century Americas and pacific

C30 bce 1st pottery in ecuador: The Ancient Valdivia Culture in Ecuador was derived from the Las Vegas Culture, and Estrada was able to establish that this culture was alive between the years 3500 and 1800 BC in Ecuador.The pottery was generally made from gray and red clay.

Columbia Kotosh Temple of the Crossed Hands: Kotosh (Temple of The Crossed Hands), is the oldest architectural site of the Andes. It is believed to have had six periods of continuous occupation dating from the Pre-Ceramic Era (3000-1800 BC).Kotosh was typical of highland buildings.Two sets of crossed hands are visible below each niche.people believe the crossed hands are a representation of male/female duality – The male hands representing strength, the female hands signifying intuition.

REFERENCE:

1.http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.ecuador.com/blog/the-ancient-valdivia-culture-in-ecuador

2.http://anthropology.msu.edu/anp264-ss15/2015/04/30/temple-of-the-crossed-hands/

century Europe

C30 bce Corded ware: Corded Ware Culture (c. 3000-2350 BCE).Also known as the Battle Axe culture or Single Grave culture. Associated with the diffusion of Proto-Germanic and Proto-Balto-Slavic speakers. Blend of cultural elements of the earlier Funnelbeaker culture in the North European Plain with the PIE steppe culture (Yamna). It is found in Central Europe, mainly Germany and Poland, and refers to the characteristic pottery of the era: twisted cord was impressed into the wet clay to create various decorative patterns and motifs. It is known mostly from its burials, and both sexes received the characteristic cord-decorated pottery. Whether made of flax or hemp, they had rope.

Copper-working: Bulgaria – 3,000 BC – Thousands of uniformly ‘pressed’ gold ‘beads’ were discovered in a Thracian horde in the Bulgarian ‘Valley of the Kings’. The beads, which are only millimetres in diameter, have the appearance of minute ‘washers’, which show evidence of ‘pressing’ on both sides. The amount discovered, and their uniformity, have led to the suggestion that they were mass-manufactured, or machine made.

Beaker Culture: The Bell-Beaker culture- c. 2900 – 1800 BC is the term for a widely scattered 'archaeological culture' of prehistoric western Europe. There are two main international Bell Beaker styles: the "All Over Ornamented" (AOO), patterned all over with impressions, of which a sub-set is the "All Over Corded" (AOC), patterned with cord-impressions, and the "Maritime" type, decorated with bands filled with impressions made with a comb or cord. Later, characteristic regional styles developed.

C28 bce Cycladic culture can be divided into two main phases, the

Grotta-Pelos (Early Cycladic I) culture (c3200–2700 B.C.), and the Keros-Syros (Early Cycladic II) culture(c2700–2400/2300 B.C.).In addition to figurines , marble vases were produced. Common varieties included kandila (a vessel with a sea urchin shaped body, conical foot and neck), tall beakers, and hemispherical bowls.

C25 bce The Hal Saflieni Hypogeum is an enormous subterranean structure excavated c. 2500 B.C., using cyclopean rigging to lift huge blocks of coralline limestone.

C23 bce Wessex Barrow as known as Early Bronze Age. A cups were common grave-goods in the Bronze Age (2200-700 BC). Usually made of pottery, they could sometimes be metal, and very occasionally gold.

C22 bce The Tarxien Temples site consists of a complex of four megalithic structures built between 3600 and 2500 BC and re-used between 2400 and 1500 BC.The Tarxien Temples consist of three separate, but attached, temple structures.The temple site is the rich and

intricate stonework, which includes depictions of domestic animals carved in relief, altars, and screens decorated with spiral designs and other patterns.

REFERENCE:

1.https://www.eupedia.com/genetics/corded_ware_culture.shtml

2.https://beleznica.wordpress.com/2012/12/12/the-earliest-copper-mining- europe-serbia-vinca-culture-c-5000-bc/

3.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaker_culture#Introduction

4.https://indo-european.info/ie/Bell_Beaker_culture

5.http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http:// campus.lakeforest.edu/academics/greece/BrzCyc.html

6.http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/130

7.http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/archaeology/fact_files_04.shtml

8.http://heritagemalta.org/museums-sites/tarxien-temples/

century Near East and Africa

C30 - C28 BCE Anatolia-The beginning of first bronze ages: It started at C30 BCE until C12 BCE. Archaeological convention divides the Bronze Age into three subphases: early, middle, and late. Technical processes included casting in closed molds (the lost-wax process), metal inlay, sweating and soldering, hammering, granulation, filigree. The metals used included copper, bronze, silver, gold, electrum, lead, and iron, which was then far more valuable than gold. All these metals were obtainable in Anatolia, although the tin needed to make bronze may have been imported. Semiprecious stones and other materials used in association with them included rock crystal, carnelian, jasper, nephrite, and obsidian, all native to Anatolia, along with imported ivory, amber, and lapis lazuli.

Egypt: -Old kingdom stelae:The earliest stelae were erected in Egypt during the 1st dynasty, it’s 3000 BCE, to mark the tombs of the kings and their courtiers in the cemetery of Abydos in Upper Egypt.In ancient Egypt, stelae were erected most frequently as tombstones and as boundary markers, but also as Votive and commemorative monuments.

-bas relief:The Definition of a Bas-Relief is Bas-relief is a method of sculpting which entails carving the surface of a flat piece of stone. A Bas-Relief is a sculpture which is portrayed as a picture where the image is raised above the flat surface of the background.

Mesopotamia: In 2900-2300 BC, tomb of Puabi contains beautiful artefacts of gold, silver and other many such similar precious stones. The jewellery was created from thin metal leaf and then many precious and semiprecious stones were cast in them. The stones were expensive, looked grand and were brightly coloured ones. The shapes and sizes of jewellery usually were thematically based on Mother Nature. The stones used agate, lapis, carnelian, and jasper. Techniques like granulation of a very fine variety and engraving were both done extensively

REFERENCE:

1.https://www.britannica.com/place/Anatolia

2.http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http:// www.touregypt.net/featurestories/stela.htm

3.http://www.historyembalmed.org/ancient-egypt/bas-relief.htm

4.http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http:// ancientmesopotamians.com/ancient-mesopotamia-jewellery.html

5.http://africanhistory.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/ 9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-134

6.https://www.ancient.eu/cuneiform/

7.https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/uruk/hd_uruk.htm

8.http://www.saqqara.nl/saqqara/history

9.https://discoveringegypt.com/pyramids-temples-of-egypt/step-pyramid-at- saqqara/

10.https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/the-musical-instruments-from- ur-and-ancient-mesopotamian-music/

11.https://www.historyonthenet.com/ziggurats-and-temples-in-ancient- mesopotamia/

12.http://cargocollective.com/klink/History-Cone-Mosaic-Mesopotamia

13.http://www.touregypt.net/dhashur.htm

14.http://www.guardians.net/egypt/sphinx/

15.https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/archaeology/ giza-pyramids/

16.http://www.na.ae/en/archives/historicalperiods/civilization.aspx

17.https://visitabudhabi.ae/en/see.and.do/attractions.and.landmarks/ cultural.attractions/hili.archaeological.garden.aspx

18.http://lovecamels.com/camel-facts/domestication-of-camels/

19.http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2014/02/17/The-Date-of-Camel- Domestication-in-the-Ancient-Near-East.aspx

20.http://sharjaharchaeology.com/tell-abraq/#!

21.

Century Asia

C30 BCE China: -Textile dyes: Earlies production of silk in China was found in Yangshoo culture between 5000-3000 BCE.Silk fragments were recovered from the royal tombs from Shang dynasty.A Chinese text from 3,000 BC lists dye recipes to obtain red, black and yellow on silks.The earliest written record of the use of natural dyes was found in China dated 2600 BC.

-First chemistry:

Thailand: Excavations at Ban Chiang, a small village on the Khorat Plateau in northeastern Thailand, have revealed evidence of prehistoric inhabitants who may have forged bronze implements as early as 3000 B.C. and cultivated rice around the fourth millennium B.C. The Bronze Age lasted from about 4,000 B.C. to 1,200 B.C. During this period everything from weapons to agricultural tools to hairpins was made with bronze (a copper-tin alloy).

C28 BCE The Indus River Valley Civilization,3300-1300 BCE, also know as the Harappan Civilization, Extended from modern-day northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India. Important innovations of this civilization include standardized weights and measures, seal carving, and metallurgy with copper, bronze, lead, and tin. Little is understood about the Indus script, and as a result, little is known about the Indus River Valley Civilization’s institutions and systems of governance.

C27 BCE Longshan Culture: The Longshan culture, also sometimes referred to as the Black Pottery Culture, was a late Neolithic culture in the middle and lower Yellow River valley areas of northern China, dated from about 3000 to 1900 BCE. The Longshan Culture made great advancements in the area of pottery making, with black pottery being one of the more striking examples of this remarkable culture.

C25 - C23 BCE Harappa: The iconic art pieces discovered at Harappa sites include seals, jewelry, painted pottery, metal and terracotta figurines, toys, highlight the urban culture of these people. Various types of household articles and utensils have been discovered from the ruins of Mahenjodaro and Harappa. These articles and utensils are made of clay, stone and of metals like bronze and copper.

-The eroded edges of the "citadel" mounds are covered with red brick dust and pottery, with traces of lighter mud brick revealing the underlying platforms that form the foundations of the uppermost buildings. This mound is encircled by a massive mud-brick wall or platform, which is now eroded d own to the modern plain level.

REFERENCE:

1.http://www.chinastyle.cn/clothing/ancient-dyeing-printing/ index.htm

2.http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Thailand/sub5_8a/entry- 3184.html

3.https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world- history-beginnings/ancient-india/a/the-indus-river-valley-civilizations

4.http://factsanddetails.com/china/cat2/sub1/entry-5372.html

5.http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http:// everestias.com/harappan-civilization-indus-valley-civilization-art-culture/

6.https://toranas.wordpress.com/2013/07/14/art-and-architecture-of- harappa-civilization/