INTRODUCTION

We feel pride in introducing R. V .Infrastructures as a growing construction

company Involved in construction of industrial, commercial, and residential

projects since last three years.

We have a team of highly qualified and experienced engineers and skilled

workers and a complete backup of ultra modern machinery and other

equipments to match the quality expectations of client and to finish the projects

in stipulated time frame. Quality, Quantity and Honesty is the motto of our

company, also we believe in longer relationship with our clients.

Achievements

1. Complete a frame structure industrial building of 20,000 square feet area within 120 days for M/S Freewill sports pvt. Ltd.( NIVIA SPORTS )

2. Complete a frame structure multistory industrial building of 38,000 square feet area for M/S S.V. Industries pvt. Ltd.

3. Complete a frame structure of residential building of 24,000 square feet area within 100 days Complete a frame structure of commercial typical building of 7,500 square feet area within 75 days for Vodafone regional office.

111, VIJAY NAGAR. JALANDHAR

PH. 9815044700,01814644700

E. Mail: rvinfrastructures@gmail .com

R. V . INFRASTRUCTURES.

111, VIJAY NAGAR. JALANDHAR

PH. 9815044700,01814644700

E. Mail: rvinfrastructures@gmail .com

R. V . INFRASTRUCTURES. Current Projects:

1. Industrial unit of Freewill sports pvt. Ltd. ( Nivia sports).

2. Industrial unit of Jalandhar Leather Pvt. Ltd.

3. Educational Buildings of S. Amar Singh Charitable Trust.

4. (GNA Group) Completed projects

Industrial & commercial projects:

1. Industrial unit of M/S S.V. Industries pvt. ltd. Jalandhar

2. Regional office and switch for Vodafone at Jalandhar cantt.

3. Industrial unit of M/S Nivia Synthetics pvt. ltd. Jalandhar.

4. Auditorium building at GNA-IMT Phagwara.

5. Industrial unit of M/S Soccer International pvt. ltd.

Jalandhar. Residential projects:

1. Residence for Mr. Anuragh Dhumal, Mr. Arun Dhumal and Mr. Roop

Singh Dhumal.

2. Residence for Mr. Rajesh Rathour

3. Residential building ,Ladhowal complex (TRANING AND VISIT)

PROJECT DETAIL

1. NAME OF PROJECT

LADHOWAL COMPLEX (FOREST DEPARTMENT

BUILDING)

2. LOCATION

LADHOWAL,LUDHIANA

3. TOTAL AREA

6.5 ACRE

4. TOTAL COST

AROUND 9 KAROR

5. 2D PLAN OF PROJECT

RCC FRAME STRUCTURE

A framed structure consists of a series of frames, formed of columns or pillars or

stanchions which are connected by means of beams at floor level and roof levels.

Walls are constructed within these frames. These walls are connected and known as panel

walls or infillings. Thus the loads of the floors, roofs and panel walls are Supported

by the beams which in turn, transmit the loads to the columns and these in turn

Carr

y

whole weight of the structure to the foundations.

Materials used for the framed structures are wood, steel and R.C.C. Wood is Used

for light - framed structures. For multistory buildings, frames of mild steel or R.C.C.

are formed. In case of light - framed structures, panel walls can be replaced by

cladding panels. Cladding is a term which is used to denote comparatively thin sheets

required to enclose the framework. This cladding may be asbestos cement sheets, corrugated

galvanized iron sheets, copper sheets, thin concrete slabs, panels of glass or wood, tiles

FOUNDATION

The Structures such as walls, piers, stanchions are subjected to loads of roofs ,floors, furniture,wind,etc.The

total load acting on a wall r a pier is to be transmitted to the soil on which it

rests.The load thus acting on the soil is to be distributed over a large area so as

to bring the intensity of loading within the safe bearing capacity of the soil.

To meet with such requirements, a structure is to be provided with an artificial

arrangement in the form of concrete bed or block,grillage,raft,piles.etc.The

base below ground level,which act as FOUNDATION of the structure.

DEFINATION : -The lowest artificially built part of a structure which transmits the load of the structure to the soil lying under-neath is called

FOUNDATION.

The foundation of a structure is always constructed below ground level so as

to increase the lateral stability of the structure. It includes the portion of the

structure below ground level and other artificial arrangements in the form of

concrete block, grillage, raft, piles, etc.as it base so as to provide a firm & level

surface for transmitting the load of the structure on a a large area of the soil

lying under-neath. The solid ground on which the foundation rests is called the

foundation head.

PURPOSES:

To distributes the load of the structure over a large bearing intensity of loading

within the safe bearing capacity of the soil lying under-neath.

-To load the bearing surface at a uniform rate so as to prevent unequal

settlement.

-To prevent the lateral movement of the supporting material.

-To secure a level & firm bed for building operations.

-To increase the stability of the structure as a whole.

TYPES OF FOUNDATION:-

1. SHALLOW FOUNDATION 2. DEEP FOUNDATION

Shallow Foundation: The foundation provided immediately beneath the

lowest part of the structure, near to the ground level, are known as shallow

foundation

E.g-isolated, combined, spread foundation e t c

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION:-

1.The whole area is dug out to the specified depth and 30 cm more wide than the area to be covered.

1. The bed is compacted and sprinkled over with water.

2. Then a layer of P.C.C laid to a suitable thickness to act as a bottom cover.

3. After this, the reinforcement is laid. The reinforcement consists of closely spaced bars

placed at right angles to one another.

4. Then the cement concrete is laid and compacted to the required thickness. .

Deep Foundation: The foundations constructed sufficiently below ground

level with some artificial arrangements such as piles, wells.etc, is deep

foundation

e.g- depth of foundation greater than width

DETAILS USEAS

Water barrier used in wall.

PCC thickness- 100mm.

Wall thickness- 300mm.

Shear key- 50mm.

Concrete used- M25.

Steel used 12mm in raft foundation both ways.

Plaster thickness 15mm.

BRICK-WORK

An assemblage of bricks properly bounded together in mortar is

called brick-work or brick masonry In this type of masonry, the bricks are arranged and bedded in mortar in such a

manner as to form a homogeneous mass of the structure. In such a structure,

the point or other loads and stresses are dispersed and distributed throughout

the mass without tending to disintegrate the structure.

The mortar to be used in brick masonry may be mud mortars, lime mortars or

concrete mortar, depending upon the class and strength of work desired.

Brick masonry is commonly used for construction work of ordinary

as well as important buildings and others structures in areas where natural

stone is not obtainable cheaply and abundantly but there is plenty of suitable

clay for the manufacture of bricks. strength of bricks varies from as low as

30kg/sq cm to 150 kg /sq cm

Bricks can be of two types. These are:

1) Traditional Bricks-The dimension if traditional bricks vary from 21 cm to

25cm in length,10 to 13 cm in width and 7.5 cm in height in different parts of

country .The commonly adopted normal size of traditional brick is 23 *

11.5*7.5 cm with a view to achieve uniformity in size of bricks all over country.

2) Modular Bricks- Indian standard institution has established a standard size of

bricks such a brick is known as a modular brick. The normal size of brick is

taken as 20*10*10 cm whereas its actual dimensions are 19*9*9 cm masonry

with modular bricks workout to be cheaper there is saving in the consumption

of bricks, mortar and labour as compared with masonry with traditional bricks.

STRENGTH OF BRICK MASONRY

The permissible compressive stress in brick masonry depends upon the following factors:

1. Type and strength of brick.

2. Mix of motor.

3. Size and shape of masonry construction.

BRICK TILES

An artificial masonry unit in the form of rectangular block of prepared clay

having thickness comparatively less then that of a brick is known as BRICK

TILE

REINFORCEMENT

Steel reinforcements are used, generally, in the form of bars of circular cross

section in concrete structure. They are like a skeleton in human body. Plain

concrete without steel or any other reinforcement is strong in compression but

weak in tension. Steel is one of the best forms of reinforcements, to take care of

those stresses and to strengthen concrete to bear all kinds of loads.

Mild steel bars conforming to IS: 432 (Part I) and Cold-worked steel high

strength deformed bars conforming to IS: 1786 (grade Fe 415 and grade Fe 500,

where 415 and 500 indicate yield stresses 415 N/mm2 and 500 N/mm2

respectively) are commonly used. Grade Fe 415 is being used most commonly

nowadays. This has limited the use of plain mild steel bars because of higher

yield stress and bond strength resulting in saving of steel quantity. Some

companies have brought thermo mechanically treated (TMT) and corrosion

resistant steel (CRS) bars with added features.

Bars range in diameter from 6 to 50 mm. Cold-worked steel high strength

deformed bars start from 8 mm diameter. For general house constructions, bars

of diameter 6 to 20 mm are used

Transverse reinforcements are very important. They not only take care of

structural requirements but also help main reinforcements to remain in desired

position. They play a very significant role while abrupt changes or reversal of

stresses like earthquake etc.

They should be closely spaced as per the drawing and properly tied to the

main/longitudinal reinforcement

1.RCC 2.PCC

Bar Bending Schedule

Bar bending schedule is the schedule of reinforcement bars prepared in advance before

cutting and bending of bars. This schedule contains all details of size, shape and dimension of

bars to be cut. Bar bending schedule is prepared by site engineer in charge.

Lap length Lap length is the length overlap of bars tied to extend the reinforcement length. Lap length

about 49 times the diameter of the bar is considered safe. Laps of neighboring bar lengths

should be staggered and should not be provided at one level/line. At one cross section, a

maximum of 50% bars should be lapped. In case, required lap length is not available at

junction because of space and other constraints, bars can be joined with couplers or welded

(with correct choice of method of welding).

Anchorage Length This is the additional length of steel of one structure required to be inserted in other at the

junction. For example, main bars of beam in column at beam column junction, column bars

in footing etc. The length requirement is similar to the lap length mentioned in previous

question or as per the design instructions. At our site anchorage length is varied according to

the grade of concrete as shown in table below.

Grade of concrete Anchorage length

M25 49D

M30 46D

M35 40D

M40 AND ABOVE 36D

COVER BLOCK

1.Cover blocks are placed to prevent the steel rods from touching the shuttering plates and

thereby providing a minimum cover and fix the reinforcements as per the design drawings

2 .Sometimes it is commonly seen that the cover gets misplaced during the concreting

activity. To prevent this, tying of cover with steel bars using thin steel wires called

binding wires

Covers should be made of cement sand mortar (1:3). Ideally, cover should have strength

similar to the surrounding concrete, with the least perimeter so that chances of water to

penetrate through periphery will be minimized.

Provision of minimum covers as per the Indian standards for durability of the whole structure

should be ensured.

Shape of the cover blocks could be cubical or cylindrical. However, cover indicates thickness

of the cover block. Normally, cubical cover blocks are used. As a thumb rule, minimum

cover of 2 in footings, 1.5 in columns and 1 for other structures may be ensured.

Structural element Cover to reinforcement (mm)

Footings

50

Columns 40

Slabs 20

Beams 20

Retaining wall 25 for earth face

20 for other face

THINGS TO NOTE

1. Reinforcement should be free from loose rust, oil paints, mud etc. it should

be cut, bent and fixed properly.

2. The reinforcement shall be placed and maintained in position by providing

proper cover blocks, spacers, supporting bars, laps etc.

3. Reinforcements shall be placed and tied such that concrete placement is

possible without segregation, and compaction possible by an immersion

vibrator.

4. Three types of bars were used in reinforcement of a slab. These include

straight bars, crank bar and an extra bar. The main steel is placed in which the

straight steel is bind first, then the crank steel is placed and extra steel is placed

in the end

5. For providing nominal cover to the steel in beam, cover blocks were used

which were made of concrete and were casted with a thin steel wire in the

Center which projects outward. These keep the reinforcement at a distance from

bottom of shuttering.

6. For maintaining the gap between the main steel and the distribution steel,

steel chairs are placed between them.

Binding wire

This is a soft steel wire about 1 mm in diameter, used for binding

reinforcement bars at the points where they cross each other. It is bought in

rolls and may also be called lashing wire, annealed wire or tying wire.

FORMWORK

Formwork is a die or a mould including all supporting structures, used to shape and support

the concrete until it attains sufficient strength to carry its own weight. It should be capable of

carrying all imposed dead and live loads apart from its own weight. System

FormworkSystem implies a fully compatible arrangement of formwork with a minimum

of individual components with reusable elements intended to solve each forming task thereby

rationalizing the forming work.

CONCRETING Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, stone aggregates and water. A cage of steel rods used

together with the concrete mix leads to the formation of Reinforced Cement Concrete

popularly known as RCC

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF RCC COLUMN

RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) column is a structural member of RCC frame

structured building. It's a vertical member which transfers loads from slab and beam

directly to subsequent soil.

A whole building stands on columns. Most of the building failure happens due to

column failure. And most of the column failure happens not for design fault but for

the poor construction practice. So, it is very important to know the construction

process of the RCC column properly.

Constructing RCC COLMN four stages of works

occur - 1. Column layout work Column reinforcement work

2. Column formwork, and

3. Casting of column

4. Compaction

5. Curing

CURING

Curing concrete is the term we use for stopping freshly poured concrete from drying out too

quickly. The reason that we do this is because if we let concrete dry out of its own accord:-

It will not develop the full bond between all of its ingredients.

It will be weaker and tend to crack more.

The surface won't be as hard as it could be.

The drying process is quickest right after the concrete is poured so the first few hours are

critical. Hot or windy weather makes the drying out process quicker. Curing for 7 days is

required to be done. Compressive strength of properly cured concrete is 80 to 100 per cent

greater than the strength of concrete which has not been cured at all.

BEAM

A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily

by resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam

as a result of the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to

these loads is called a bending moment. Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering structural

elements, but smaller structures such as truck or automobile frames, machine

frames, and other mechanical or structural systems contain beam structures that

are designed and analyzed in a similar fashion.

Types of beams

In engineering, beams are of several types:

1. Simply supported - a beam supported on the ends which are free to rotate and have no moment resistance.

2. Fixed - a beam supported on both ends and restrained from rotation.

3. Over hanging - a simple beam extending beyond its support on one end.

4. Double overhanging - a simple beam with both ends extending beyond its supports on both ends.

5. Continuous - a beam extending over more than two supports.

6. Cantilever - a projecting beam fixed only at one end.

7. Trussed - a beam strengthened by adding a cable or rod to form a truss.

BEAM AND SLAB

The shuttering of beam and slab consist of following steps

1. Fixing of support system for shuttering plate

2. Fixing of shuttering plates

3. Fixing of beam bottom

4. Cleaning and oiling of the formwork

SLAB CASTING

The casting of slab consists of following steps

1. Reinforcement of slab

2. Electrical conduits

3. Level of slab

4. Concreting

5. Curing of slab

PLASTERING

Plaster protects structure from temperature variations; external attacks of

sulphates, chlorides, etc. Plaster also provides smooth & aesthetic surface on

RCC & Brickwork surface. The proportion of mortar used at site for ceiling coat

is 1:3 and wall coat is 1:4 for internal walls and 1:6 for external walls. A plaster

of 5-7 mm is done at ceiling and a

SANITORY WORKS

Sanitary works is the application of engineering methods to

improve sanitation of human communities, primarily by providing the removal

and disposal of human waste, and in addition to the supply of safe potable

water. Initially in the mid 19th century, the discipline concentrated on the

reduction of disease, then thought to be caused by miasma. This was

accomplished mainly by the collection and segregation of sewerage flow

in London specifically, and Great Britain generally. These and later regulatory

improvements were reported in the United States as early as 1865.

It is not concerned with environmental factors that do not have an immediate

and clearly understood effect on public health. Areas outside the purview of

sanitary engineering include traffic management, concerns about noise

pollution or light pollution,

aesthetic concerns such as landscaping, and environmental conservation as it

pertains to plants and animals.

Skills within this field are usually employed for the primary goal

of disease prevention within human beings by assuring a supply of

healthy drinking water, removing garbage from inhabited areas, and so on.

Compared to (for example) electrical engineering or mechanical

engineering which are concerned primarily with closed systems, sanitary

engineering is a very interdisciplinary field which may involve such elements

as hydraulics, constructive modelling, information technology, project

design, microbiology, pathology and the many divisions within environmental

science and environmental technology. In some cases, considerations that fall

within the field of social sciences must be factored in as well.

Although sanitary engineering may be most associated with the design

of sewers, sewage treatment and waste water

treatment facilities, recycling centers, public landfills and other things which are

constructed, the term applies equally to (for example) a plan of action to reverse

the effects of water pollution or soil contamination in a specific area.

MUNCIPLITIES

Generally, sanitary engineers work for municipalities and are highly trained

professionals with a diverse range of engineering skills. Some are involved with

a specific area of concern such as waste collection or the maintenance of waste

water facilities and storm waterdrainage systems within a district.

Others cover a broader scope of activities that might include the two just listed

as well as such maintenance of the public water supply, collection of residential

yard waste program, disposal of hazardous waste, recycling strategies and even

community programs where individuals or businesses "adopt" an area and either

maintain it themselves or donate funds for doing so.

SCAFFOLDING

Scaffolding, also called staging,is a temporary structure used to support

people and material in the construction or repair of buildings and other

structures. Scaffolding has been used since ancient times. There are many

kinds of prefabricated, modular system of metal pipes or tubes, although it can

be custom made from other materials such as wood and bamboo which is

frequently used in Southeast Asia.

Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent molds into

which concrete or similar materials are poured. In the context of concrete

construction, the falsework supports the shuttering moulds.

STAIRS

A stairway, staircase, stairwell, flight of stairs, or simply stairs is a

construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into

smaller vertical distances, called steps. Stairs may be straight, round, or may

consist of two or more straight pieces connected at angles.

Step

The step is composed of the tread and riser.

Tread

The part of the stairway that is stepped on. It is constructed to the same specifications (thickness) as any other flooring. The tread "depth" is measured from the outer edge of the step to the vertical "riser" between steps. The "width" is measured from one side to the other.

Riser

The vertical portion between each tread on the stair. This may be missing for an "open" stair effect.

Nosing

An edge part of the tread that protrudes over the riser beneath. If it is present, this means that, measured horizontally, the total "run" length of the stairs is not simply the sum of the tread lengths, as the treads actually overlap each other slightly.

Starting step

floor may be wider than the other steps and rounded. The balusters typically form a semicircle around the circumference of the rounded portion and the handrail has a horizontal spiral called a "volute" that supports the top of the balusters. Besides the cosmetic appeal, starting steps allow the balusters to form a wider, more stable base for the end of the handrail. Handrails that simply end at a post at the foot of the stairs can be less sturdy, even with a thick post. A double bullnose can be used when both sides of the stairs are open.

Stringer, Stringer board or sometimes just String

The structural member that supports the treads and risers. There are typically two stringers, one on either side of the stairs; though the treads may be supported many other ways. The stringers are sometimes notched so that the risers and treads fit into them. Stringers on open-sided stairs are often open themselves so that the treads are visible from the side. Such stringers are called "cut" stringers. Stringers on a closed side of the stairs are closed, with the support for the treads routed into the stringer.

Winders Winders are steps that are narrower on one side than the other. They are used to change the direction of the stairs without landings. A series of winders form a circular or spiral stairway. When three steps are used to turn a 90 corner, the middle step is called akite winder as a kite-shaped quadrilateral.

TRIM

Trim (e.g. quarter-round or baseboard trim) is normally applied where walls meet floors and often underneath treads to hide the reveal where the tread and riser meet. Shoe moulding may be used between where the lower floor and the first riser meet. Trimming a starting step is a special challenge as the last riser above the lower floor is rounded. Flexible, plastic trim is available for this purpose, however wooden mouldings are still used and are either cut from a single piece of rounded wood, or bent with laminations Scotia is concave moulding that is underneath the nosing between the riser and the tread above it.

Balcony For stairs with an open concept upper floor or landing, the upper floor is functionally a

balcony. For a straight flight of stairs, the balcony may be long enough to require multiple

newels to support the length of railing. In modern homes, it is common to

have hardwood floors on the first floor and carpet on the second. The homeowner should

consider using hardwood nosing in place of carpet.

PAINT

Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to

a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to

protect, color, or provide texture to objects. Paint can be made or purchased in

many colorsand in many different types, such as watercolor, artificial, etc. Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but dries into a solid.

Binder, vehicle, or resins

The binder, commonly called the vehicle, is the film-forming component of

paint. It is the only component that must be present. Components listed below

are included optionally, depending on the desired properties of the cured film.

The binder imparts adhesion and strongly influences properties such as gloss,

durability, flexibility, and toughness.

Binders include synthetic or natural resins such as alkyds, acrylics, vinyl-

acrylics, vinyl acetate/ethylene (VAE), polyurethanes, polyesters, melamine

resins, epoxy, or oils. Binders can be categorized according to the mechanisms

for drying or curing. Although drying may refer to evaporation of the solvent or

thinner, it usually refers to oxidative cross-linking of the binders and is

indistinguishable from curing. Some paints form by solvent evaporation only,

but most rely on cross-linking processes.[3]

Paints that dry by solvent evaporation and contain the solid binder dissolved in

a solvent are known as lacquers. A solid film forms when the solvent

evaporates, and because the film can re-dissolve in solvent, lacquers are

unsuitable for applications where chemical resistance is important.

Classic nitrocellulose lacquers fall into this category, as do non-grain raising

stains composed of dyes dissolved in solvent and more modern acrylic-based

coatings such as 5-ball Krylon aerosol. Performance varies by formulation, but

lacquers generally tend to have better UV resistance and lower corrosion

resistance than comparable systems that cure by polymerization or coalescence.

Pigment and Filler

Pigments are granular solids incorporated in the paint to contribute color.

Fillers are granular solids incorporate to impart toughness, texture, give the

paint special properties, or to reduce the cost of the paint. Alternatively, some

paints contain dyes instead of or in combination with pigments.

Pigments can be classified as either natural or synthetic. Natural pigments

include various clays, calcium carbonate, mica, silicas, and talcs. Synthetics

would include engineered molecules, calcined clays, blanc fixe, precipitated

calcium carbonate, and synthetic pyrogenic silicas.

Hiding pigments, in making paint opaque, also protect the substrate from the

harmful effects of ultraviolet light. Hiding pigments include titanium

dioxide, phthalo blue, red iron oxide, and many others.

Fillers are a special type of pigment that serve to thicken the film, support its

structure and increase the volume of the paint. Fillers are usually cheap and

inert materials, such as diatomaceous earth, talc, lime, barytes, clay, etc.

DOORS:

A door is a moving structure used to block off, and allow access to, an entrance

to or within an enclosed space, such as a building or vehicle. Similar exterior

structures are called gates. Typically doors have an interior side that faces the

inside of a space and an exterior side that faces the outside of that space. While

in some cases the interior side of a door may match its exterior side, in other

cases there are sharp contrasts between the two sides, such as in the case of

the vehicle door. Doors normally consist of a panel that swings on hinges or that

slides or spins inside of a space.

When open, doors admit people, animals, ventilation, and light. The door is

used to control the physical atmosphere within a space by enclosing the air

drafts, so that interiors may be more effectively heated or cooled. Doors are

significant in preventing the spread of fire. They also act as a barrier to noise.

Many doors are equipped with locking mechanisms to allow entrance to certain

people and keep out others. As a form of courtesy and civility, people often

knock before opening a door and entering a room.

Doors are used to screen areas of a building for aesthetics, keeping formal and

utility areas separate. Doors also have an aesthetic role in creating an

impression of what lies beyond. Doors are often symbolically endowed

withritual purposes, and the guarding or receiving of the keys to a door, or being

granted access to a door can have special significance.[1] Similarly, doors and

doorways frequently appear

in metaphorical or allegorical situations,literature and the arts, often as a portent

of change.

WINDOWS:

A window is an opening in a wall, door, roof or vehicle that allows the passage

of light and, if not closed or sealed, air and sound.[1] Modern windows are

usually glazed or covered in some other transparent or translucent material.

Windows are held in place by frames.[2] Many glazed windows may be opened,

to allow ventilation, or closed, to exclude inclement weather.[3] Windows often

have a latch or similar mechanism to lock the window shut.

Types include the eyebrow window, fixed windows, single-hung and double-

hung sash windows, horizontal sliding sash windows, casement windows,

awning windows, hopper windows, tilt and slide windows (often door-sized),

tilt and turn windows, transom windows, sidelight windows, jalousie

or louvered windows, clerestory windows, skylights, roof windows, roof

lanterns, bay windows, oriel windows, thermal, or Diocletian, windows, picture

windows, emergency exit windows, stained glass windows, French windows,

and double- and triple paned windows.

PRECAUTION

Various precautions to be taken while the work of plastering is

going on are:-

1.Preferably use cements which releases low heat of hydration.

2. Use optimum water at the time of mixin.

3. Do not use dry cement on the plaster surface.

4 . At the junction of Brickwork & RCC, chicken mesh or fiber mesh may be used.

PRECAUTION FOR STEEL USEAS

Steel bars/rods should be responsibly clean and free of rust.

Bars that cannot be easily bent manually or mechanically should be rejected.

Optimum length bars must not be chosen to reduce wastage in cutting.

To avoid laps, shorter bars must not be accepted

Welded length of the bars should not be accepted

PRECAUTIONS FOR WATER TO BE USED IN CONCRETE

It is good to use potable quality of water.

It should be free from impurities and harmful ingredients.

Seawater isnt recommended.

The water fit for mixing is fit for curing too

Use of minimum quantity of mixing water, consistent with the degree of workability required to enable easy placing and compaction of concrete, is

advisable.

Ensure that water is measured and added.

Low water to cement ratio is essential for good performance of the structure in the long run.

COMMON REASONS FOR LACK OF QUALITY IN CONCRETE WORK

Use of too much or too little water for mixing, or water carelessly added during mixing

Incomplete mixing of aggregate with cement

Improper grading of aggregates resulting in segregation or bleeding of concrete.

Inadequate compaction of concrete

Using concrete which has already begun to set.

Placing of concrete on a dry foundation without properly wetting it with water.

Use of dirty aggregate or water containing earthy matter, clay or lime.

Too much troweling of the concrete surface.

Leaving the finished concrete surface exposed to sun and wind during the first ten days after placing without protecting it and keeping it damp by proper methods of

PLANNING DEPARTMENT:

Planning is a fundamental activity in the management & execution of construction projects it

involves the choice of technologies the estimation of the required resources and durations for

individual tasks.

Scheduling

The schedule is the blueprint of the projectit represents the tasks and deliverables that need

to be completed to deliver the project on time. In addition, the schedule provides with a map

for project execution and delivers a baseline for tracking progress and managing change.

In Scheduling is done for:

Construction activities

Manpower

Plant and Machinery

Material

Tool used for scheduling of constructional activities is MS Project and MS excel.

And for rest three, generally MS Excel is used.

Quantity Estimation

It is a part of scheduling quantities of each activity is determined in order to generate the bill

for client and subcontractor billing and accordingly manpower and material is estimated. For

an exercise we have calculated quantities for columns and shear walls.

Project Progress Monitoring

Monitoring and control is one of the most important tasks of construction project

management. It gives an idea about how is the project progressing in accurate and timely

manner, whether they are currently in comparison to the initially set plans, whether deadlines

are met, budgets are safely measured and followed. These reports discuss the current project

progress with planned schedule of work in terms of time and budget to forecast the project

finish date. These report also mentions the constructability problems, quality issues including

test results, contract changes including modification in design and increase/decrease in

quantities, pending issues from progress meetings.

Ways of Reporting

DPR (Daily progress report): It is an essential document in construction projects and

summarizes daily progress and events at a worksite and records no. of employees/workers,

equipment, exact time the work began and ended, accidents (if any). It also serves as

evidence in case of disputes.

For an experience we updated DPR for a day.

WPR (weekly progress report): It is a progress report that is being generated on the

weekly basis. This report is used to assess the status of each work that is planned for a week.

It includes an explanation of the tasks that have been completed, the tasks that are currently

being worked on, and the tasks that will be worked on over the next week, along with the

hours spent on each task. The report also includes any constraints or problems that the

particular work is facing to get execute and needs to overcome before continuing. It also

consists of safety and quality related issues as well as it gives plant and machinery status,

manpower and resources used for a particular week. Weekly status reports facilitate

discussion during team meetings and also facilitate effective project management it also

includes the latest progress in the form of photographs. Below there is a weekly progress

report that is being updated by us.

Similar way MPR (Monthly Progress Report) is also generated.

RFI form: Request For Information is an important document that is used by planning

department

EIP: Enterprise Information Portal is a system which integrates internal and external

management

SAFETY

SAFETY DEPARTMENT:

Safety is not only about using PPEs but it includes safe operations which include quality,

proper and safe execution of work etc.

Our first introduction to this department was through Safety Induction which involved

briefing us about:

Site Logistics Plan: we were made aware about the access roads on site, emergency

numbers, emergency exits, fire safety measures, first aids, various compartments like medical

facilities labour camp, canteens.

PPE (Personal Protective Equipment): There are 2 types of PPEs used in this site

7. Mandatory PPEs

8. Jobsite PPEs

Mandatory PPEs: These are the PPEs which are to be strictly used it includes:

a. Safety shoes

b. Helmet

c. Reflectivjackets

Jobsite PPEs: This depends upon the requirement of the particular jobs.

Safety harness: It is compulsorily used where the height is more than 2.5mtrs. It has shock absorber which acts as a cushion for spinal cord & prevents the person

from getting hurt.

Shoulder pads: For the movement of steel bars, shoulder pads are required by labours to protect their shoulder and resist the weight of the bars. Hand Gloves are

also used for the same.

Ear plugs: They are required when long exposure to high intensity noises on site can cause hearing problems. So along with mandatory PPEs, ear plugs are

necessarily required to protect workers from such disturbances. Permissible limit

is 90 dB.

Protective Glasses: Are used in welding operations to prevent eyes from harmful radiations coming from weld sparks.

``

`

Some Safety measures which are taken on site:

Gas Cutting: color coding is given for gas cylinders. Maroon for acetylene and black for

oxygen. For prevention of back fire Non Return Valve (NRV), flash back arrestor is to be

used. To check any leakage of gas, soap water is applied on it.

Welding: welding wires should not be passed over spilled water and proper PPEs must be

used.

Here obligation of machinery is according to Punjab government rules and regulations.

Prior approval is taken from government before mobilizing any machinery on site.

A skilled person is authorized for operating equipments like bar bending machine, welding,

gas cutting.

1st page of site traning report

Documents