2-27-12

Volume 1, Issue 1 By: Alex Tucker

And Denisha Tice

The Moon

Explorer

Table of Contents

Title page……………………….…………1

Table of contents……………….…………2

How the moon was created…….…………3

The phases of the moon ……….…………4

Composition of the moon ………….……..5

Moon crossword ……………………….…6

How the moon Effect’s the earth?….…..…7

What’s the orbit of the moon?.....................8

The size and distance of the moon….….….9

What’s the orbit of the moon?....................10 Timeline of missions to the moon…….….11

How the moon

was created!!

The prevailing hypothesis today is that the Earth–Moon system

formed as a result of a giant impact: a Mars-sized body hitting

the newly formed proto-Earth, blasting material into orbit

around it, which accreted to form the Moon. Giant impacts are

thought to have been common in the early Solar System.

Computer simulations modeling a giant impact are consistent

with measurements of the angular momentum of the Earth–

Moon system, and the small size of the lunar core; they also

show that most of the Moon came from the impact or, not from

the proto-Earth. More recent tests suggest more of the Moon

coalesced from the Earth and not the impact on. Meteorites

show that other inner Solar System bodies such as Mars and

Vesta have very different oxygen and tungsten isotopic

compositions to the Earth, while the Earth and Moon have

near-identical isotopic compositions. Post-impact mixing of the

vaporized material between the forming Earth and Moon could

have equalized their isotopic compositions although this is

debated.

The large amount of energy released in the giant impact event

and the subsequent recreation of material in Earth orbit would

have melted the outer shell of the Earth, forming a magma

ocean. The newly formed Moon would also have had its own

lunar magma ocean; estimates for its depth range from about

500 km to the entire radius of the Moon

The Phases of

the Moon

There are 8 different phases of the moon. The phases of the

moon are first quarter, waxing crescent, new moon, waning

crescent, third quarter, waning gibbous, full moon, waxing

gibbous. Waxing is when it is getting bigger and waning is

when it is getting smaller.

Composition

of the moon or(what it’s made of)

Compound Formula Composition (wt %)

Maria Highlands

silica SiO2 45.4% 45.5%

alumina Al2O3 14.9% 24.0%

lime CaO 11.8% 15.9%

iron(II) oxide FeO 14.1% 5.9%

magnesia MgO 9.2% 7.5%

titanium

dioxide

TiO2 3.9% 0.6%

sodium oxide Na2O 0.6% 0.6%

Total 99.9% 100.0%

The moon has a geochemically distinct crust, mantle, and core.

The Moon has a solid iron-rich inner core with a radius of 240

kilometers and a fluid outer core primarily made of liquid iron

with a radius of roughly 300 kilometers. Around the core is a

partially molten boundary layer with a radius of about 500

kilometers. This structure is

thought to have developed

through the fractional

crystallization of a global

magma ocean shortly after the

Moon's formation 4.5 billion

years ago

The moon

Try to solve this puzzle

Across

2. what the moon is made most of

7. what it’s made of

Down

1. the moons effect on water

3. what the moon is made most of

4. getting smaller

5. getting bigger

6. a natural satellite of earth

7. the outer layer of the moon

How the moon

Effect’s the

earth?

The moon effects earth many ways the first and most important

is that it creates tides and without the moon we would have

very little variety in our tides . another way it would effect

earth is the feeding cycles of the planets animals. finally it

constantly effects the earth’s rate of spin .

What’s the

orbit of the

moon?

The Moon completes its orbit around the Earth in

approximately 27.3 days (a sidereal month). The Earth and

Moon orbit about their barycentre (common centre of mass),

which lies about 4700 km from Earth's centre (about three

quarters of the Earth's radius). On average, the Moon is at a

distance of about 385000 km from the centre of the Earth,

which corresponds to about 60 Earth radii. With a mean orbital

velocity of 1,023 m/s, the Moon moves relative to the stars

each hour by an amount roughly equal to its angular diameter,

or by about 0.5°. The Moon differs from most satellites of

other planets in that its orbit is close to the plane of the ecliptic,

and not to the Earth's equatorial plane. The lunar orbit plane is

inclined to the ecliptic by about 5.1°, whereas the Moon's spin

axis is inclined by only 1.5°

The size and

distance of

the moon

Earth Moon

Mean diameter 12,742 km 3,476 km

Volume 1.08321 x 1012

km3 2.199 x 10

10 km

3

Mass 5.9736 x 1024

kg 7.349 x 1022

kg

Mean density 5.515 3.342

Surface gravity 9.78 m/s2 1.62 m/s

2

Escape velocity 11.2 km/s 2.38 km/s

Visual albedo 0.367 0.12

Visual magnitude -3.86 +0.21

1 pixel- 600 kilometer

Moon shoes

Timeline of

missions to

the moon

Manned and

unmanned

Timeline of Moon exploration

Mission (1950–

1959)

Launch Arrival at

Moon

Termination Objective Result

Pioneer 0 17 August 1958

17 August 1958

Orbiter Launch failure

Luna E-1 No.1

23

September 1958

23

September 1958

Impactor Launch failure

Pioneer 1 11 October 1958

13 October 1958

Orbiter Launch failure

Luna E-1 No.2

11 October 1958

11 October 1958

Impactor Launch failure

Pioneer 2 8 November 1958

8 November 1958

Orbiter Launch failure

Luna E-1 No.3

4 December 1958

4 December 1958

Impactor Launch failure

Pioneer 3 6 December 1958

7 December 1959

Flyby Launch failure

Luna 1 2 January 1959

4 January 1959

Impactor Partial success (first successful flyby 5,995 km)

Pioneer 4 3 March 1959

4 March 1959

7 March 1959 Flyby Partial success (flyby 60,000 km)

Luna E-1A No.1

18 June 1959

18 June 1959 Impactor Launch failure

Luna 2 12 September 1959

13 September 1959

Impactor Success (first spacecraft reaching the moon surface, impacted east of Mare

Serenitatis, discovered time variations in the electron flux

and energy spectrum in the Van Allen radiation belt)

Pioneer P-1 24 September 1959

24 September 1959

Orbiter Launch failure

Luna 3 4 October 1959

6 October 1959

Flyby Success (first pictures of Moon far side)

Pioneer P-3

26 November 1959

26 November 1959

Orbiter Launch failure

Mission (1960–

1969)

Launch Arrival at

Moon

Termination Objective Result

Luna E-3 No.1

15 April 1960

15 April 1960 Flyby Launch failure

Luna E-3 No.2

16 April 1960

16 April 1960 Flyby Launch failure

Pioneer P-30

25 September 1960

25 September 1960

Orbiter Launch failure

Pioneer P-31

15 December 1960

15 December 1960

Orbiter Launch failure

Ranger 3 26 January 1962

28 January 1962

Impactor Failure (flyby)

Ranger 4 23 April 1962

26 April 1962

26 April 1962 Impactor Failure (no mid-course correction, crashed at Moon far-side)

Ranger 5 18 October 1962

21 October 1962

Impactor Failure (flyby)

Luna E-6 No.2

4 January 1963

11 January 1963

Lander Launched into wrong orbit

Luna E-6 No.3

3 February 1963

3 February 1963

Lander Launch failure

Luna 4 2 April 1963

>6 April 1963

Lander Failure (flyby)

Ranger 6 30 January

1964

2 February

1964

2 February

1964

Impactor Failure (TV camera, only

instrument, did not work)

Luna E-6 No.6

21 March 1964

21 March 1964

Lander Launch failure

Luna E-6 No.5

20 April 1964

20 April 1964 Lander Launch failure

Ranger 7 28 July 1964

31 July 1964

Impactor Success

Ranger 8 17 February 1965

20 February 1965

Impactor Success

Cosmos 60 12 March 1965

Lander Failed to leave Earth orbit

Ranger 9 21 March 24 March Impactor Success

1965 1965

Luna E-6 No.8

10 April 1965

10 April 1965 Lander Launch failure

Luna 5 9 May 1965 12 May 1965 Lander Failure (crashed at Sea of Clouds)

Luna 6 8 June 1965

11 June 1965

Lander Failure (flyby)

Zond 3 18 July 1965

20 July 1965

Flyby Success

Luna 7 4 October 1965

7 October 1965

Lander Failure (crashed at Oceanus Procellarum)

Luna 8 3

December 1965

6

December 1965

Lander Failure (crashed at Oceanus

Procellarum)

Luna 9 31 January 1966

3 February 1966

6 February 1966

Lander Success (first pictures from Moon surface, landed at Oceanus Procellarum)

Cosmos 111 1 March 1966

3 March 1966 Orbiter Launched into wrong orbit

Luna 10 31 March 1966

3 April 1966

30 May 1966 Orbiter Success (first lunar orbiter)

Surveyor 1 30 May 1966

2 June 1966

7 January 1967

Lander Success (landed at Oceanus Procellarum)

Lunar Orbiter 1

10 August

1966

14 June

1966

29 October

1967

Orbiter Success

Luna 11 24 August 1966

27 August 1966

1 October 1966

Orbiter Success

Surveyor 2 20 September 1966

23 September 1966

23 September 1966

Lander Failure (crashed near Copernicus crater)

Luna 12 22 October 1966

25 October 1966

19 January 1967

Orbiter Success

Lunar Orbiter 2

6 November 1966

10 November 1966

11 October 1967

Orbiter Success

Luna 13 21

December 1966

24

December 1966

28 December

1966

Lander Success (landed at Oceanus

Procellarum)

Lunar Orbiter 3

5 February 1967

8 February 1967

9 October 1967

Orbiter Partial success (picture acquisition cut short)

Surveyor 3 17 April 1967

20 April 1967

3 May 1967 Lander Success (portions subsequently retrieved by Apollo 12 astronauts)

Lunar Orbiter 4

4 May 1967 8 May 1967 <31 October 1967

Orbiter Partial success (picture acquisition cut short)

Surveyor 4 14 July 1967 17 July 1967 17 July 1967 Lander Failure (may have exploded before reaching surface)

Lunar Orbiter 5

1 August 1967

5 August 1967

31 January 1968

Orbiter Success

Surveyor 5 8 September 1967

11 September 1967

17 December 1967

Lander Success

Surveyor 6 7 November 1967

10 November 1967

14 December 1967

Lander Success

Surveyor 7 7 January 1968

10 January 1968

20 February 1968

Lander Success

Luna E-6LS No.112

7 February 1968

7 February 1968

Lander Launch failure

Luna 14 7 April 1968 10 April 1968

Orbiter Success

Zond 5 15 September 1968

18 September 1968

21 September 1968

Flyby Success (first spacecraft and living beings to return to Earth from lunar flyby)

Zond 6 10 November 1968

14 November 1968

17 November 1968

Flyby Partial success (depressurisation lead to biologicals death, crashed due to failure in parachute)

Apollo 8 21 December 1968

24 December 1968

27 December 1968

Orbiter Success (first manned lunar orbiter)

Luna E-8 No.201

19 February 1969

19 February 1969

Rover Launch failure

Apollo 10 18 May 1969

21 May 1969 26 May 1969 Orbiter Success (lander test in Moon orbit)

Luna E-8-5 No.402

14 June 1969

14 June 1969 Sample return

Launch failure

Luna 15 13 July 1969

21 July 1969 Sample return

Failure (crashed at Mare Crisium)

Apollo 11 16 July 1969

19 July 1969

24 July 1969 Orbiter Success

20 July 1969

21 July 1969 Sample return

Success (21.5 kg of lunar rocks retrieved, first humans on the Moon surface)

Zond 7 7 August

1969

11 August

1969

14 August

1969

Flyby Success

Cosmos 300

23 September 1969

23 September 1969

Sample return

Launched into wrong orbit

Cosmos 305

22 October 1969

22 October 1969

Sample return

Launched into wrong orbit

Apollo 12 14 November 1969

17 November 1969

24 November 1969

Orbiter Success

19 November 1969

20 November 1969

Sample return

Success (First precise landing, recovered parts from Surveyor 3)

Mission (1970–

1979)

Launch Arrival at

Moon

Termination Objective Result

Apollo 13 11 April 1970 15 April 1970

17 April 1970 Sample return

Failure (flyby, crew returned to Earth)

S-IV 14 April 1970

14 April 1970 Impactor Success (provided signal for the Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment)

Luna E-8-5 No.405

6 February 1970

6 February 1970

Sample return

Launch failure

Luna 16 12 September 1970

20 September 1970

24 September 1970

Sample return

Success (first robotic lunar sample return, 101 g)

Zond 8 20 October 1970

24 October 1970

27 October 1970

Flyby Success

Luna 17 10 November 1970

17 November 1970

17 November 1970

Lander Success (soft-landed the Lunokhod 1)

Lunokhod 1 14 September 1971

Rover Success (First lunar rover)

Apollo 14 31 January 1971

4 February 1971

9 February 1971

Orbiter Success

5 February 1971

6 February 1971

Sample return

Success

Apollo 15 26 July 1971 29 July 1971 7 August 1971 Orbiter Success

30 July 1971

2 August 1971 Sample return

Success (first manned Lunar Roving Vehicle)

PFS-1 4 August

1971

January 1973 Orbiter Success (measured plasma,

energetic particle intensities and lunar magnetic fields)

Luna 18 2 September 1971

11 September 1971

11 September 1971

Sample return

Failure (crashed near the edge of the Sea of Fertility)

Luna 19 28 September 1971

3 October 1971

3–20 October 1972

Orbiter Success

Luna 20 14 February 1972

21 February 1972

25 February 1972

Sample return

Success

Apollo 16 16 April 1972

19 April 1972

27 April 1972 Orbiter Success

21 April 1972

23 April 1972 Sample return

Success

PFS-2 24 April 1972

29 May 1972 Orbiter Partial success (orbit decayed earlier than anticipated)

Apollo 17 7 December 1972

10 December 1972

19 December 1972

Orbiter Success

11 December 1972

15 December 1972

Sample return

Success (first geologist on the Moon)

Luna 21 8 January 1973

15 January 1973

15 January 1973

Lander Success (soft-landed the Lunokhod 2)

Lunokhod 2 3 June 1973 Rover Success

Luna 22 29 May 1974

2 June 1974 early November 1975

Orbiter Success

Luna 23 28 October 1974

6 November 1974

9 November 1975

Sample return

Partial success (sample drilling failed)

Luna 24 9 August 1976

18 August 1976

22 August 1976

Sample return

Success

Mission (1990–

1999)

Launch Arrival at

Moon

Termination Objective Result

Hiten 24 January 1990

19 March 1990

10 April 1993 Orbiter Success (first aerobraking maneuver by a deep space

probe)

Clementine 25 January 1994

19 February 1994

June 1994 Orbiter Success

Lunar Prospector

7 January 1998

11 January 1998

31 July 1999 Orbiter Success

Mission (2000–

2009)

Launch Arrival at

Moon

Termination Objective Result

SMART-1 27 September 2003

15 November 2004

3 September 2006

Orbiter Success (first use of an ion engine to reach the Moon)

SELENE (Kaguya)

14 September

2007

3 October 2007

10 June 2009 Orbiter Success

Chang'e 1 24 October 2007

5 November 2007

1 March 2009 Orbiter Success

Chandrayaan-1

22 October 2008

12 November 2008

29 August 2009

Orbiter Success (discovery of water on the moon)

Moon Impact Probe

14 November 2008

14 November 2008

Impactor Success (first Asian object on the surface of the moon)

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

18 June 2009

23 June 2009

ongoing Orbiter Success

Shepherding spacecraft (LCROSS)

9 October 2009

9 October 2009

Impactor Success (near observation of Centaur impact)

Centaur upper stage (LCROSS)

9 October 2009

9 October 2009

Impactor Success

Mission (2010–

Present)

Launch Arrival at

Moon

Termination Objective Result

Chang'e 2 1 October 2010

5 October 2010

9 June 2011 Orbiter Success

Gravity 10 1 January ongoing Two Success

Recovery and Interior Laboratory

September 2011

2011 orbiters