2 -1 lesson 2 whole farm nutrient planning by rick koelsch, university of nebraska
TRANSCRIPT
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -1
Lesson 2Whole Farm Nutrient Planning
By Rick Koelsch, University of Nebraska
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -2
Why the Focus Why the Focus on Nutrients?on Nutrients?
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -3
Water Quality Contaminantsin Manure
PossiblePossible EnvironmentalEnvironmentalPollutants Pollutants RiskRisk
What are the What are the top 5 components of manure top 5 components of manure
that may cause that may cause water quality problems?water quality problems?
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -4
Water Quality Contaminantsin Manure
1) Nitrate-N Health
2) Ammonia-N Fish Kills
3) Phosphorus Eutrophication
4) Pathogens Health
5) Organic Matter Oxygen Depletion
PossiblePossible EnvironmentalEnvironmentalPollutants Pollutants RiskRisk
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -5
1)1) Nitrate-N Nitrate-N HealthHealth
2)2) Ammonia-N Ammonia-N Fish KillsFish Kills
3)3) Phosphorus Phosphorus EutrophicationEutrophication
4) Pathogens Health
5) Organic Matter Oxygen Depletion
PossiblePossible EnvironmentalEnvironmentalPollutants Pollutants RiskRisk
Water Quality Contaminantsin Manure
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -6
Lesson 2 Objectives
• Define “Whole Farm” nutrient balance for animal feeding operations
• Is “Whole Farm” nutrient imbalance an issue for my animal operation?
• Identify solutions to a “Whole Farm” nutrient imbalance.
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -7
Fundamental nutrient question:Fundamental nutrient question:
Is My Livestock or Is My Livestock or Poultry Operation Poultry Operation
Concentrating Nutrients?Concentrating Nutrients?
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -8
Nutrient Concentration
• Regional nutrient concentration issues
< 25%25 - 50%50 - 100%>100%Manure P vs. Crop
Land P Use
Do you live in region of Do you live in region of regional nutrient concentration?regional nutrient concentration?
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -13
Nutrient Concentration
• Regional nutrient concentration issues• Individual farm nutrient concentration issues
Nutrient concentration Nutrient concentration is common for manyis common for many individual livestock individual livestock
operationsoperations..
Nutrient concentration Nutrient concentration is common for manyis common for many individual livestock individual livestock
operations.operations.
Often caused by separation of Often caused by separation of ownership or distanceownership or distance
between crop and livestock between crop and livestock production.production.
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -16
Nutrient Concentration
• Regional nutrient concentration issues• Individual farm nutrient concentration issues.• Single field nutrient concentration issues.
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -17
What is “Whole Farm” Nutrient What is “Whole Farm” Nutrient BalanceBalance
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -19
Nutrient Inputs
FarmBoundary
Inputs
Feed
Animals
IrrigationWater
Fertilizer
Legume N
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -20
Managed Nutrient Outputs
FarmBoundary
Inputs
ManagedOutputs
Meat &Milk
Crops
Manure
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -21
FarmBoundary
Losses or Soil Losses or Soil StorageStorage
Losses & Soil Storage
ManagedOutputs
Inputs
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -22
FarmBoundary
ManagedOutputs
Recycling of Nutrients
Feed Manure
Inputs
Losses or Soil Losses or Soil StorageStorage
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -23
FarmBoundary
ManagedOutputs
Are Nutrient Inputs & Managed Outputs in Balance?
Inputs
Losses or Soil Losses or Soil StorageStorage
Plugging the Leaks . . .Temporary Solution to Imbalance
Water In Water Out
Farm Pond1 gal
Sand Bags
2 gal
Water In Water Out
Farm Pond
Sand Bags
Sustainable Solutions Must Correct the Imbalance!
1.5 gal.
1.5 gal
Sustainable Solutions Must Correct the Imbalance!
Water Out
Farm Pond
1.5 gal.
1.5 gal
Water In
Sand Bags
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -29
Typical Nutrient Balance Typical Nutrient Balance on AFO’son AFO’s
Are Inputs & Outputs In Balance? (11,000-Head Feedlot)
Inputs ManagedOutputs
1,080 ton N/yr.
240 ton P/yr.
430 ton N/yr
120 ton P/yr
Losses or Soil Storage650 ton N/yr. 120 ton P/yr
Farm boundary
0
1
2
3
4
5
10 100 1,000 10,000
Livestock Capacity (Animal Units)
Ph
osp
ho
rus
Bal
ance
(R
atio
of
In/O
ut)
100,000
Livestock Capacity vs P BalanceLivestock Capacity vs P Balance
0
1
2
3
4
5
10 100 1,000 10,000
Livestock Capacity (Animal Units)
Ph
osp
ho
rus
Bal
ance
(R
atio
of
In/O
ut)
100,000
Livestock Capacity vs P BalanceLivestock Capacity vs P Balance
Low Risk
0
1
2
3
4
5
10 100 1,000 10,000
Livestock Capacity (Animal Units)
Ph
osp
ho
rus
Bal
ance
(R
atio
of
In/O
ut)
100,000
Low Risk
High Risk
Livestock Capacity vs P BalanceLivestock Capacity vs P Balance
Ph
osp
ho
rus
Inp
uts
(%
of
To
tal)
<250 250-2500 >2500
One Time Animal Capacity (animal units)
Animals
Fertilizer
Feeds
Phosphorus Inputs to Livestock Systems
Which P input is Which P input is largest?largest?
Ph
osp
ho
rus
Inp
uts
(%
of
To
tal)
<250 250-2500 >2500
One Time Animal Capacity (animal units)
35%
62%
3%Animals
Fertilizer
Feeds
Phosphorus Inputs to Livestock Systems
Ph
osp
ho
rus
Inp
uts
(%
of
To
tal)
<250 250-2500 >2500
One Time Animal Capacity (animal units)
35%
62%
3%
33%
47%
20%Animals
Fertilizer
Feeds
Phosphorus Inputs to Livestock Systems
Ph
osp
ho
rus
Inp
uts
(%
of
To
tal)
<250 250-2500 >2500
One Time Animal Capacity (animal units)
35%
62%
3%
33%
47%
20%
1%
74%
25%Animals
Fertilizer
Feeds
Phosphorus Inputs to Livestock Systems
Nit
rog
en I
np
uts
(%
of
To
tal)
One Time Animal Capacity (animal units)
Nitrogen Inputs to Livestock Systems
<250 250-2500 >2500
15%
50%
3%
10%
50%
30%
3%
75%
20%
Animals
Fertilizer
Feeds
Legumes
32%
10%
2%
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -39
Are Nutrients “Out Of Balance” On Are Nutrients “Out Of Balance” On My Animal Feeding My Animal Feeding
Operation?Operation?
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -40
Indicators of Nutrient Imbalance
___ ___ Soil P increasing with time?
___ ___ High soil P levels?
___ ___ Majority of feed protein and P comes from off-farm sources?
___ ___ Feed rations exceed NRC or university recommendations
___ ___ No nutrient plan for manure?
___ ___ < 1acre per animal unit
Yes No Indicator
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -41
What are AppropriateWhat are AppropriateStrategies for Managing Strategies for Managing
Nutrient Imbalances?Nutrient Imbalances?
LossesLosses
FarmBoundary
““Plug the Leaks” Approach: Plug the Leaks” Approach:
Losses or Soil StorageLosses or Soil Storage
Does this Does this correct a correct a nutrientnutrient
imbalance?imbalance?
LossesLosses
FarmBoundary
““Plug the Leaks” Approach: Plug the Leaks” Approach:
Losses or Soil StorageLosses or Soil Storage
Does this Does this correct a correct a nutrientnutrient
imbalance?imbalance?NONO
LossesLosses
FarmBoundary
““Plug the Leaks” Approach: Plug the Leaks” Approach:
Losses or Soil StorageLosses or Soil Storage
Sustainable Strategy No.1:Sustainable Strategy No.1:Credit Manure Nutrients in CropsCredit Manure Nutrients in Crops
FarmBoundary
Crops
Fertilizer
Legumes
Crops Manure
Losses or Soil Losses or Soil StorageStorage
FarmBoundary
Sustainable Strategy No.1:Sustainable Strategy No.1:Credit Manure Nutrients in CropsCredit Manure Nutrients in Crops
FarmBoundary
Crops
Fertilizer
Legumes
Crops Manure
Losses or Soil Losses or Soil StorageStorage
Sustainable Strategy No.1:Sustainable Strategy No.1:Credit Manure Nutrients in CropsCredit Manure Nutrients in Crops
FarmBoundary
Crops
Fertilizer
Legumes
Crops Manure
Losses or Soil Losses or Soil StorageStorage
Farm # 1 2
Acres/AU 1.7 0.4 .
N Inputs Manure 25 208 t/yr Fertilizer 59 37 t/yr Legume N 4 21 t/yrN Output 51 111 t/yr
ImbalanceImbalance 2727 155155 t/yrt/yr
Cropping System N Balance
Farm # 1 2
Acres/AU 1.7 0.4 .
N Inputs Manure 25 208 t/yr Fertilizer 59 37 t/yr Legume N 4 21 t/yrN Output 51 111 t/yr
ImbalanceImbalance 2727 155155 t/yrt/yr
Cropping System N Balance
Will efficient use of manure to replace commercial fertilizer correct the
imbalance?
Sustainable Strategy No. 2:Sustainable Strategy No. 2:Reducing Feed InputsReducing Feed Inputs
FarmBoundary
Meat&
MilkRecycling
Feed &Forages
Losses or Soil Storage
Sustainable Strategy No. 2:Sustainable Strategy No. 2:Reducing Feed InputsReducing Feed Inputs
FarmBoundary
Meat&
MilkRecycling
Feed &Forages
Losses or Soil Storage
Sustainable Strategy No. 2:Sustainable Strategy No. 2:Reducing Feed InputsReducing Feed Inputs
FarmBoundary
Meat&
MilkRecycling
Feed &Forages
Losses or Soil Storage
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -53
Influence of By-Products of Influence of By-Products of Corn Processing on Nutrient ImbalanceCorn Processing on Nutrient Imbalance
(16 feedlots)(16 feedlots)
N BalanceN Balance P BalanceP Balance
By-product used?By-product used? YesYes NoNo
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -54
Influence of By-Products of Influence of By-Products of Corn Processing on Nutrient ImbalanceCorn Processing on Nutrient Imbalance
(16 feedlots)(16 feedlots)
N BalanceN Balance P BalanceP Balance
By-product used?By-product used? YesYes 2.6 to 12.6 to 1 NoNo 2.5 to 12.5 to 1
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -55
N BalanceN Balance P BalanceP Balance
By-product used?By-product used? YesYes 2.6 to 12.6 to 1 2 to 12 to 1 NoNo 2.5 to 12.5 to 1 1.1 to 11.1 to 1
Influence of By-Products of Influence of By-Products of Corn Processing on Nutrient ImbalanceCorn Processing on Nutrient Imbalance
(16 feedlots)(16 feedlots)
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -56
Sustainable Strategy No. 3:Sustainable Strategy No. 3:Move Manure Nutrients Off FarmMove Manure Nutrients Off Farm
FarmBoundary
Recycling
Losses or Soil Losses or Soil StorageStorage
ManagedOutputs
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -57
Sustainable Strategy No. 3:Sustainable Strategy No. 3:Move Manure Nutrients Off FarmMove Manure Nutrients Off Farm
FarmBoundary
Recycling
ManagedOutputs
Losses or Soil Losses or Soil StorageStorage
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -58
Sustainable Strategy No. 3:Sustainable Strategy No. 3:Move Manure Nutrients Off FarmMove Manure Nutrients Off Farm
FarmBoundary
Recycling
Losses or Soil Losses or Soil StorageStorage
ManagedOutputs
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -59
No ManureNo Manure MarketedMarketed4.2 to 14.2 to 1 2.0 to 12.0 to 1 2.6 2.6 to 1to 1
CurrentCurrent MarketingMarketing1 to 11 to 1 1.1 to 11.1 to 1 1.5 1.5 to 1to 1 EffortEffort
Animal Units: 4,300 11,500 21,000
Phosphorus Imbalance Resulting
from Manure Marketing
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -60
Sustainable Strategy No. 4:Sustainable Strategy No. 4:Manure TreatmentManure Treatment
FarmBoundary
Recycling
Losses or Soil Losses or Soil StorageStorage
ManagedOutputs
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -61
LowLowImpactImpactLossesLosses
Sustainable Strategy No. 4:Sustainable Strategy No. 4:Manure TreatmentManure Treatment
FarmBoundary
Recycling
Losses or Soil Losses or Soil StorageStorage
ManagedOutputs
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -62
Sustainable Strategy No. 4:Sustainable Strategy No. 4:Manure TreatmentManure Treatment
FarmBoundary
Recycling
ManagedOutputs
Losses or Soil Losses or Soil StorageStorage
LowLowImpactImpactLossesLosses
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -63
Nutrient Balance
FarmBoundary
Inputs
Feed
Animals
IrrigationWater
Fertilizer
Legume N
ManagedOutputs
Meat &Milk
Crops
Manure
Losses or Soil Losses or Soil StorageStorage
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -64
Managing Nutrients withManaging Nutrients withCNMP’sCNMP’s
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -65
Importance of CNMP’s
“EPA, working jointly with USDA NRCS, has determined that the most effective way for all AFO’s to minimize water quality and public health risks is to develop and implement ... Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plans.”
US EPA Guidance Manual for NPDES Permit for
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -66
What Is a CNMP?
• Environmental “Operating Plan” for AFO• Nutrient plan for “Whole Farm” and individual
component (e.g. crop nutrient plan)• Integrate nutrient plan with other issues (e.g.
soil conservation and odor)• Environmental record keeping system
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -67
What is Included in a CNMP?
• Manure handling and storage plan• Land application plan• Site management plan• Record keeping• Alternative manure use plan• Feed management plan
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -68
One State CNMP Approach
Annual Review
Review as NecessaryStrategic Plan
Inventory
Annual Plan
Documentation & Records
Plan Modification
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -69
Assessing Your Compliance Assessing Your Compliance With Environmental With Environmental
RegulationsRegulations
((See Table 2-5)
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -70
Agencies Involved in Regulating Nutrient Issues
Federal• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency• (regional office contact information)
State• (Agency Name)• (contact information)
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -71
Summary of Nutrient Management Requirements
• (list primary issues that are regulated)• (list primary issues that are regulated)• (list primary issues that are regulated)• (list primary issues that are regulated)
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -73
Take Home Message• “Whole Farm” nutrient balance defines the
magnitude of nutrient related risks.
• Many AFO’s exhibit nutrient imbalance.
• Nutrient strategies must address nutrient imbalance
• A CNMP will be the operating plan for nutrient planning.
Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship2 -75
This material is based upon work supported by the
Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, the National Agriculture
Assistance Center; and the University of Nebraska
Cooperative Extension, University of Nebraska-Lincoln,
under Cooperative Agreement Number 97-EXCA-3-0642.
Funding
Are Inputs & Outputs Out of Balance? (120 cow dairy)
Managed Outputs
Inputs
Losses or Soil StorageLosses or Soil Storage
Are Inputs & Outputs Out of Balance? (120 cow dairy)
Managed Outputs
Inputs
29.2 ton N/yr. 2.6 ton P/yr.
Losses or Soil StorageLosses or Soil Storage
Are Inputs & Outputs Out of Balance? (120 cow dairy)
Managed Outputs
6.9 ton N/yr0.8 ton P/yr
Inputs
29.2 ton N/yr. 2.6 ton P/yr.
Losses or Soil StorageLosses or Soil Storage
Are Inputs & Outputs Out of Balance? (120 cow dairy)
Managed Outputs
6.9 ton N/yr0.8 ton P/yr
Inputs
29.2 ton N/yr. 2.6 ton P/yr.
Losses or Soil StorageLosses or Soil Storage22.3 ton N/yr 1.8 ton P/yr22.3 ton N/yr 1.8 ton P/yr
ARE INPUTS & OUTPUTS IN BALANCE?
(190 Sow Farrow to Finish)
Managed Outputs
Inputs
Losses or Soil StorageLosses or Soil Storage
ARE INPUTS & OUTPUTS IN BALANCE?
(190 Sow Farrow to Finish)
Managed Outputs
Inputs
58 ton N/yr. 7 ton P/yr.
Losses or Soil StorageLosses or Soil Storage
ARE INPUTS & OUTPUTS IN BALANCE?
(190 Sow Farrow to Finish)
Inputs
58 ton N/yr. 7 ton P/yr.
Managed Outputs
15 ton N/yr3 ton P/yr
Losses or Soil StorageLosses or Soil Storage