1.water resources (1)

8/11/2019 1.Water Resources (1)

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97% of the earth's surface is coveredby water

and60-65% water in their body


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CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER

It exists as a liquid


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It has the highestspecific heat


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It has a high latent

heat of

vaporization.


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It is an excellent

solvent for several

nutrients.


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High surface tensionand

cohesion.


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Expansion behavior


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HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

Resources of water on the earth amounting toabout 1404 million Km3.

Every year about 1.4 inch thick layer of waterevaporates from the oceans, more than 90% ofwhich returns to the oceans through thehydrological cycle.

Plants


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WATER USE AND OVER-EXPLOITATION

Water is absolutely essential for life. Most of theLIFE PROCESSES

Uptake of nutrients,Their distribution in the body,Regulation of temperature,

Removal of wastes are all mediated throughWater.


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WATER IS USED FOR

Drinking,Irrigation,

Transportation,WashingCoolant for thermal power plants.

Regulates our climate.


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WATER USE BY HUMANS

water withdrawal : taking water from Groundwater

water consumption: the water which is taken

up but not returned for reuse.


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Globally, only about 60 percent of the waterwithdrawn is consumed due to loss through

evaporation.


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WATER WITHDRAWAL

Agriculture: On a global average 70 percent of the waterwithdrawn is used for agriculture.

In India, we use 93% of water in agricultural sector Kuwait, which is water-poor, only 4% is used

Industry :About 25% of water on global average is used in

industry, which again varies from a high of70% in European countries5% in less developed countries.


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WATER: A PRECIOUS NATURAL RESOURCE

Out of the total water reserves of the world, about97% is salty water3% is fresh water.

Even this small fraction of fresh water is notavailable to us as most of it is locked up in polar icecaps and just 0.003% is readily available to us in theform of groundwater and surface water.


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LIFE AT BANKS OF RIVERS

Most of the civilizations have grown and flourished on the banksof rivers, but unfortunately, growth in turn, has been responsiblefor pollution of the rivers.

As per the United Nations estimates (2002), at least 101 billionpeople do not even have access to safe drinking water and2.4 billion do not have adequate sanitation facilities.

It is estimated that by 2024, two-thirds of the world populationwould be suffering from acute water shortage.


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GROUNDWATER

About 9.86% of the total fresh water resources isin the form of groundwater.

Till some time back groundwater was considered tobe very pure.

However, of late, even groundwater aquifers havebeen found to be contaminated by lactates fromsanitary landfills etc.


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AQUIFER

Layers of gravel are good aquifersClay are not .


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TWO TYPES

Unconfined aquifersConfined aquifers

Groundwater is not static, it moves, though at avery slow rate of about a meter or so in a year.


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EFFECTS OF GROUNDWATER USAGE

(i) Subsidence:

When groundwater withdrawal is more than its

recharge rate,

the sediments in the aquifer get compacted.the sinking of overlying land surface.structural damage in buildings,fracture in pipes,reversing the flow of sewers and canals and tidal flooding.


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EFFECTS OF GROUNDWATER USAGE

(ii) Lowering of water table(iii)Water logging


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SURFACE WATER

The surface water is largely used forirrigation,

industrial use,public water supply,navigation etc.


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WATER RICH VS. WATER POOR COUNTRIES

The top ten water rich countries areIceland,Surinam,

Guyana,Papua New Guinea,Gabon,Solomon Islands,

Canada,Norway,Panama,and Brazil


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WATER RICH


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THE WATER POOR COUNTRIESKuwait,Egypt,United Arab Emirates,Malta,Jordon,Saudi Arabia,Singapore,Maldovia,Israeland

Oman, lying in the desert belt at about 15 to 25Latitude and some ofthem like Malta and Singapore are densely populated areas resulting inlow per capita water.


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FLOODS

In some countries like India and Bangladeshrainfall does not occur throughout the year,rather, 90% of it is concentrated into a fewmonths (June-September).


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FLOODS

Deforestation,overgrazing,mining, rapid industrialization,global warming etc.


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HIMALAYAN RUNOFF

Severe floodslike that in 1970, 1988 and 1991 resulting fromexcessive Himalayan runoff , had very disastrousconsequences causing massive deaths anddamages.

In 1970, about one million people were drownedwhile 1,40,000 people died in 1991.


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DROUGHTS

There are about 80 countries in the world, lying inthe arid and semiarid regions that experiencefrequent spells of droughts, very often extending up

to year long duration.

Ironically, these drought- hit areas are often havinga high populationgrowth which leads to poor land use and makes thesituation worse.


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CAUSES OF DROUGHT

Anthropogenic causes :In Maharashtra there has been no recovery from

drought for the last 30 years due to overexploitation of water by sugarcane crop whichhas high water demands.


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REMEDIAL MEASURES

Remedial measures:

Carefully selected mixed croppingSocial Forestry and Wasteland development


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CONFLICTS OVER WATER

Issues related to sharing of river water have been largelyaffecting our farmers and also shaking our governments.

Some major water conflicts are discussed here.Water conflict in the Middle East :

Three river basins the Jordan, the Tigris-Euphrates

and the Nile are the shared water resources for MiddleEast countries.


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Ethiopia controls the head waters of 80% ofNile's flow and plans to increase it, Sudan too istrying to divert more water.

Likewise there is a fierce battle for water amongJordan, Syria and Israel for the Jordan Riverwater share.


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TURKEY, SYRIA AND IRAQ

Turkey has abundant water and plans to build 22 dams onTigris-Euphrates for Hydroelectric power generation.But, it would drastically reduce the flow of water to Syria

and Iraq, lying downstream.

Turkey dreams to become the region's water Super power.It plans to transport and sell water to starved Saudi

Arabia, Kuwait, Syria, Israel and Jordan.


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THE INDUS WATER TREATY

The Sukkur barrage (1932), Ghulam Mohamad Barrage at Kotri(1958) and Tarbela and Chasma Dams on Jhelum, a tributary ofIndus have resulted in severe shrinking of the Indus delta.

In 1960, the Indus water treaty was established vide whichIndus, the Jhelum and Chenab were allocated to Pakistan

and the Satluj, the Ravi and the Beas were allocated to India.


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Being the riparian state, India has pre-emptive rightto construct barrages across all these rivers inIndian territory.

However, the treaty requires that the three riversallocated to Pakistan may be used for nonconsumptive purposes by Indiai.e. without changing its flow and quality.


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THE CAUVERY WATER DISPUTE

Out of India's 18 major rivers, 17 are sharedbetween different states. In all these cases, there areintense conflicts over these resources which hardlyseem to resolve.

The Cauvery river water is a bone of contentionbetween Tamilnadu and Karnataka and the fightingis almost hundred years old.


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On June 2,1990, the Cauvery Water Dispute Tribunal was set up which through aninterim award Directed Karnataka to ensure that 205 TMCF of water was madeavailable in Tamil Nada's Mettur dam every year, till a settlement was reached.

In 1991-92 due to good monsoon, there was no dispute due to good stock of water inMettur, but in 1995, the situation turned into a crisis due to delayed rains and an expertCommittee was set up to look into the matter which found that there was a complexcropping pattern in Cauvery basin.


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THE SATLUJ-YAMUNA LINK (SYL) CANAL DISPUTE

The issue of sharing the Ravi-Beas waters and SYL issue between

Punjab and Haryana is being discussed time and again and the case is

in the Supreme Court.

The Eradi Tribunal (1985) based the allocation of water on the basis of

the time-inflow data of 20 years (1960-80), according to which 17.17

MAF (million acre feet) water was available. However, now it is argued

by Punjab that in the last 17 years there has been consistent decline

reducing the quantity to 14.34 MAF.


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The conflict is that Punjab being the riparian state forBeas, Ravi and Satluj stakes its claim, Haryana has facedacute shortage of water after it became a state in 1966

and has been trying to help it out by signing an MOU(Memorandum of understanding) with UP, Rajasthan andDelhi for allocation of Yamuna waters.

The Yamuna basin covers the state of Haryana while theIndus basin covers Punjab.


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TRADITIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Terrain, drainage and irrigation needs In Maharashtra, the water mangers are calledhavaldars who manage and resolve conflictsby overseeing the water channels from maincanal to the distributor canals.In Ladakh, the water manager is known aschurpun who has got complete charge withfull powers over allocation of available water.


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Equitable distribution of water, which areDemocratically implemented.The gram-sabhas approve these plans publicly.


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BIG DAMS- BENEFITS AND PROBLEMS

BenefitsIndia has the distinction of having the largest number of rivervalley projects.

Providing employment

And raising the standard and quality of life.Economic upliftment and growth.They can help in checking floods and famines,Generate electricity and reduce water and power shortage,

Provide irrigation water to lower areas,Provide drinking water in remote areasAnd promote navigation, fishery etc


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ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

(i) Displacement of tribal people(ii) Loss of forests, flora and fauna(iii) Changes in fisheries(iv) Stagnation and water logging near

reservoir(v) Growth of aquatic weeds


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THE DOWNSTREAM IMPACTS INCLUDE THEFOLLOWING:

(i) Water logging and salinity due to overirrigation(ii) Loss of land fertility along the river sincethe sediments carrying nutrients get depositedin the reservoir(iii) Flash floods(iv) Outbreak of vector-borne diseases likemalaria

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