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�������������������������������������������������������������3 Priorizar la productividad de esta sobremanera no excluye tener en cuenta otras variables y parámetros importantes. Al contrario, lo que se busca es que las variables y causales que hacen posible la productividad –financiamiento oportuno, capacitación de calidad, facilidades de migración, leyes y fiscalización de la competencia, I+D, etc.—sean orientadas de tal forma que apoyen efectivamente la productividad. Por ejemplo, que los fondos públicos destinados a I+D apoyen el aumento de la productividad de los rubros con potencial de exportación. Y que éstos, a su vez,�hayan sido escogidos por la ventaja comparativa que tienen –la cual debiera reflejar su relativa productividad.��

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�������������������������������������������������������������4 Los ingresos dependen mucho de la productividad. Esta aseveración se desprende del hecho que los costos por unidad producida son más bajos cuando la productividad es alta, y por tanto, las ganancias e ingresos son mayores. Cuando los mercados trabajan eficientemente los productores que no son eficientes y competitivos van desapareciendo y transitando hacia otras ocupaciones o sectores mejor alineados con sus capacidades y destrezas. 5 Valor agregado por trabajador equivale a la porción del valor de la producción que aportan los insumos de la mano de obra –independientemente de la contribución que aportan otros insumos (suelo, equipo mecanizado, etc.).�

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�������������������������������������������������������������12 La economía política de cómo barajear los intereses creados de los involucrados en el sector agropecuario va más allá del alcance de este escrito. 13 Ver, por ejemplo, Joe Studwell, ”How Asia Works”, New York: Grove Press. 2013. Los asiáticos erradicaron los ineficientes dentro de una política industrial más orientada a la industria manufacturera que a la agrícola. Pero el principio es el mismo.

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�������������������������������������������������������������14 Por ejemplo, un mecanismo usado para impulsar la política de disciplina exportadora consistió en facilitar prestamos de negocios subsidiados solamente a aquellas empresas que demostrasen órdenes (o pedidos) de exportación.

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�������������������������������������������������������������15 Información no confirmada alega que muchas de las titulaciones se hicieron sin mucha ética resultando en que los pequeños agricultores simplemente vendieran sus propiedades sin que ellos utilizaran su nueva tenencia para explotarla ellos mismos. 16 Censo Agropecuario 2010. 17 Los Tratados de Libre Comercio y Tratados de Promoción Comercial (TLC y TPC) son acuerdos internacionales regidos por el derecho internacional y celebrado por uno o varios Estados y que constituyen una herramienta valiosa para promover el comercio entre países. Los TLC y los TPC constituyen acuerdos de liberalización programada del comercio de mercancías entre los países signatarios en los que se produce una amplia reducción de barreras arancelarias y no arancelarias, abarcando todos los productos de los países miembros o una lista de ellos.

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�������������������������������������������������������������18 Sagasti, Francisco. “Aprovechar los acuerdos comerciales con innovación tecnológica: Una propuesta de agenda de políticas”. Washington: BID: Documentos de Política. 2010.

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�������������������������������������������������������������23 No son fáciles de lograr a corto plazo tampoco. Ver, por ejemplo, F. Bustamante, TPC: Retos y Oportunidades. Impacto en el sector agrícola. FUDESPA, 2012.

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�������������������������������������������������������������24 El nicho es un segmento de un mercado de un producto que muestra una demanda insatisfecha; y, por tanto, se le enfoca como mercado-destino. El nicho de mercado puede consistir en un área geográfica o un grupo étnico, cuya demanda por ciertos productos (alimentos orgánicos, por ejemplo) no es atendida en parte o en su totalidad por los proveedores tradicionales. 25 Esta discusión es preliminar porque se requieren estudios econométricos para establecer un panorama confiable que le sirva a los agentes del mercado de referencia para tomar decisiones.

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�������������������������������������������������������������29 Plan de Acción Estratégico del Sector Agropecuario 2010-2014. Ministerio de Desarrollo Agropecuario. 2010. P.21-22. 30 El nicho es un segmento de un mercado de un producto que muestra una demanda insatisfecha; y, por tanto, se le enfoca como mercado-destino. El nicho de mercado puede consistir en un área geográfica o un grupo étnico, cuya demanda por ciertos productos (alimentos orgánicos, por ejemplo) no es atendida en parte o en su totalidad por los proveedores tradicionales.

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�������������������������������������������������������������31 Existen otras muy prometedoras de carácter reciente como pimentón y biocombustibles (Etanol) que también cabrían aquí. 32 Plan Estratégico del Gobierno 2010-2014, p. 27. 2010.

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Meses de precios estándares y máximos en los cuales los productos agrícolas panameños tienen mayor oportunidad de venta en Estados Unidos. Meses en que Estados Unidos produce y el precio de compra es más bajo.

� Nota: Estas oportunidades pueden variar de acuerdo a la disminución o aumento de la oferta de otros países. Fuente: Instituto de Mercadeo Agropecuario.

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