specific

l cultural significance, or where insufficient evidence isavailable to allow other conservation processes to becarried out.

II

Article 12. Preservation is limited to the protection,maintenance and, where necessary, the stabilization ofthe existing fabric but without the discortion of its culturalI significance.

I RestorationArticle 13. Restoration is appropriate only if there issu fficient evidence 0 f an earlier state 0 f the fabric and

Ionly if returning the fabric to that state reveals thecultural significance of the place.

Article 14. Restoration should reveal anew culturally

Isignificant aspects of the place. It is based on respect forall the physical, documentary and other evidence andstOPS at the point where conjecture begins.

Article 15. Restoration is limited to the reassembling of

I displaced components or removal of accretions inaccordance with Article 16.Article 16. The contributions of all periods to the place

Imust be respected. If a place includes the fabric ofdifferent periods, revealing the fabric of one period atthe expense of another can only be justified when what

Iis removed is of slight cultural significance and the fabricwhich is to be revealed is of much greater culturalsignificance.

Article 11Preservation protects fabric without obscuring the evidence of itsconstruction and use.

The process should always be applied:where the evidence of the fabric is of such significance that it mustnot be altered. This is an unusual case and likely to be appropriatefor archaeological remains of national importance;

where insufficient investigation has been carried out to permitconservation policy decisions to be taken in accord with Articles

23 to 25,New construction may be carried out in association with preservationwhen its purpose is the physical protection of the fabric and when it

is consistent with Article 8.

Article 12Stabilization is a process which helps keep fabric intact and in a fixedposition. When carried out as a part of preservation work it does notintroduce new materials into the fabric. However, when necessary forthe survival of the fabric, stabilization may be effected as part of areconstruction process and new materials introduced. For example,grouting or the insertion of a reinforcing rod in a masonry wall.

Article 13See explanatory note for Article 2.

I,

III

II

ReconstructionArticle 17. Reconstruction is appropriate only where aplace is .incomplete through damage or alteration andwhere it is necessary for its survival, or where it revealsthe cultural significance of the place as a whole.

Article 18. Reconstruction is limited to the completionof a depleted entity and should not constitute the majorityof the fabric of a place. 'Article 19. Reconstruction is limited to the reproductionof fabric, the form of which is knoWn from physicaland/or documentary evidence. It should be identifiableon close inspection as being new work.

AdaptationArticle 20. Adaptation is acceptable where the conserVa-tion of.-the place cannot otherwise be achieved, and wherethe adaptation does not substantially detract from itscultural significance.

Article 21. Adaptation must be limited to that which isessential to a use for the place determined in accordancewith Articles 6 and 7.

Article 22. Fabric of cultural significance unavoidablyremoved in the process of adaptation must be kept safelyto enable its future reinstatement.

Conservation Practice

Article 23. Work on a place must be preceded byprofessionally prepared studies of the physical,documentary and other evidence, and the existing fabricrecorded before any intervention in the place.

Article 24. Study of a place by any intervention in thefabric or by archaeological excavation should be under-taken where necessary to provide data essential fordecisions on the conservation of the place and/or tosecure evidence about to be lost or made inaccessiblethrough necessary conservacion or other unavoidableaction. Investigation of a place for any other reason whichrequires physical disturbance and which addssubstantially to a scientific body of knowledge may bepermitted, provided that it is consistent with theconservation policy for the place.

Article 25. A written statement of conservation policymust be professionally prepared setring out the culturalsignificance and proposed conservation proceduretogether with justification and supporting evidence,including photographs, drawings and all appropriatesamples.

Article 26. The organisation and individuals responsiblefor policy decisions must be named and specific respon-sibility taken for each such decision.

Article 27. Appropriate pro fessional direction andsupervision must be maintained at all stages of the workand a log kept of new evidence and additional decisionsrecorded as in Article 25 above.

Article 28. The records required by Articles 23, 25, 26and 27 should be placed in a permanent archive and madepublicly available.

Article 29. The items referred to in Articles la and 22should be professionally catalogued and protected.

Words in italics are defined in Article 1.

Article 2S

The procedure will include [he conservacion processes referred [0 inArticle IA and other maccers described in Guidelines co [he SurraCharter: Conservacion Policy.

IIIII

IIIIIIIIII.1IIII

T~~~---------

Aesthetic valueAesthetic value includes aspects of sensory percep-tion for which criteria can and should be stated..Such'criteria may include consideration of the form,scale, colour, texture and material of the fabric; thesmells and sounds associated with the place and its

use.

THE CO:--iCEPT OF CULTURALSIGNIFICANCE

IntroductionIn the Burra Charter cultural significance means"aesthetic, histOric, scientific or social value forpast, present or future generations" .Cultural significance is a concept which helps inestimating the value of places. The places that arelikely to be of significance are those which help anunderstanding of the past or enrich the present, andwhich will be of value to future generations.

A.lthough there are a variety of adjectives used indefinitions 0 f cultural significance in Australia, theadjectives "aesthetic" , "histOric", "scientific" and"social" , given alphabetically in the Burra Charter,can encompass all other values.The meaning of these terms in the context ofcultural significance is discussed below. It shouldbe noted that they are not mutually exclusive, forexample, architectural style has both historic and

aesthetic aspects.

Issues not consideredThe assessment of cultural significance and thepreparation of a statement do not involve or takeaccount of such issues as the necessity for con-servation action, legal constraints, possible uses,structural stability or costs and returns. These issueswill be dealt with in the development of a con-

servation policy.

2.3 Historic valueHistoric value encompasses the history of aesthetics,science and society, and therefore to a large extentunderlies all of the terms set out in this section.

A place may have historic value because it hasinfluenced, or has been influenced by, an historicfigure, event, phase or activity. It may also havehistoric value as the site of an important event. Forany given place the significance will be greater whereevidence of the association or event survives in situ,or where the settings are substantially intact, thanwhere it has been changed or evidence does notsurvive. However, some events or associations maybe so important that the place retains significanceregardless of subsequent treatment.

2.2

2.1

2.0

1.5

PREFACE

Intention of guidelinesThese-guidelines are intended to clarify the natureof professional work done within the terms of theBurra Charter. They recommend a methodicalprocedure for assessing the cultural significance ofa place, for preparing a statement of culturalsignificance and for making such informationpublicly available.

PrefaceIntention of guidelinesApplicabilityNeed to establish cultural sig:nificanceSkills required -Issues not consideredThe Concept of Cultural SignificanceIntroductionAesthetic valueHistOric valueScienti fic valueSocial valueOther approachesThe Establishment of Cultural SignificanceIntroductionCollection of informationThe assessment of cultural significance3.3.1 Extent 0 f recording:3.3.1 Intervention in the- fabric3.3.3 HypothesesStatement of cultural significance

The ReportContentWritten materialGraphic materialSourcesExhibition and adoption

lA SkU~s required 'rIn accordance with Article 4 of the Burra Charter,the study of a place should make use of all relevantdisciplines. The professional skills required for such

1.3 Need to establish cultural significanceThe assessment of cultural significance and thepreparation of a statement of cultural significance,embodied in a report as defined in section 4.0, areessential prerequisites to making decisions about thefuture of a place.

1.2 ApplicabilityThe guidelines apply to any place likely to be ofcultural significance regardless of its type or size.

1.0

1.1

3.4

4.04.14.14.34.44.5

1.0

I 1.11.21.3lA

I 1.52.02.1

I 2.22.3204? •_.J

I 2.63.03.1

I 3.13.3

I

II

I

II

II

I

IGUIDELINES TO THE BURRA CHARTER: CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

I-r:he~e. guidelines for the establishment of cultural study are not common. It cannot be assumed thatslgUlfl~ance were adopted by the Australian national anyone practitioner will have the full range of skills

Icomm~ttee of the l~ternationalCouncil on Monuments required to assess cultural significance and prepareand Sltes (Austraha ICOMOS) on 14 April 1984 and a statement. Sometimes in the course of the taskrevised on 2} April 1988. They should be read in it will be necessary to engage additionalconjunction with the Burra Charter. practitioners with special expertise.

I Contents

I"I

1I

3.4 Statement of cultural significanceThe practitioner should prepare a succinct statement Iof cultural significance, supported by, or crossreferenced to, sufficient graphic material to helpidentify the fabric of cultural significance.It is essential that the statement be clear and pithY, Iexpressing simply why the place is 0 f value but notrestating the physical or documentary evidence.

The validity of the judgements will depend upon Ithe care with which the data is collected and thereasoning applied to it.In assessing cultural significance the practitioner Ishould state conclusions. Unresolved aspects shouldbe identified.Whatever may be considered the principal Isignificance of a place, all other aspects ofsignificance should be given consideration.

2.4 Scientific valueThe scientific or research value of a place willdepend upon the importance of the data involved,on its rarity, quality or representativeness, and onthe degree to which the place may contribute furthersubstantial information.

2.5 Social valueSocial value embraces the qualities for which a placehas become a focus of spiritual, political, nationalor other cultural sentiment to a majority or minoritygroup.

2.6 Other approachesThe categorisation into aesthetic, historic, scientificand social values is one approach to understandingthe concept of cultural significance. However, moreprecise categories may be developed as understand-ing of a particular place increases.

3.0 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CULTURALSIGl'iIFICANCE3.1 Introduction

In establishing the cultural significance of a placeit is necessary to assess all the information relevantto an understanding of the place and its fabric. Thetask includes a report comprising written materialand graphic material. The contents of the reportshould be arranged to suit the place and thelimitations on the task, but it will generally be intwo sections: first, the assessment of culturalsignificance (see 3.2 and 3.3) and second, thestatement of cultural significance (see 3.4).3.2 Collection of informationInformation relevant to the assessment of culturalsignificance should be collected. Such informationconcerns:

(a) the developmental sequence of the place and itsrelationship to the surviving fabric;(b) the existence and nature of lost or obliteratedfabric;(c) the rarity and/or technical interest of all or anypart of the place;(d) the functions of the place and its parts;(e) the relationship of the place and its parts withits setting;(f) the cultural influences which have affected theform and fabric of the place;(g) the significance of the place to people who useor hav~ used the place, or descendants of suchpeople;

(h) the historical content of the place withparticular reference to the ways in which itsfabric has been influenced by historical forcesor has itself influenced the course of history;(i) the scientific or research potential of the place;m the relationship of the place to other places, forexample in respect of design, technology, use,locality or origin;(k) any other factor relevant to an understandingof the place.

3.3 The assessment of cultural significanceThe assessment of cultural significance follows thecollection of information.

3.3.1 Extent of recording -In assessing these matters a praCtitIoner shouldrecord the place sufficiently to provide a basis forthe necessary discussion of the facts. During suchrecording any obviously urgent problemsendangering the place, such as stability and security,should be reported to the client.

3.3.2 Intervention in the fabric -Intervention in, or removal of, fabric at this stageshould be strictly within the terms of the BurraCharter.

3.3.3 Hypotheses -Hypotheses, however expert or informed, shouldnot be presented as established fact. Feasible orpossible hypotheses should be set out, with theevidence for and against them, and the line ofreasoning that has been followed. Any attemptwhich has been made to check a hypothesis shouldbe recorded, so as to avoid repeating fruitlessresearch.

4.0 THE REPORT4.1 Content

The report will comprise written and graphicmaterial and will present an assessment of culturalsignificance and a'statement of cultural significance.In order to avoid unnecessary bulk, only materialdirectly relevant to the process of assessing culturalsignificance and to making a statement of culturalsignificance should be included.See also Guidelines to the Burra Charter:Procedures for Undertaking Studies and Reports ..

4.2 Written materialThe text should be clearly set out and easy to follow.In addition to the assessment and statement ofcultural significance as set out in 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4it should include:(a) name of the client;(b) names of all the practitioners engaged in thetask;

IIIIIII

IIII'III

IIII

4.3

IIIIIII-IIIIIIIIII

(c) authorship of the report;(d) date;(e) brief or outline of brief;(f) constraints on the task, for example, time,

money, expertise;(g) sources (see 4.4).

Graphic materialGraphic material may include maps, plans,drawings, diagrams, sketches, photographs andtables, and should be reproduced with sufficientquality for the purposes of interpretation.

Al! components discussed in the report should beidentified in the graphic material. Such componentsshould be identified and described in a schedule.

Detailed drawings may not be necessary. A diagrammay best assist the purpose of the report.

Graphic material which does not serve a specificpurpose should not be included.

4.4 SourcesAll sources used in the report must be cited withsufficient precision to enable others to locate them.,

It is necessary for all sources consulted to be listed,even if not cited.Al! major sources or collections not consulted, butbelieved to have potential usefulness in establishingcultural significance, should be listed.In respect of source material privately held the nameand address of the owner should be given, but onlywith the owner's consent.

4.5 Exhibition and adoptionThe report should be exhibited and the statementof cultural significance adopted in accordance withGuidelines to the Burra Charter: Procedures forUndertaking Studies and ReportS.

II

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

II

I

:\'eed to develop conservation policyThe development of a conservation policy, Iembodied in a report as defined in Section 5.0, isan essential prerequisite to making decisions aboutthe future of the place,

Skills required

In accordance with the Burra Charter, the study ofa place should make use of all relevant disciplines.The professional skills required for such study arenot common. It cannot be assumed that anyonepraclitioner will have the full range of skills requiredto develop a Conservation policy and prepare theappropriate report. In the Course of the task it maybe necessary to consult with other practitioners andorganisations.

Fabric and setting

The conservation policy should identify the mostappropriate way of caring for the fabric and settingof the place arising Out of the statement ofsignificance and other constraints. A specificcombination 0 f conservation actions should beidentified. This mayor may not involve changes tothe fabric.

THE SCOPE OF THE CONSERYATI00POLICY

Introduction

The purpose 0 f the conservation policy is to state' how the conservation of the place may best be

achieved both in the long and short term. It will bespecific to that place. '

The conservation policy will include the issues listedbelow. '

1.3

1.4

Use

The conservation policy should identify a use orcombination of uses, or constraints on use, that arecompatible with the retention of the culturalsignificance of the place and that are feasible.

Interpretation

The conservation policy should identify appropriateways of making the significance of the placeunderstood consistent with the retention of thatsignificance. This may be a combination of thetreatment of the fabric, the use of the place and theuse of introduced interpretative material.

In some instances the cultural significance and otherconstraints may preclude the introduction of suchuses and material.

Management

The cqnservation policy should identify amanagement structure through which the conserva-tion 'policy is capable of being implemented. Itshould also identify:

(a) those to be responsible for subsequentconservation and management decisions a~ndfor the day-to-day management of the place;

(b) the mechanism by which these decisions are tobe made and recorded;'

(c) the means of providing security and regularmaintenance for the place.

2.0

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

GUIDELINES TO THE BURRA CHARTER: CONSERVATION POLICy IThese gUidelines, which cover the development ofconservation policy and strategy for implementation ofthat policy, were adopted by the Australian nationalcommittee of the International Council on Monumentsand Sites (Australia ICOMOS) on 25 May 1985 andrevised On 23 April 1988, They should be read inconjunction with the Burra Charter.

Contents1.0 Preface1.1 Intention 0 f guidelines1.2 CUltural significance1.3 Need to develop conservation policy1.4 Skills required

2.0 The Scope of the Conservation Policy2.1 Introduction2.2 Fabric and setting2.3 Use2.4 Interpretation2,5 Management

2.6 COntrol of physical intervention in the fabric2.7 Const'raints on investigation2.8 Future developments2.9 Adoption and review

3.0 Development of Conservation Policy3.1 Introduction3.2 COllection of information

3.2.1 Significant fabric

3.2.2 Client, Owner and user requirements andresources

3.2.3 Other requirements and concerns3.2.4 Condition of fabric3.2.5 Uses

3.2.6 Comparative information3.2.7 Unavailable information

3.3 Assessment of information3.4 Statement of conservation policy3.5 Consequences of Conservation policy

4.0 Implementation of Conservation Policy5.0 The Report5.1 Introduction5.2 Written material5.3 Graphic material5.4 Sources

1.0 PREFACE

1.1 Intention of guidelines

These guidelines are intended to clarify' the natureof professional work done within the terms of theBurra Charter. They recommend a methodicalprocedure for development of the conservationpolicy for a place, for the statement of conservationpolicy and for the strategy for the implementationof that policy.

1.2 Cultural significance

The establishment of cultural significance and the,preparation of a statement of cultural significanceare essential prerequisites to the development of aconservation policy (refer to Guidelines to the BurraCharter: Cultural Significance).

\t\I

3.5 Consequences of conservation policyThe practitioner should s~t out the .way in. whi~hthe implementation of the conservatIon pohcy WIll

or will not:(a) change the place including its setting;(b) affect its significance; .(c) affect the locality and its amemty;(d) affect the client, owner and user;(e) affect others involved.

3.4 Statement of conservation policyThe practitioner should prepare a statement 0 fconservation policy that addresses each of the issues

listed in 2.0, viz.:_ fabric and setting;-use;_ interpretation;_ management;_ control of intervention in the fabric;_ constraints on investigation;_ future developments;_ adoption and review.The statement of conservation policy should becross-referenced to sufficient documentary andgraphic material to explain the issues considered.

3.3 Assessment of informationThe information gathered above should now beassessed in relation to the constraints arising fromthe statement of cultural significance for thepurpose of developing a conservation policy.In the course of the assessment it may be necessaryto collect further information.

3.2.7 Unavailable information -Identify information which has been sought and isunavailable and which may be critical to thedetermination of the conservation policy or to its

implementation.

3.2.6 Comparative information -Collect comparative information about theconservation of similar places (if appropriate).

3.2.5 Uses -Collect information about uses, sufficient todetermine whether or not such uses are compatiblewith the significance of the place and feasible.

3.2.4 Condition of fabric -Survev the fabric sufficiently to esta:blish how itsphysi~al state will affect options for the treatment

of the fabric.

3.2.3 Other requirements and concerns -Investigate other requirements and concerns likelyto affect the future 0 f the place and its setting

including:(a) federal, state and local government acts,

ordinances and planning controls;(b) community needs and expectations;(c) locational and social context.

3.2 Collection of informationIn order to develop the conservation policysufficient information relevant to the followingshould be collected: '

3.2.1 Significant fabric -Establish or confirm the nature, extent, and degreeof intactness of the significant fabric includingcontents (see Guidelines to Burra Charter: CulturalSignificance).

3.2.2 Cti~nt, owner and user requirements ,andresources _ ' rInvestigate needs, aspirations, current proposals,available finances, etc., in respect of the place.

Control of physical intervention in the fabricThe conservation policy should include provisionsfor the control of physical intervention. It may:(a) specify unavoidable intervention;(b) identify the likely impact of any intervention

on the cultural significance;(c) specify the degree and nature of intervention

acceptable for non-conservation purposes;(d) specify explicit research proposals;(e) specify how research proposals will be assessed;(f) provide for the conservation of significant

fabric and contents removed from the place;(g) provide for the analysis 0 f material;(h) provide for the dissemination of the resultant

information;(i) specify the treatment of the site when the

intervention is complete.

Constraints on investigationThe conservation policy should identify social,religious, legal or other cultural constraints whichmight limit the accessibility or investigation of theplace.

Future developmentsThe conservation policy should set guidelines forfuture developments resulting from changing needs.

Adoption and reviewThe conservation policy should contain provisionfor adoption and review.

3.1 IntroductionIn developing a conservation policy for the placeit is necessary to assess all the information relevantto the future care of the place and its fabric. Centralto this task is the statement of cultural significance.

The task includes a report as set out in Section 5.0.The contents of the report should be arranged tosuit the place and the limitations of the task, butit will generally be in three sections:(a) the development of a conservation policy (see

3.2 and 3.3);(b) the statement of conservation policy (see 3.4

and 3.5);(c) the development of an appropriate strategy for

implementation of the conservation poljcy (see

4.0).

3.0 DEVELOPMENT OF CONSERVATlO~POLICY

II

2.6

IIIII

2.7

II 2.8

I 2.9

II

I

II

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

5.0 THE REPORT

4.0 IMPLEMENTATION OF CONSERVATIONPOLICY

Graphic material IGraphic material may include maps, plans,draWings, diagrams, sketches, photographs andtables, clearly reproduced. IMaterial which does not serve a specific purposeshOUld not be included.

I

II

I

II

names of all the practitioners engaged in the I'task, the work they undertook, and anyseparate repOrts they prepared; Iauthorship of the report;date;

brief Or outline of brief;

constraints on the task, for example, time, Imoney, (expe:ti

4s)e; ,

SOurces see). .

(b)

(c)(d)(e)(f)

(g)

Sources

All Sources used in the report must be cited withSufficient precision to enable others to locate them.

All Sources of information, both documentary andoral, consulted during the task should be listed,whether Or not they proved fruitfuL

In respect of SOurce material privately held, thename and address of the Owner should be given, butonly with the Owner's consent.

EXhibition and adoption

The report should be exhibited and the statemencof conservation policy adopted in accordance withGuidelines to the Burra Charter: Procedures forUndertaking Studies and Reports.

5.3

5.4

5.5

Following the preparation of the conservationpolicy a strategy for its implemencation should beprepared in consultation with the client. Thestrategy may include information abouc:(a) the financial reSOurces to be used;(b) the technical and other staff to be used;(c) the sequence of evencs;(d) the timing 0 f events;(e) the managemenc structure.

The strategy should allow the implemencation of theconservation policy under changing circumstances.

In troduction

The report is the vehicle through Which theconservation policy is expressed, and upon whichconservation action is based.

See also Guidelines to the Burra Charter:Procedures for Undertaking Studies and Reports.

Written- materialWritten material will include:(a) the statement of cultural significance;(b) the development of conservatlon policy;(c) the statement of-conservation polic;.:;(d) the strategy for. implementation of Conservation

policy.

It should also inclUde:(a) name of the client;

5. I

5.2

IIIIIIIII

It;

4.0 Draft reportlt is useful for the report to be presented to the client indraft form to ensure that it is understood and so that thepractitioner may receive the client's comments.

3.0 Responsibility for content of reportThe content of the report is the responsibility of thepractitioner. The report may not be amended without theagreement of the practitioner.

I

II

I GUIDELINES TO THE BURRA CHARTER:I

PROCEDURES FOR UNDERTAKING STUDIES AND REPORTSThese guidelines for the preparation of professional (n) the condition under which the report may bestudies and reports were adopted by the Australian published or distributed by the dient, the practitioner

Inational committee of the International Council on or others;:'\[onuments and Sites (Australia [COMaS) on 23 April (0) the procedure for any required exhibition of the

1988. They should be read in conjunction with the Burra report;Charter. (p) the basis for comment upon the report and any

Iconsequent amendment;

(q) the responsibility for effecting archival storage inContents accordance with Article 28 of the Burra Charter.

1.0 Preface2.0 Agreements between client and practitioner3.0 Responsibility for content of report4.0 Draft report5.0 Urgent action6.0 Additional work7.0 Recommendations for further investigations8.0 Exhibition and comment9.0 Adoption and review of report

10.0 Further evidence11.0 Accessibility of information

IIIIIIIIIIII

1.0 PrefaceThese guidelines make recommendations aboutprofessional practice in the preparation of the studies andreports within the terms of the Burra Charter.

Attention is also drawn to the advice about ethical,procedural and legal matters provided in the practicenotes issued by various professional bodies.

2.0 Agreements between client and practitionerBefore undertaking a study or report, the client and thepractitioner should agree upon:(a) the extent of the task, for example, up to the

preparation of a statement of significance, up to thepreparation of a statement of conservation policy orup to the preparation of a strategy forimplementation;

(b) the boundaries of the place;(c) any aspect which requires intensive investigation;(d) the dates for the commencement of the task,

submission of the draft report and submission of thefinal report; .

(e) the fee and the basis upon which fees and disburse-ments wi.ll be paid;

(f) the use of any joint consultant, sub-consultant orother practitioner with special expertise;

(g) the basis for any further investigation which may berequired, for example, within the terms of 7.0 belowor section 3.3 of Guidelines to the Burra Charter:Conservation Policy;

(h) the representative of the client to whom thepractitioner will be responsible in the course of thetask;

(i) the sources, material or services to be supplied by theclient including previous studies or reports;

U) any requirements for the format or reproduction ofthe report;

(k) the number of copies of the report to be supplie::J. ateach stage; .

(1) copyright and confidentiality;Cm) how the authorship will be cited;

5.0 Urgent action[f the practitioner believes that urgent action may benecessarv to avert a-threat to the fabric involving, forexample: stability or security, the practitioner shouldimmediately advise the client to seek specialist advice.

6.0 Additional workWhere it becomes clear that some aspect of the task willrequire more investigation or more expertise than hasbeen aUowed within the budget or the terms of theagreement, the practitioner should advise the client

immediately.

7.0 Recommendations for further investigationsIn respect of major unresolved aspects of culturalsignificance, conservation policy or of strategies forimplementation of conservation policy, recommendationsfor further investigation should be made only where:(a) the client has been informed of the need for such

investigation at the appropriate stage and it has beenimpossible to have it undertaken within the budgetand time constraints of the task;

(b) further information is anticipated as a result ofintervention in the fabric which would not be properat this stage, but which will become appropriate inthe future. .

Such recommendations should indicate what aspects ofcultural significance, conservation policy orimplementation might be assisted by such study.

8.0 Exhibition and commentThe report for any project of public ~nterest should ~e .exhibited in order that interested bodies and the publicmay comment and reasonable time 'should be allowed forthe receipt and consideration of comment. Where publicexhibition is not appropriate, comment should be soughtfrom relevant individuals, organisations and specialists.

9.0 Adoption and review of reportRecommendations should be made for the formaladoption of the report and for any subsequent review.

I

10.0 Further evidence

If after the completion of the report further evidence isrevealed, for example, by intervention in the fabric orin formation from other sources, it is desirable for thisevidence to be referred to the original practitioner so thatthe report may be amended if necessary.

f,

II

11.0 Accessibility of information IAll material relating to the cultural significance 0 f theplace should be made readily available to increase thecommon pool of knOWledge. Publication by the client Iand/or practitioner should be encouraged.

IIIIII1I1IIIli

I11

I

I:II

III

i

lIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

APPENDIX B. TITLE DOCUMENTS

GODDENMACKAY

-II

-

::~~~~tJN/'( ~ , '.. 1iI,' /1 (A 'f.( t'.' '/ 1 I' ( , ri,

t~LU{l'~(' U, ('I i ((1/ I;..

. ("(.{)iJ((fll,/ 111((/ J,J

11(' 1:1> ,'IIld .. '/ft(Id(ld If ..."f "/!!(, {/ :'/1 / ( f" '/1.. ' I1/1.'11 .',/-,/1(((( I'rIf ,((./ f, /'" (,.. ,.. ,,'.(", .. '" Cl' .·1, I .' '. t' • ',,.•• l l t I 'J I i "• ,'/''' ' ( I I i 'r,j ,. { l { ,:,! t' / l.

/U: U I I I ! {," (C I 1"'~', 'J

j!l(lllfllf.Y!. I'I~(J,

I, '/.' ri/ (f ' / (I 7 1/ I r1 / , Cl' ~!' {I (I i '/I' /,'-1jr'l I I' (I (rf '( I 1 J (( J .i!{'(((,II,lun'(N.J (I'f' ' / / '! II {I '(,~ (I r ,(' t (' .. ( I;(" .·It'l/ 1(· '({'~J '1/:( ./11 "',I ,'('! If.!f (,o'i;,j{("/lj('rc,,(/I, I,I . "i (\' I •(I( , " ( {I (I'" (I ' ( I

(.. I (I "l.l... '" / I, l/ I If,j "'/ltU", lid .{C, (0

/; ({ Il'( ,'I 11('( /11((' f 1(

" " .'),'i-· '--'---'.'--".' -------. --- '. ---

~L1t~; ,'of ",{{f(( ( f ( ({d,) "~I 1r ru ifv I I" ~eu;.i JC(r

I J (r ,.,.~ (I I (

(·t(I'frl~

1J.'.~,

1

(( I I; I " r 'I

I ( , I

(/'.. ,'. ,I( (;'/ (,~,'. J .

I'" ";(; #",,.//,(1((

" ~4-tl6( ..

fll // 'J

f('. ,.".f',.

(If I r UJ (., I-(I I ./ ({ (I '(( (

'I J;; I~('{(fr ,I/fll -'.'

J( I1 (If (/ (l~' :.:;t t • -:1",

j (fJ I·TT 7-1"17 !..• ',! ",'

f ((/ICU:,. :.) , I ., ; ,j.(u r n:a/(..

'..ll la 1/1.// ',: :'{ri' ("'(( &

tI'l t -( fI { {/, /1, 1,('((/

({'lr' ('( {('-'I,

·f(.( 11 f t'/(', I(

tl('~ (0(' I /r (.

(r,., (('1 I r (1'.1t' . t 'r 11'( ~

(((01'1/ ,':U)f:{

(J'( f (I' 'dl r(' cl '. .(,,. ((·,ft/dd·

(I) I/o: d. (I' (t;, /, !f ( ((f I I { /Jl(f,Jd(,(} (f{(.'r (.

i i/;r' (r({(II)/ /; 'u! ("{(d

('·((f.( /., f/II'.

~f(fl1~((,",/.

~ I(r,;"r:, ..... (

~qtt!..m".c.(' ( (I'{{I( (U(

'/' I (/': ",, /'/ .

" ( . I ' .' 'I 111,1. I ( / I,' I 'II)

. ' - ..,._---.-.._----_ -----" -- _---.~ ..

- -

-

""

I"~

"

I

"

••I

'1 1 ,

. "

Co !.; .~. t

..... !",,,• j-': :.

fIll. •• 'i.2ie~"''''''''''''''''4i.

j;~:K." , .' . t.. . "., ~ t

' .... ~ ..~_ ...._.._---_ ..~......._..__....._---~ .._.. _.~ ..-

t·

1 ~:1Af'''l···1 1· .. '·....,:\ Q....•J,;'. ·

" ••.1 L.~Yr";'''''rol! WALLS.~T

'Ace DIC WALL.• 111'.

"

, .

'.

"'0.-

,.;

... -.-----~-,.,....

"

i'

-

-

"

./.I-

.rXw/ /~-';"I~,u.ehY/~.J~1

REGIS1'ER BooK.

[OERTIFICATE OF. TITLE.'

'1/, C'· 111(' U )'

/1.. ~:.._~/~' l>/

flli:- / 8 .6VOL•.........~. ::t.. FOL ~. .. .

~e1tl ~outb wmtales.

I: ('k./(':l-t.l,;'"''/.() ..v .. Ij;-i.1 ... .. ,tf. r, /1",)l/'«;''/'"'' ·1 .-

:j~;i::~::.;:!.1' ..... I'

~f~;~,~::)~~; {~.~/.,~

"";';~~:: ;.~;.~~'''.. ~' :.JI·

-

.'. )

! (.

., ,

,

"

. '-'~' .-- .. ~.,

",,, .•.•. ~ •...•_, _

-No

,. ' I~

1III

..I, I

ha one inoh.

10, ,. ~r,.

," ~,\~,"

R" " ", ". ...~ .. ' . ,

All lerighlls shown hereon ere in feet.1r ine

SOBle,. 'to (:e4--b

1'otal Area inoludod in Certifioate.

\r. ~O p.

.::~}::'

"~;~/.!';

.:,:

\ I: I..:,1,

,f ' ••;

I-

. ;,i

c;.

.. ,:. :'--1

.... 'j

, ,

"