1. Reflected by aerosols (dust particles, water droplets) (6%)

2. Reflected by clouds (20%)

3. Reflected by Earth’s surface (4%)

4. Absorbed by clouds (3%)

5. Absorbed by Earth (51%)

6. Absorbed by Ozone, water vapor, dust (16%)

C. Factors that effect the amount/ rate of heating

Angle

And

Duration

Of Insolation

Land Vs. Water

Land heats and cools faster than water

2.

3. Color

Dark / Black White / Light

Black heats faster than white

4. Texture

Smooth RoughVs.

Vs.

Rough surfaces heat faster

Why does water heat up slower than land?

1. Specific Heat:Water has a HIGHER SPECIFIC HEAT, therefore takes more calories of heat to change temperature.

Material Specific Heat

(in Joules/gram-0C)

Water – Liquid 4.18

Water – Solid 2.11

Water – Gas 2.00

Dry Air 1.01

Basalt 0.84

Granite 0.79

Iron 0.45

Copper 0.38

Lead 0.13

2. Transparency:

3. Convection:

4. Evaporation:

The Greenhouse Effect

LatitudeSeason

North South

Latitude 90

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

1. March 21

2. June 21

3. Sept. 21

4. Dec 21

F. Length of day light (duration) changes with

the seasons and with latitude.

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

24 24 24 18.5 16.2515 14 13.25 12.5 12 11.5 10.75 10 9 7.75 5.5 0 0 0

0 0 0 5.5 7.75 9 10 10.75 11.5 12 12.5 13.25 14 15 16.25 18.5 24 24 24

23

G. Angle of Isolation (sunlight) and Heating of Earth’s Surface

The intensity (strength) of isolation is greatest when:sunlight (insolation) is perpendicular to the surface- striking at 90 degrees

Because:the sunlight is concentrated in the smallest possible area

As the angle of insolation increases,the intensity of insolation increases.

H. Factors Affecting the Angle and Intensity of Insolation

1. Shape of the Earth:

As latitude increases, the angle of insolation decreases, and the intensity of insolation decreases.

2. Season of the Year

a. As Earth travels along its orbital path around the Sun, the angle of insolation at a given latitude changes with the seasons. This depends on how far a given latitude is from the direct rays of Sun. The direct rays migrate between the and the Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn.

Location of Direct Ray:

Date:

Season:

Capricorn

Dec 21st

Winter

Equator

Mar/Sep 21st

Equinox

Cancer

June 21st

Summer

b. Maximum angle of isolation at 12 Noon for mid N.Y.S. (latitude 43 degrees North)

1. Dec. 21- 24.5 degrees- low angle, low intensity

2. Mar/Sept 21- 48 degrees- medium angle, medium intensity

3. June 21- 71.5 degrees- high angle, high intensity

3. Time of Day

a. The angle of insolation changes in the course of one day. Maximum intensity occurs at noon.

b. Looking South

The Shadow of a vertical pole indicates how the angle of insolation changes during the day. The higher/greater the angle of insolation, the shorter the shadow, and the greater the intensity of insolation.

S N

E

W

VII. Seasons of the Year

A. Causes:

1.

2.

3.

B. Earth’s axis is tilted 23.5 degrees relative to the plane of its orbit

Earth revolves around the Sun

Earth’s tilted/inclined on its axis 23.5 degrees

Earth’s axis always points in the same direction

Equator

Tropic of Cancer

Tropic of Capricorn0 o

23 ½ o N

23 ½ o S

Antarctic Circle

66 ½ o S

66 ½ o N

Arctic Circle

C. Earth revolves around the Sun in a yearly cycle of _________ days

D. As Earth revolves, It’s axis always points in the same direction

September 22Autumnal equinox

December 21Winter Solstice

June 21Summer Solstice

March 21Spring Equinox

365 ¼

D. As Earth revolves, its axis always points in the same direction- parallelism of axis

E. The apparent path of the sun changes with the seasons and with latitude.

NYS – 43 degrees latitude

E

S N

W

E. The apparent path of the sun changes with the seasons and with latitude.

Equator – 00 Degrees

E

S N

W

N.Y.S vs. Equator