1st week - current landscape - slidesonly

7/29/2019 1st Week - Current Landscape - SlidesOnly

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Department of Computer ScienceNational Chiao Tung University

Current Landscape of the Internet of

Things/M2M Communications

Outline

Introduction to IoT/M2M

The Business of IoT/M2M

Early IoT/M2M Deployment

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2012/11/2 3

INTRODUCTION TO IOT/M2M

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A Concise History of IoT

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Bill Gates mentioned the concept of Internet of Thingsin The Road Ahead in 1995.

The term Internet of Things (IoT) is coined by KevinAshton in 1999:

"I could be wrong, but I'm fairly sure the phrase "Internet of Things" started life as the title of apresentation I made at Procter & Gamble (P&G) in 1999. Linking the new idea of RFID in P&G's supplychain to the then-red-hot topic of the Internet was more than just a good way to get executive attention.It summed up an important insight which is still often misunderstood.

The IoT hits another level when the InternationalTelecommunication Union (ITU) of the UN published itsfirst report on the topic in 2005.

Reference: http://postscapes.com/internet-of-things-history


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What is IoT/M2M?

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to uniquelyidentifiable objects (things) and their virtual

representations in an Internet-like structure.E.g., Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) tags, etc.

The Machine-to-Machine (M2M) is aimed toestablish the conditions that allow a device to(bidirectionally) exchange information with abusiness application via a communicationnetwork.

E.g., smart grid, home automation, etc.

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Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_Things

IoT vs. M2M

M2M devices need to connect to the communicationnetwork, while IoT dont. For example,

One of M2M relationships can be seen as human-machine interface extensions of a person, while IoT canbe purely Things. For example,

The eBook reader is reading for a real person, whichbelongs to M2M.RFID tagged objects are in IoT, but not in M2M. The

readers are in both.

In reality, these two terms are often usedinterchangeably. There is no need to distinguish onefrom the other.

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Structure of M2M

Application

serverApplication

server

Internet

device

Gateway

Business

Applications

Communication

networks

Scenario 3M2M area networks

Scenario 2

M2M relationship

Scenario 1

M2M agent

Agents/

End Users

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M2M Area Networks

M2M area network isintroduced by ETSI

Provide PHY and MAC layerconnectivity between M2M

devices connected to thesame M2M area network

Allow M2M devices to gainaccess to a public networkvia a gateway

Gateway

M2M area network

devices + gateway

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Characteristics of M2M

Information exchange overcommunication networks

Via mobile networks orpublic internets

A group of similar devicesDevices with limited

capacities

Hierarchical architecture

Autonomous

Application

server

Internet(Communication

Network)

Gateway

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Characteristics of M2M Applications

A large amount of devices Scalability issues Non-classical usage patterns in mobile networks

E.g., not always active - only be triggered for specific reason and only dothings in some fixed time.

A large variety of devices Heterogeneous systems

Diverse requirements, e.g., data exchange rate Build common-enabling capabilities

Transparency: no need of the interference of humans

Intrusiveness: privacy issues

Criticality: life-savers, life-critical

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M2M Devices

Battery poweredE.g., water meters are located outdoors and cannot be

easily connected to a power supply.

EmbeddedMany devices are deployed in systems with specific

operating condition and with limited computation power.

E.g., the OBD in car

Here to stay

Many devices are static or with very low mobility.

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Applications (1)

Smart Home Allow you to control your home via Web or a mobile app

including cameras, doors, windows, locks, lights,

appliances, thermostats and various sensors for security,

comfort and energy management.

E-HealthcareE-Healthcare is committed to providing quality

products for the healthcare industry that improves the

business process and overall patient care.

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Smart Home

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Smart Home is built upon home area network (HAN).An HAN is a residential local area network (LAN) forcommunication between digital devices typicallydeployed in the home.

A smart home connectsall devices/appliancesat home for sharing andalso allows access fromglobal Internet formonitoring and control

to improve security, comfort and energy efficiency.Reference: http://www.conference.cn/Conference.asp?ArticleID=5709

E-Healthcare Remote patient monitoring

Remotely obtain heart rate, blood glucose levels, and other parameterof body through WAN.

Homecare living Actively provide

information of taking

medication, healthknowledge.

Asset tracking Track high-value asset

such as intravenouspumps, wheel chairs etc.

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Reference: http://axiomtek.com/solutions/healthcare.asp


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Applications (2)

Smart Grid

The smart grid is envisioned as a complex framework to

intelligently manage the energy generation, distributionand consumption.

Smart Metering

The smart metering can monitor power consumption andsend over warning for energy saving.

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Smart Grid A smart grid is an electrical grid that uses information and

communications technology to gather and act on information,

such as information about the behaviors of suppliers and

consumers.

Fundamentalre-engineering

of the

electricity

services

industry

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Reference: http://www.geekwithlaptop.com/so-called-utility-%E2%80%9Csmart%E2%80%9D-meters-open-to-attack


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Smart Metering

A new smart meter, which has been introduced in order to deliverpower more efficiently, could allow potential hackers to interfere withyour supply andthe entire grid itself. The security issue

should be takencare of.

Consumer-managedapplications Estimate the power

expense.

Shut down unusedelectric equipment.

Wash clothing during

the period of powerdiscount.

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Reference: http://www.geekwithlaptop.com/so-called-utility-%E2%80%9Csmart%E2%80%9D-meters-open-to-attack

Applications (3)

Connected Vehicle

Connected vehicle use OBDs (On Board Devices) to provide in-vehiclesolutions such as hand-free call management, content delivery,

location services, presence, emergency road services, identity and

security via network connectivity and innovative in-vehicle software

and hardware.

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Connected Vehicle Fleet management

Obtain information of a groupof vehicles such as vessels or

cars, and send dispatch notificationto them

Vehicle maintenance Obtain operating parameters from vehicle to diagnosing mechanical

issues.

Bilaterally communicate with car dealers: get software update andreminders.

Compute insurance premium by the risks of vehicles

Entertainment, theft prevention, emergency call, toll, and so on.

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Source: orci.research.umich.edu

Development Stages

Phase 1: Cellular network-centric e.g. cell phones

Phase 2: Transition Horizontal solutions in

select markets.

B2C and B2B2C services

emerge. Policy and Government

Incentives, e.g.,Economic incentives,Regulation, etc.

Phase 3:Advancement

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Source: M2M Communications: A Systems Approach, Wiley, 2012


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Challenges

Fragmentation of solutionsIt is important to have service platforms that can be

reused for multiple applications. Network misalignment

large numbers of devices generating very smallamounts of data transport and potentially a verysignificant overload of the control and connectivityplanes.

Security issuesE.g., eHealth, Smart Grid, etc.

Privacy

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Business Model

Significant business modelRevenue generatedEcosystem

Business domains can be categorized according toData rate

Mobility The benefits using cellular network

Mobility of M2M devicesBuilt-in authentication and securityEasy deployment

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M2M Standards

device device device device

Gateway

M2M Platform

M2M

Application

M2M Area

Network

CommunicationNetwork

.......

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Standards Organizations Ecosystem

OrganizationEuropean Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI)European Standard Organization (ESO) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)Etc.

European Commission mandatesSmart metering [M/441]RFID and system [M/436]

US National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST)Smart Grid framework (SG-FW)

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2012/11/2 25

THE BUSINESS OF IOT/M2M

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E-Healthcare as an Example

Health plan management applicationsolutions using a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

business model.

Services cover a range of needs from

administrative resources to technicalassistance and are designed to assist

healthcare enterprise to focus on running

their business.

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Chang Gung Health and Culture VillageExample

Use ICT system to take care of senior citizens

Personal health information system

Record vital signs and diets of elders

Tracked by position system at emergency

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Source: - > >, http://www1.cgmh.org.tw/cgv/plan_04_01.htm

M2M Drivers M2M is based on communication networks

Costs diminishing: $0.2 for 140 byte (SMS) $20 for 5GB/month IPv6 for insufficient network addresses.

Ubiquitous coverage: Commercial networks are available anywhere.

Clear regulatory requirements and green technologyinvestments Remote monitoring and control are key applications.

NetworkTechnology

NFC Short-range Wide-area

wirelinePower line,Ethernet

ADSL

wireless RFIDBluetooth, ZigBee,

Zwave

CDMA, GPRS, UMTS, LTE,and satellite

communication networks

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M2M Barriers

Numerous incomplete standardsZigBee, Zwave and Wireless HART are for short-range

communications Security and privacy

Reveal information obtained from M2M may endanger life

Network operator and company mismatchThe life cycle of many M2M services can be up to 15 years.

Upgrade according to latest technology is difficult.

Other challenges

Device management, network scalability, charging rules,

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Value Chain

The value chain of the IoT/M2M can divideinto four major industries.

They have different business model and marketsize.

Category Hardware Network Middleware Software

Detail Machine, IC,

Network module,

Gateway

Network

transport

Middleware,

System

integrations

Services,

Applications

Company Mediatek,

Realtek, Motorola,

Qualcomm

Hinet, FETnet,

AT&T

IBM Hospital

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Market Size Projections

Source: M2M COMMUNICATIONS - A SYTEMS APPROACH, 2012, Wiley.

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Network Operator-led Model

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Corporate Customer-led Model

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2012/11/2 34

EARLY IOT/M2M DEPLOYMENT

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Early M2M Operational Deployment (1/2)

M2M Used communication technologiesShort-range RF, wireline, cellular 2/3/4G

Cellular technologyDevice connects to mobile network operator (MNO)Availability, geographical coverage, low latency, high levels

of security

Challenges facing on MNO deploying M2MOperate a large number of devices without impacting

services

Mandate a clear understanding of the service requirement

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Early M2M Operational Deployment (2/2)

Data collection and exchange

Circuit-Switch (CS) domain services

Packet-Switch (PS) domain services

Device triggering by M2M server

Sending a specific SMS to the device

An unanswered voice call

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Example 1 : Smart Telemetry

Collection of various data from meter, e.g.,temperature, energy consumption, pollution levels

Periodic reporting can be done in two ways: SMS solution GPRS solution

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Example 2 : Healthcare Monitoring (1/2)

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Example 2 : Healthcare Monitoring (2/2)

eHealth applications including remote patient monitoring,aging independently, personal fitness, disease management,etc.

Two priority traffic (used two MSISDN): High priority traffic

Urgent need to establish a communication

Low priority traffic CSD communication (software/firmware upgrade)

Disadvantage : consumption of MSISDN that is already in

shortage.

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Example 3 : Surveillance and Security(1/2)

low delay and occasionally high bandwidth

Always-on connection with a permanent IP toavoid latency on establishment of PDP context

Authentication of the M2M device

Using IP security(IPSec) tunnel

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Example 3 : Surveillance and Security

(2/2)

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Mapping of M2M Solutions and UseCase Examples

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Use case

need

CS/PS

domain

Connectivity

mode

Description Pros Cons

Real-time

/interactive data

PS domain Always-on The Device has a

Permanently active

PDP context

allowing for always-

on connectivity

No latency

pertaining to

data bearer

establishment

Context

maintained in

the devices for

each bearer

Low volume of

data and lowperiodicity

CS domain Voice or SMS Voice call/SMS

generated for shortinformation to be

transmitted

No costly use of

PS domainsignaling ; just

for a small

volume of data

transmission

Additional

overload on CSdomain

resources

High availability

data service

CS domain Data CSD with

multiple MSISDNs

CSD call raised on a

dedicated MSISDN

High priority

calls are routed

with high

priority

Two MSISDNs

are needed


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Common Questions in Early M2M

Deployment

Congestion and overload

Shortage of identification and addressingresources

Use of CS domain context for data-onlyservices

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Congestion and Overload

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Congestion and Overload (Cont.)

Network administrator stop malfunctioningcommunications

Characteristic of M2M traffic :

Synchronized

Unpredictable

Bursty

Uncontrollable

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Shortage of Networking Resources

MSISDN: identifying mobile terminal

MSISDN may reach its limit once M2M has beenmassively deployed

IP addressing: establish data bearers

Limitation of Private IP addressing

Additional cost of NAT deployment

M2M server may not be able to reach device

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CS Domain Context for Data-Only

Services

M2M devices are configured to use PSdomain-only services and may not need to

have MSISDN

However, still need MSISDN as identifier to dosome procedures

E.g., charging , SMS, etc.

Sending SMS to an international mobile

subscriber identity (IMSI) without usingMSISDN

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Possible Optimization of M2MDeployments Traffic identification

Providing operational administration and maintenance, e.g.,disabling devices causing congestion

Dedicated Core Network Central Equipment Two core network devices

Dedicated HLR: avoid congestion and overload from massive numberof devices wanting to register on network at same time

Dedicated GGSN: customized for M2M

Specific Set-Up of Core Network Elements GGSN access point name (APN): handling of M2M traffic APN

Connection mode IP addressing APNs timer session timeout

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Conclusion

Optimizing current network for M2M

Dedicate M2M chain

Traffic identification

Network equipment optimization

Software upgrade and deployment of newequipment

PS only subscription/MSISDN-less

Online device triggering

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Acronym

M2M: Machine-to-Machine IoT: Internet of Things

M2M area network (devices + gateway) Communication networks: Mobile network

or public Internet

European Telecommunication StandardsInstitute (ETSI)

Information and CommunicationTechnologies (ICT)

Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act(ARRA)

Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA)

National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST)

Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)

In-Vehicle System (IVS) Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP)

European Standard Organization (ESO) Priority action plan (PAP)

Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Power-Line Communication (PLC)

Meter-Bus (M-BUS)

Internet Engineering Task Force (IEFT) Average Revenue Per User(ARPU)

Representation State Transfer (REST) Federal Communication Commission (FCC)

Device Language Message Specification(DLMS)

Machine Type Communication (MTC)

Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)

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