2-27-15The Cold War

DO NOW: Why a Cold War?

AgendaAnalyze & Apply Data

Interpret & Draw Conclusions-Multimedia Summarize & Generalize Notes

Student Workbook-Organize/Classify Project-Invent/Connect/Compare/Contrast

The Marshall Plan aided Western Europe.

– Greece and Turkey not the only countries who needed aid from U.S.• World War II left many countries in

ruins.• Secretary of State, George Marshall

argued that the U.S. needed to do something fast.

The Marshall Plan aided Western Europe.

• Marshall presented a plan to offer extensive economic aid to all nations of Europe in June 1947. (Speech) – 16 W. European countries received almost $13

Billion in economic aid.– E. Europe including the U.S.S.R. invited to

participate. • Only Yugoslavia accepted.

The Marshall Plan aided Western Europe.• Marshall Plan proved to be a

great success.– Within 4 years, countries receiving

aid saw a 41% higher industrial production than on the eve of WWII.

– Countries were stabilized and exports were rising rapidly.

The Marshall Plan aided Western Europe.

• U.S. benefited.– U.S. govt. bought foods and goods

from farms to be sent to Europe.• U.S. farms and factories raised

production to record levels.– U.S. economy continued its wartime

boom without faltering.– W. Europeans became great

consumers of American exports.

The cold war – outcomes: communism

• Show PDF of The Cold War: Communism

• Complete the worksheets

Why a cold war?

1. Setting the stage: During and After WWIIa. The U.S. and Soviet Union were allies during WWII

b. Both counties spied on each other during WWII

c. Both wanted to share as little as possible in the victory over the axis powers

d. Communism was spreadingi. Stalin took over Eastern Europe ---> The Iron Curtain

ii. Mao Zedong created the People’s Republic of China in 1949

iii. North Korea

iv. Vietnam

The Iron curtain

Why a cold war?

2. Five W’s & How:a. What was it and who fought it?

i. Hostility between post-WWII superpowers: The U.S. (Free World) versus USSR (Communist

World)

ii. Would last about 45 yearsiii. Neither country directly fought one another

Why a cold war?

b. Where was it fought?i. Wherever Communism threatened globally

Why a cold war?

c. How was it fought?

i. Arms Race (each side built up huge nuclear arsenals)

1. 1949 – USSR achieved an Atomic Explosion

2. Technology on both sides led to advanced:

a. Destructive power

b. Numbers of weapons (Mutually Assured Destruction)

c. Methods of delivery

Goal: Maintain the “balance of power” or if possible, gain the advantage

Why a cold war?

ii. Space Race (1957-1969)1. Launching satellites (sputnik 1957; Soviet

victory)2. Race to the moon (U.S. victory)

Why a cold war?

iii. Sports and Movies

1. Olympic Games served as a Cold War battlefield

1980 Winter olympics• US team coached by Herb

Brooks

• Soviet Union won the gold medal in hockey in 1956, 1964, 1968, 1972, & 1976

• US team was made up of college amateurs

• US won semi-final game

• US would go on to win gold

• Seen as more than a hockey game

• Considered greatest sports moment in history (for US)

Why a cold war?

iii. Sports and Movies

1. Olympic Games served as a Cold War battlefield

2. Stereotypes:

a. We portrayed the Soviets as cold & ruthless

b. They portrayed Americans as spoiled & undisciplined

• Goal: To prove physical superiority

iv. A Race for World Influence

Goal: To outnumber the opponent (U.S. Goal = Containment)

Why a cold war?

d. Why did the U.S. win the Cold War?

i. In the long run, USSR’s weaker Communist system could not keep up the race; economic collapse

ii. Mikhail Gorbachev was elected in USSR in 1985 (introduced democratic reforms)

iii. Soviet Union collapsed in 1991

The Korean War

The Korean War

•Complete the document analysis of the Korean War – Document C

The Korean War

TEST QUESTION

• TEST Question:• Which generalization about the Korean War is supported by the

information on the maps? • ANSWER: Neither side experienced a major military victory

during the war.

THE DARNENELLES STRAIT The Truman Doctrine-Pledge to stop the spread of communism

Dardenelles Strait

CUBAN MISSELE CRISIS

Cuban Missile Crisis

•Complete the document analysis of the Cuban Missile Crisis – Document D

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

• Watch the video of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

• Be prepared to argue what you would have done if you were President Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

TEST QUESTION

• TEST Question:• Which action did President Kennedy take following this

statement? • ANSWER: Ordering a naval quarantine of Cuba.

TEST QUESTION

• TEST Question:• The crisis described in this passage was resolved when— • ANSWER: The Soviet Union withdrew its missiles from

Cuba.

The Vietnam War and its Four Stages of Conflict

• Ho Chi Minh-Born Nguyen Sinh Cung-known as "Uncle Ho" • Led the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 1945-69• He petitioned the powers at the Versailles peace talks for equal

rights in Indochina • He later adopted the name Ho Chi Minh, or "He Who Enlightens" • He returned to Vietnam in 1941 and declared the nation's

independence from France • Ho led a nearly continuous war against the French and, later, the

Americans until his death in 1969

• After refusing Ho Chi Minh's invitation to join the Communist movement, Ngo Dinh Diem led South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963, when he was killed by his generals in a coup. His autocratic rule, exemplified by the imprisonment and execution of hundreds of Buddhists, and his refusal to institute land reforms probably contributed to increasing popular support for Ho Chi Minh.

• (OBVIOUS & IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES!!) A rich, Catholic landowning president in a predominantly poor, peasant, Buddhist country who ruled like a dictator and refused to give land to the peasants (who were promised land by “Uncle Ho” – who looked and acted like a peasant and promised economic equality.)

Reasons for US Involvement

The establishment of the 'Iron Curtain' in Europe after the second World War

The communist take-over of China

The Korean War

The communist victory over the French in Vietnam

Led many Americans to fear that the communists were taking over the world and must be stopped.

STAGE 1: Advisory Role (1955-1960)

• GOALS:– Make the ARVN (South Vietnamese Army) a

model of our military – Stabilize the Diem government and gain support in

south – Combat increasing guerrilla attacks against Diem and

his supporters

STAGE 2: Counterinsurgency Role (1961-1964)

• GOALS:– JFK takes office and vows to continue Eisenhower’s Vietnam

policies– Fix the Diem “problem” as his autocratic rule leads to increased

demonstrations and opposition in the South– Use covert operations in North Vietnam to engage in

sabotage and light harassment of NVA

Gulf of Tonkin

– August 7, 1964: After N.Vietnam gunboats attacked American warships in the Gulf of Tonkin, Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution giving the president broad war making powers in Vietnam (a so called “blank check” to escalate the war)

STAGE 3: Combat Role (1965-1968)

• GOALS:– Continually bomb North Vietnam to pressure VC to stop

attacks – N.Vietnam (Ho) adopts new “protracted war strategy” intended

to bog down and frustrate US military, intended to force a negotiated peace

http://www.war-stories.com/b52-sqd.htm

Operation Rolling Thunder

STAGE 4: Vietnamization (1969-1975)

• Goals:– Nov 3, 1969: President

Nixon adopts the “Vietnamization” program• intended to gradually

transfer combat operations in Vietnam entirely to the South Vietnamese army

• Intended to bring the fighting to an “honorable end”

America was the most powerful military nation in the world, yet it lost the war in Vietnam to an army of straw-hatted peasants. There are a number of reasons for this:

• The South Vietnamese government was widely unpopular because of its corruption and failure to introduce land reforms.

• The Americans severely under-estimated the Vietcong.

Why Did America Lose?

Why Did America Lose?

• The American army was trained to fight a conventional war of 'set-piece' battles against large armies where it could bring its superior fire-power to bear.

• Vietnam was the first media war - widespread television coverage showing the bloody reality of war undermined support for the war in America, leading to massive anti-war demonstrations and unrest at home.

Why Did America Lose?

• The Vietnamese cleverly exploited opposition to the war in America.

• The Tet Offensive of 1968 was considered a victory by the Vietnamese, even though they were actually defeated in battle.

Kennedy and McNamara

TestLet’s see how much you know!!! Write down your answers to the

following 10 questions.

1. Which country fought a war in Vietnam just before the United States?

A. England

B. Germany

C. Japan

D. France

3. Who was the Vietnamese nationalist that became the leader of North Vietnam and the Vietcong

during the Vietnam War?

A. Mao Tse-Tung

B. Tu Thong

C. Ho Chi Minh

D. Ngo Dinh Diem

4. Who was president in 1955 when the US began acting as an advisor to the government

and military of South Vietnam?

A. Harry S. Truman

B. Dwight D. Eisenhower

C. John F. Kennedy

D. Richard M. Nixon

6. What Cold War theory was used by leaders of the US government to justify our

involvement in Vietnam?

A. Red Menace Theory

B. Iron Curtain Theory

C. House of Cards Theory

D. Domino Theory

7. What type of warfare did the Vietcong use against US forces during the Vietnam War?

A. Germ

B. Chemical

C. Guerilla

D. Tank

8. How best would you describe the climate and geography of Vietnam?

A. Cold, dry and flat

B. Dry, barren and desert like

C. Wet, humid and mountainous

9. Which part of Vietnam was controlled by the US and used as its military base of

operations?

A. North Vietnam

B. East Vietnam

C. West Vietnam

D. South Vietnam

10. The US reached its peak troop strength in the spring of 1968. How many troops do you think

were in Vietnam at this high point?

A. 543,400

B. 385, 600

C. 687,500

D. 290,900

Interesting Sites to Explore

• Vietnam War Myths:http://www.rjsmith.com/war_myth.html

• The Vietnam War Photo Album • http://www.geocities.com/~nam_album/

Works Cited

• The History Channel http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/classroom/gcse/viet.htm

• Vietnam Online: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/whos/index.html

• History of the Vietnam War 101 http://vets.appliedphysics.swri.edu/vn101/vnfaq.htm

• “Vietnam: A Teachers Guide”. The Asia Society’s Focus on Asian Studies, Special Issue, No 1. Fall, 1983.

• Pictures: http://www.google.com/imghp