“

U N JAE S AN S K R IT“

S E R IE S

A C OL L E CT ION O F R AR E AN D U N P U BL IS H E D

SAN S K R IT W OR K S .

E D IT E D BY

WELLaKNOW N AND EMINENT S CHOLARS

INDIE , GUROE’

G fiND fiMGRIQfi.

LAH OR E (IN D IA )

PU NJAB SAN SK R IT BOOK DEPOT .

1 921 .

WWW Raemafiananéww

BR IH AS P AT I S U T RA

THE SCIENCE OF POLITICS ACCORDING TOTHE SCHOOL

OF BRIHHSPHTI

E DIT ED W IT H

IN T R OD U C T ION AN D E N G L IS H T R AN S LAT ION

BY

D B.F

. W . TH OM’

A S,M . A ,,

P REPARED FROM

H IS E D ITION (IN R OMAN SCR IP T),W ITH

IN T R OD U CT OR Y R E M AR K S AN D I N D E X E S

BY

P T,BH AGAVAD DATTA,

B . A .,

P rofessor of Sanskrit and S uperintendent, R esearch D epartment,D . A. V. College. Lahore.

P UBL ISH ED BY

BI O T T L A L B A N A R S I D A S S ,P ROPR IET ORS

T he P unjab Sanskrit Book Depot , Lahore .

1 921 .

fisn’

aits efifiramflnealmas any nINT RODUCT ORY R EMARKS .

1 . AN rIQU IT Y or ARYAN P OL ITY.

T he Arthaslrastras have beeninexistence in

Aryfwartaasaseparate literature fromvery early times,

T he superiority Of D harmashastras over Arthshastrasis referred toin the Smriti ascribed toYdflraealkyo inthe follow ing shloka

weiififi’ei Wrongmat e riali s t lfi fi fimi sfi ts; smgfimammrem: HRH ?“

T he same is said in the E lmer's /ly e P aranaasquoted inthe Apar ha

« x x

W ill“? FU N 3wireless WW ll. a - v

N d;ado; Sm) 255alsoremarksmthe same waysfimeraimermqfiffiia115m: lammfirfags?anemia37361“as fiqfiqifi: wafrmarimai r: 1wfisré fifigezsqs immmiaNi lw reel!

Inhis w ell-knownArthashastraK wu til uw not laterthan31 d century B C ) says that alite rature bearrnorthis title was ex tant inh is days,and that he compiledhis treatise after seeing the works of his predecessorsH is Words are

sew ns tirWISH amfiaimanmrais in

NOtl

only‘

Kantilya, but alsoworks anterior tohimrefer to this literature.

"

InCaranaoy r’

Z/zathe forty-ninth

P ar ieln’

sfitaof the At/m'reaveda‘

w e read

“asiaaw gi'

fifiatu

afimn’maffizgm‘au rnThis second view

'

that the Arthashastra is the

U pavedaOf R igvedais held inthe Caranaoyfilzoascribed

toShauna/co,

amigtfi'q‘gmfimfiamafia“‘mimaa’ I 3351 : (ass :It is clear thenthat Arthashastraclaims agreat

antiquity inthe history Of Sanskrit literature,

II. BR IH ASP ATI AN D H IS AR T H ASH AST RA .

P ancatantmtextus simp licior 1 2th century A .D .

according to D r. J . H ertel) has areference toanitimaximof Brihaspati .fiw w fimfimifimaI

qgrq'arfaamzficgsa'ifiafim'amism: IRW in

Bhojain“

his Yuletikalpataru (1 1 Hzcentury A. D .)w hile refering tothe ni ti literature says

*Compare w ith this the teach ing Of Mahabharatamamhmia’iatantraamerri er Isiestait ( this, fas terawas I!aiamfim‘mmiaaring-ms llszlomofi ‘

i liawn

3

diffiésmfdfimrairmanlanathemafascmsaw : ll p,2 .

Ashvaghosha inh is B udd/re Clarita (about first

century A . D . ) has remarked about Brihaspatiw annamananamas s-(mi?ii Iw egefiflaw figwnfmaw szw amN ellT he w ell-known [Idmasdtras of vatsyayananot

only refer toBrihaspati as the compiler Of an ArthaShastrabut state that he lived about the beginning Ofcreation

,T he w hole account runs thus

amtfi‘

ai'

sarm: “

agrmi fwfifi'awsaOmit?!s wam-arms?assairmrh Slim“anmammal;as: smashflaw s?mnansstqiawimmtaqll x9 nBhasaalsorefers toa BarhaspatyaArthashastra

inhis P ratimci Nataliamm: s lams?asqa‘fiwm'iriw ere,mas tamarafllérwqama,armamQUE ,mafiaflifififl al”mammas: p,79 .

T he Mahabharatahas the follow ing tosay onthispoint

air'

tiawaits"arrfirsmw gu I als o W E?"SO w e know that the BarhspatyaShastraclaimsagreatantiqu ity inthe history of Aryan literature.

III . T H E OR IG INAL WOR K OF BR IH ASPAT I .

T hequestionnow arises;as to w hether the origi

nal Work Of Brihaspati was composed inVerse or sfitras

or in‘

the’mixed style

. Nodoubt some sti traliterature

along w ith gathaand other Works, was extant evenbefore the time of the compilation of the Brahmanasbecause the S hatapatln B rah inma(fi rw wmffiw e is are e; are 3aka22)alludes to it, but it is notsure W hether it had come intovogu e at times as earlyas those of Swayambhava Mannand

“

Brihaspati,the

preceptor Of Indra,

IV. MANAVA DH ARMA SH ASTRA

Scholars like Max Mu ller and Buhler held that theD harmashastraof Manu was originally aeonrpositioninthemixed style of sfitrasand shlokas . Buhler tried his

best toput forward this theory w ith such proofs as he

could gather. Oneof his strongest proofs was apassagemaé w hich he found inVasishthaDharmashastra. N OW it is sure that theoriginal work of Marin:

had passed through the hands of several editors,as forexampleBhrig uflérada it reached thecompilerof Vat . and that aearnaof theK rishnaYajur Vedanamely the Manavahad alsocome intoexistance . It is

,

thereforer,qu ite clear that aschool of the Marraras hadcome intoexistence evenbefore the 3rd century B . O,

T he Arthashastraof K autilya refers toa certain

airthor of this very school .T he view s of the Manavas

represented inthisArthashas tradiffer w idely fromtheSmritiofManu ,

i t is, therefore, evident that the school

eonsisted of authors whodiffered greatly . It was this

great difference w hich troubled Buhlcr verymuch w henhecould findnoreasonas towhy the teach ingsof the Smriti differed fromtheManavaG rihyaSh tr'a. T hew holeof

sfitraliterature of theManavaschoolcame into-existence

after the Marravacarnahad beenestablished,and hence

( D )

we can s rfely conclude that the Original Smriti OfMannwas purely inverse,

F“

As quoted by B uhler onthe authority Of Narada,w e know that the Original work of Mannbegan w ithaverse (shloka,as Naradasays) . On theother handall works insfrtra

'

or themixed style begin almostw ith asittre,

Ag t inD lramrnapada(circa4thcentury has two

verses wh ich are only aPali version w ith some changeof words of the text of MannSmriti .amalgam-emfirstzé t affirms-”athe i st firearms

tlfiféra: mart? aw arr arfim‘t uanti trus tagefiamgfhat area-arr"are"w e waitas as"w e"ahe {at earth ama33 i i i 2

“t flames

qfifii fin: [zfi‘ é gaiwq‘

im(S tir?! fiti l lQR‘Tfi‘

l HER

e? u teri: Fag :"rural: nfiafsrunftfage ts new"KautiliyaArthashastra alsoas referred to on

pages 101 -03and 1 90Of h is“Lectures on th e Ancient

H istory Of India by Shri D .

-R,Bhandarkar has two

verses Of MannSmriti w ith slight changes only .

areafar; tift Fae tfae r mgef i t first“?few?sung Irate-535{arerfaGrimmer: a fi i fiiarexfi

tafaatnfiaa: Ile lao‘i ll mmifiiaflfiqfliui t? i f

R ead here the note of Max M u ller onpage 33 of Vol . X

Part I of S .B .E

mmaarrmam‘imng emumeatsmw a‘i ’mi rmW GM W Hangman nfisfh entatallfilogeag-sf

H ere,P rofessor D . R . Bhandarkar follow ing the

lead Of Buhler arrives at the result that the verses

(abovequoted) w ere not composed by Kautilya but

were utilised by himfromsome work w h ich was inexistence long before he w rote or the (metrical) MannSmriti wascompiled .

’ Th is is nothing but aprejudice inorder tobringdownthedate Of Manusmriti . F irstatheoryis started—Manusmriti is accepted tobelong toalater

date-and then if any work anterior to that date is

found containing the verses of Manusmriti, (althoughnotmentioning this fact but still indicating that the

verses are not his own) it rs said that the work inquestionand the Manusmriti both u tilised amaterial Of

avery Old period . Both this assumptionand conclusiondonot seemtobe convincing.

Last Of all w emay refer to two verses, tobe

found inthe 1 8th SargaOf Valmiki Ramayana, w herethe author Of that work explicitly says that the

follow ing twoshlokas w ere sung by Mann

Vasiéhtha1 . 22 BaudhayanaII . 1 . 35and Vishnu .

T M y friend Pandit N anak ChandraB .

‘

A . informsme thatM eshri and H rrdattaon G . .utama Dharma S utrahave gotthe first heitof this verse on the name of Kanva. They both

give W “in place of Hai t i ,H ardr.tts at the same

timequotes the fu l l verso fromMann al so w ith the words

{FagmqThereal sothe first half of the verse hasmmand the

‘

second half has exactly the same words as in the

present day Mann.

nahagarmat shah smite w eir I he

t heir sfigahtanatariai t ll $ 9. I I( treatments se narm's new :

fiftiethafimmfiaan: was: we IIall

streammutants that f w’

fggwfil

w e ext remal: safaris faifeamI I 33IIT he verse 32nd is Manusmriti VIII.

38 and

verse 33rd is MannVIII,31 6 .

Itmay, therefore, after this beief discussion besafely concluded that the original Smriti of Mannwas like the present one composed inverse,

1

V . T H E SMR ITI OF BR IH ASPATI .

Like its original, the Manusmriti, the Smriti ofBrihaspati was alsoinverse,

That work is how everlost now (if it

’

may not be unearthed by some fu tureresearches ). The small collection of some shlokas

w hich is generally called the Brihaspati Smritiis but ach ild ’

s play as compared w ith the BarhaspatyaShastra referred to in the Mahabharata. P rofessor

Julius Jolly collected fragments of Brihaspatismritifromd ifferent law books and and their commentaries,for translating themin the S . B . E , Vol . XXXIII

But these fragments are alsoincomplete. AnexhaustivecollectionOfall the say ings of Brihaspati w ill not be afruitless task for some future scholar,

2

I hOpe to d iscuss this sub ject“ infidetail fit some later2 After the above l ines w ere w rittenI read inthe Vedio

Magazine that Pandit Jaideva Vidyalankar of the GurukulKangri is busy w ith this work and w ill shortly bring out

’

this usefu l col'

ection,A

8

vr K AU TILYA AND BR IH ASPAT I .

Just as the view s attributed to the school of

Mannby Kautilyaand his follow er Kamandakaarenot tobemet w ith inthe present law

-book of Manu ,

soalsothe view s ascribed tothe school of Brihaspati

by Kau tilyaare not found inthe collected fragmentsof Brihaspati . Brihaspati is referred toonsix d ifferent

occasions by Kau tilya. S ee pages . 6,2 9

, 63, 1 77, 1 92,

and 375. (T ext, second edi tion)

VII. T H E BAR H ASP AT YA SU T RAM AND

IT S DATE .

T he present sutras even if they do, possess but a

very remoteconnectionw ith the BarhaspatyaShastra.

E venpruned of their sectarianmatter, they donotappear tobelong toany of the adherents of theoriginalschool of B rihaspati, These sutrasmay only here andthere containaView of the old Barhaspatyaschool, Asregards the date of th is Work, nothing can be said

w ith certainty T he guess of D r . F W Thomasmayturnout tobe atrueone. Th ismuch how ever iscertainthat the wo1 k is not ante1 i01 tothe sixth 01 seventhcentury A .

Pandit Jai Devainthe VedicMagazine already referred

to_says that -the work is posterior to K al idrs ,for the reason

thatmhis M eghadu taKalidas refers toKankhal alone, w hileH ardwar or Ganged t

’araW t h is aShaiva tirthaof arecent

originis not at allmentioned by him. Th is Gnngsdvara ismentioned inEarhaspatya sutra III. 1 22. H ence the work is

[osterior tothe recognitionof H ardwar as asacred place.

t 9'

VIII . A BAR H ASPAT YA‘

SAMH ITA,

T here is another treatise connected w ith the

name of Brihaspati. It is the Barhaspatya Samhitzi .

W e find it oftenquoted in the l 1 i amof

afimmt’a'

of ah ffl'

i iIQ'Q. It is”

inthe formof adialogueb etw eenN ehushaand Brihaspati. T he work is in themixed style of prose and ve1 se Th is Samhi taalso,as is apparent fromthe nume1ous quotations in the

abovementioned work”

, beans noconnection w ith the

present sfif’raS.

r.

1 X. W AS BR IH AS PATI A CAR VAK AJ

No doubt,there was a great atheisticlogician

Brihaspat i by name,but Washcthe w riter on pol ity fS emadeva S uri

'

( l0th century A. D ) says in his

Yashastilaka areeqfaé iaa {amen (p . 13 N ir

nayasagm1 901 )and his commentate i Shrutasagar S ur isay sqgeq

'

aa'

taaeaI aimaawaaiaaafi imm&523

°

Gfis lfig ti i t'i a 1 80, according to the commentator the N itikara B rihaspati was the renowned

carvers H ow ever, all the previous quotations go

against this Brihaspati the politian,being

connected w ith Mannand others of the theisticschooi,

was certainly atheist . Somad evaand his commentatorconfuse the twoBrihaspatis.

T here‘

have beenthus three eminent persansat leastknownby the name Brihaspati in' the literary h istoryof Bharata, T he first and themos t w ell—known was

Brihaspati, the w ri ter on polity; second ly Brihaspati,

thecarvakalogician,and th irdly the personwhowrotethe samh ita.

10

x PARALLEL PASSAGES .

streams: U S"gig meager an: I

a'

tt‘erent usemrfaaarfimtamang'h lflmm?!a’ifirarw aazec?Onthis thecommentary saysmtqtfaafirfqqwfixeaaI

Q “0 331 31 31 213 ( l

‘éq

(3) geaaanagfiiaaw e

(a) same?!ariFvi termite:QR ?

E li? {333536mm; I afrQ P \

w ar re new R i8 l2l

(0) nsfisnfifiaare

3° 22E

gmaangg gfiiaqla'tear-oagargo38“émqfhtimait t raits?

3313131 6 1 nest?neat?aaafl tasreatf tamt! ! 53W?!gfifé a

‘

tsmm’t 313131 1 6 13122?amen( tatamtavatar I

”

quoted by gamma?on p . 9 1 of w hales:N irnayasagar edition,

A common say ing of theD harmashastras . Cf.ManuIV. 92 .

1 13?“M i le! I =aoare“a2° i i i“aamémamateur as!

gentileamt-l ” Iquoted by RamchandraBudhendraona

'

tfimaq;31(N irnayasagar editionl 91 7)

( 1 1 )

These sitt1as of Brihaspati W ere o1 iginallypublished in LE M U SEON Troisieme Sel ie—Tomc1 . No,

2,1 6 Ma1 s 1 9 1 6 ,

T he text p1 inted the1 e, was

inthe Romanscript. To this,D r

,F . W

,Thomas had

attached h is valuable introduction and translation.

By the k ind permissionof the publishers—T he University P ress Cambridge—of that journal, through“

P rofessor BalkrishnaM . A the editor of the Vedic~Magazine,~ was able topublish th ismaterial in his

journal for themonth of October 1 920. T he devanagari text of the sutras printed inthe VedicMagazinewas prepared byme. During its preparation I was

thinking if the text wi th the introductienand translationof D r.F .W , Thomas could be preserved inabookform. EvenP rofessor Balkrishnadesired the same.

T his became soonpracticable, w hen the publishers ofthe present edition undertook this task .

In the end I should thankmy friends ,

Pandits‘

VishvaBandhu Shastri M . A . and Nanak Chand

B . A . andmy pupil Desh Raj for going through

the proof-sheets.

DAYAN ANDA AN GLO VE D IcCOLLEGE

,LAIIORE, BH AGAVADDAT TA

D ecember ,1 920.

( 1 2 >

A BR IH ASPATI SU TRA .

T he. text here edited w ithatranslationwas broughttonotice in the course of a search for acelebratedtreatise, alsoascribed to a Brihaspati, namely the

exponent of the Lokayataor Carvaka doctrine,thecrude corporealismof Ind ia T he discovery of th is

work, to j udge fromthe quotations in the Sarca

dwrshanw-safmgmkaand elsewhere, would contribute

notably to_the entertainment of students of Sanskrit

literature,

T he present treatise is‘

not devoid of interest , butthe interest is ofadifferent character, T he work is in

one respect unique, being anexposition of the Scienceof Royal Policy in S eemstyle . This Indian sciencemay . claimnoordinary place in th e history of culture,since two of its snceedanea, the policy in fable andthe game of chess, still styled the Royal Game

,havemade t he conquest of the world . Inits pure formas

ascienceofmonarchical government it does not seemtohave pas sed beyond the Indiansphere,that is the spheredominated by Indianculture, including F urther India,the Malay countri es, Central Asia, and Tibet for,

though the Muhammadans have ascience of government, w hichmay goback topref-IslaxmcP ersia, it doesnot seemtobetray anIndian inspiration. And Macchiavelli

’

s P r ince, if influenced at all,as is ap r ime quiteconceivable

,by orientalmodels,wou.ld derive rather from

the M uhammadanthanthe Indian. T he propagationof the policy infable (the Fables of P ilpay) was firstadumbrated by S ir W illiamJones, in a. sentence*

at Fromthe Third Annual Discourse prefixed tohis

translator] . of the H itop fcdesha.

https://www.forgottenbooks.com/join

( 1 4

beenfavoured w ith a perusal of proof-sheets I was

abletodraw attention J R . A . S . pp.446 -71 ) to tue

extreme importanceof the work, In1 9 1 1 -1 2 P rofessor

Jacobi intwovery valuable papers K ullur-Sp raclz

und L ite)u turfiistor ise/zes aus demKautiliyaand Uberdie E d i t/wit des Kautiliya in the Berlin AcademyS iteungsberic/zte, 1 9 1 1 , pp . 954-973, 1 9 1 2 , pp ,

832-849)discussed the bearings of the work upon the Indian

literary and lingu istichistory and argued forcibly for

its au thenticity . W e have alsototake note of interest

ing discussions of the work by P rof. Jolly, Lean/caliscf

'

zes aus demArt/zas/zdstra(I/i dogerma’

nisclze For

selzungen, xxx i ,, pp,204 Kolle/ctaneen um

Kautiliya Art/zashdstra ( Z . I) .M G . ,

1 9 1 4, pp.

345 D r Johannes H ertel, L iterarisc/zes aus demKauti liyas/zdsira(ViennaOriental Journal, XXIV, pp .

41 6 -422) ,and D r Jarl vanCharpentier EnIndie/cband

bok i statslaraf ran300f .1 913

,

pp,353 NarendraNath Law ,

S tudies in Ancient

H indu P olity (Based onthe Art/zas/zdstraof Kautilya)

(vol . I . ,London,

etc. ,1 9 1 4)and apartial commentary

compiled by D r‘

I . Sorabj i,as apupil of P rof. Jolly,

and published at Allahabad in 1 9 1 4 . A revised trans

lation by Pandit Shama S hastri is now passing

through the press.T he informationcontained in the

Ai 'thaslidstrais still far fromexhausted,and the interestinitmay be expected continually toincrease.

As P rof. Jacobi hasmentioned,Canakyafrequentlyquotes his predecessors,

both schools and individuals,

the style oftenassuming almost the formof adiscuss;ion and it is clear that i n(say) the fifth and fourth

( 1 5 )

centuries B . c, the subj !ct of royal policy wasarecogniz

ed topic. T he schools are the Manavas, Barhaspatyas,Aushanasas, Ambhiyas (nodoubt,of Tax ila and Parasharas,and the individuals Bharadvaja,Vishalaksha,P ishuna,Kaunpadanta,Vatavy

’adhiand Bahudanti-putra.

It is, therefore, of interest tofind that inthe account

of the science occurrig in the Mahabharata(ci ted byP rof. Jacobi, 1 9 1 1 , p,

973)*some of these namesoccur,

There w e are told that the founder of the science was

Brahmahimself,whose work was abridged by'

Shivaina

treatise entitled Vaislzdla/cslza,and thenfurtherabridgedinsuccessionby Indra, whocompiled the Balzudantalca,Brihaspati the Bar/impala,a, and Kavi U shanas

the(Aushanasa) treatise-of w hich the last-mentioned isnamed alorg w i th those of Mann, Indra, Bharadvaja,and Gaurashiras inanother passage of the same book(c. 58

,2 alsoin 1 . 98

,36 and elsew here inthe lite

rature(e.g. sdmaaus/zanasainthe Jana/n“mi l Wm3131t l

firemanmammal new : I

Hawaii Irinaammama} waxual lmamis fit filtfimaimInew aimfranew"emanate:nallmasters

* Alsocited by D r G . Oppert in his Weapons, ArmyOrganisationAnd P ol i tical -Maaims of the Ancient H indus

,

1 880, p 35. B .Datta.

T_I have introduced here the for the

benefit of the reader . B , Datta.

( 1 6 )mamaareaaheaafina‘iea: 1areafw fiwn

'

fiw i th :

sheer: I I a:

Hi tswmmmia?!asminus Iasmain:mammal : uas nfifi

’

aqas :aremeam"in II t s ll

aaq iii first aim: w en i

amwmfir same“! W W : IIso I!

«aemanateage W armmanualmats Fatal? W : I

W ait3amslimeW nanmamawas w e: W 1 !

salamiauras?mam: I Ia i:an: area:Tocomplete this brief sketch we shouldmentionthe

S /l ukraniti,novery early work, wh ich has several times(by OppertatM adras in1 882,byJ ivanandaVidyasagara,at Calcu tta, 1 8 92 etc. ,

e tc. ) beenedited inIndiaand is

new access ible in translation(by P rof. Benoy K umarSarkar inSacred sb’oolcsof the [flu lus Allahabad

,

T he as alsoasection devoted tothe

subject, ly represented in the

MdnauaD /iarmasdstra,as W ell as inthe M eade/tarata.

W e need notmentionthe later andminor treatises inSanskrit literature.

T he Ai i i liteiature of Burma is of adiffe1 e1'

1 t)

character . Inthe Tibetan, how ever, w he1 e wefindalsoquasi-independent works on government, ‘

therearetranslations of Sanskrit texts 1 11 verse ascribed (1 ) toMasurakshaand (2) toNagarj una. The Javanese has

besides a p1ofessed t1anslation of the KdmandokzN itisdra

,alsosomemi1 1or tracts

,perhaps 1 ep1 esentingthelatemozal antholog y w hich bears .

the name of Canakya.If the short text w hich is here edited w ere represenj

tativeof theancient Bar/zaspatyadoctrine, itwould haveaconside1able inte1 est U nfortunately ,

this is far f1ombeing the case It p1ofesses, indeed like the B; i/zaspatiSmr iii , tobe dictated toIndraby his P 1 1 1ohita. But

w hat follow s 1s abriefand st1angely disjointed exposit—X:

innof the subject Its date, as it stands, seems fromanappa1 entmentionof the Yadvas of D evagi1 i to bebrought down at least tothe twelfth century A . D . It

refel s, 1 11 passages w h ich how eve1 may be suspectedof interpolation(see notes toII.

8—35, III . 841 6 , 33- 7,

1 1 9 tothe sects of the S haivas, Vaishnavas, and

Shaktas and names their sacred domains (ksfietrasl,some of w hichmay not be ancient . jl t doesnot

'

seenr to

containthematter indicated by “

the citations intheArthashastraof Kautilya(pp.

6,29

,63

,

“

1 9 2 of

the edition) It displays some giammatical peculiarities”e.g n

'

euters is 1masculines (w hichmay sometimes be

explained as accusatives obscu1 ed by the ell ipticalsat '

raStyle and r ice ves sel ), accusative after ciusiwas

(w hich, how ever,occurs elsewhere),and eventhe forms,samgrafiel (which should perhaps be as )thecorrect samgrifiniydl occurs several times)and d iced:

(old subjunctive of d ie see L exx . ) F inally, it presentssome confusions (e g. I

,36

,II

,34

,V . probably duetothe M ss . , and one strange Word lcusumdnz‘a, w hich ,though it canhardly be for Musalman

,might conceivably bea roundabout expression for Pallava (or pallaua

'

z z eita),

It is not, how ever, the case that nothing canbe saidonthe other side. Apart fromthe suspected interpolat_ions, the tone and style, and even the disjointed andmiscellaneous character of the work

,produce asense

ofantiqu ity it is hard toconceive of such a treatise

being deliberately compiled by persons acquainted w iththe N itisdraof Kamandak i and the S /zukraniti . Someof the expressions

,e .g. atiblzedag/et (I . alam/cdray et

are in the old Ar t/zaslzatrastyle, as are theproverbial expressions (e g. I . 29

,1 1

,v. 1 3

,IV.

T he name T islzg/a, as applied to the fourth , or Kali ,age, recurs in the illaz’zdbll drataand H ar i eams/za. A

connectionw ith the Barhaspatyasmay be seen in the

restrictionof the royal sciences toone,namely dandaniti(Arthashastra,p . 6 ),although theyadd rdr lzd (w hichagainis represented inour text byII . cf

,Arthashastra, p . 8

,bdnij yaca

car tta T he importance attached to the LokaytaandBauddhadoctrines alsopoints to the same direction.

T he termd alika, as applied to adherents of theK dmasfidstra, requ ires explanation; but some S haivasects e,g. thePashupatas encourage eroticideas .

U ponthew hole w e should perhapsnot bemistakeninmaintaining that the text does,though rather remotelyderive fromtheancient Bcii ‘fiasj iatyasystem. W emightcompare it w ith such treatisesas the existent Vedangas,

( 1 9

or w ith the AthereavedaP ar isbz'

s/ztas,w h ich contain

undoubtedly ancientmatter along w ith strange lexico‘

graphical and grammatical features (e g. Izomayet andevennames/caret ; see the edition by Negelein andBollii i g,lL eipzig 1 909—10, index), They belong tothe

backwaters of priestly studies preserved in Southern

India,w hen the general interest was transferred to

such subjects as N yaya, Vedanta,law ,

and grammar.

A M s . of the work seems tobe recordedas inprivatepossession inSouth India(see Oppert

’

s‘List,

’

vol . 1 . No,

4 6 42 )fi“‘ This M S .has not beenprocurable; but by the

kindness of P rof, Rangacharya, late Curator of the

Government Oriental M ss . Library inMadras, I havebeenfavoured w ith aDevanagari copy ofanother M S

, ,

w hich isjunder his charge. U ponthis (M) I have basedthe text

, recording the slight variants of the RoyalAsiaticSociety’s W h ish M S . (W—noted inW internitz

’

s

catalogue under No,1 60 p . Both originalsare

inGranthacharacter, and they derive not remotelyfremacommon source,

1 T he punctuation follow s

almost invariably the Madras copy the numbering ofthe S ettl e s has beenadded,

As the treatise is definitely aS zitmacommentarymust have beendesigned . Does acopy exist, perhapsunder Oppert

’

s I ,No. 606 1 Bd}Vmspatya—szfirmté‘lcd

(nolonger traceable) Itmigh t contain somethingaThere is another M S . of the work w ith S hri Pandit

T Ganapati Shastri of Travancore . H e w rites tome in hi s

letter dated 22nd Dec. 1 920thus —‘As desired inyour letter, I

41 311 arrang e onreceipt of your printed forms of Barh‘

aspatyat‘ o

tonote downthevariants.

’ These I have not yet received .B .Datta.

1, W hether . this commonsource was the actual Madras Ms,

1 20 )

interestinggmore especially as it is notquite clear thatthe text ,

,in. its

gsix ad/zydyas is complete?

I hopeshortly tobe inpossession of a N ita-satinascribed toCanakya,

er amunable todemonstrate . That it was in the Gmnthacharacter is prbved by the confu siozs betw een 6 and hi (v

9amand it (read as n: 1 1 1 . 1 1 8 . 1v38 , v . 22)mand 7:I I I . 76 , 8 1 , 92, v. k and t (I . 54 . 76 . I I I . 8 1 , 92, 131 , v. 13),Zr: and tt (I II . g and bh (I I I . 6 7) cand 1)

“(III . 26—7) 0

and 39) noand 80 (I I . 73, II I ."

23,87

,102) j and bh

ndand ndr (I I I . nd and udh t and inn-a

'

nd r (I . anandmi p and v(v . laand”

Ii

are and vi i (v‘

2. W e may here enumerate the chief grammatical

pecu l iarities above referred to. Some of themmay be due tothe

el lip tical S ntrastyle,wh i le somemascu line plurals inant from

nouns ina,may be conj eemed tobe M S . errors,final n (G rantham,

etc. ) having beenread as M .

‘

Alsodouble gender insuch nounsis common

(a) neuter fermasc.

abhip rayam(v. ar tham(VI . asarani (IIIupayani (IV, 43) kt. laham‘IV. 15.3Q (II . demlnyanfi

(III . 56 ) dharmam(I I . 4 6 ) p ranks /ram(IV. 50) mantranielsewheremasc. different sense mokshu'm‘1 I . 48)

lobham vadhfcm ; shabdam knownel -ewhere);avaram, t iv. 1 7) ; fvishaya11 1 1 . 1 13Z ).

( 6) compounds w ith adi in various genders, having noObVIOuS concord I . I2

,57

,6 4

,65

, 106 ; I I . 1 6 , 1 9 ; I I I . 1 5.

(a) mascfor neuteraushadhah (1 1 1 . kshetsah (1 1 1 . 1 1 9-1 22; alsoneat ); phulah i

(in. see alsoIn. 9 .

(d) arj—for arj II. 7,9,13.

(e) sup erihritya(v . 15) ar d d ieyat (I I I . 46 ,47)arearchaic;As regards Sandhi,I have u sual ly normalized, sometimes leaving .

it inpause, where i t is legitimate.

f This has now beenprinted as anappendix tothe second"editionof KautilyaArthashastraby P t . ShainaShastri".

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S H ATA P AT H A

Accb rd ing .to. th e Scihool of

T ex t In“

navanaeaai eaaaaaersasED IT ED BY

D r; w . Galand M . A . , P h gnIt IS the impertant Brahmanaof the W hi te Yajur

Veda. Th is recension IS of h igh importance for . the

study of theV‘

eidcpei iod and the editor has adjoined,anextensive introductiontoit, treating of the positionof the Brahmaninthe VedicLiteratureand of its ling-5u isticpecu liarities as compai ed w ith the Brahmanaof:the Cognate Shakha. T h is edition is highly appreciated

?

by the w ell knovVnAmei icanSanskritist P rofessor0R ,

!

Lanman. It i s avoluminous t ext hitherto unpublished

anyw here. Asthis i s a big and expensw e work, w e?

w ill undertake topublish it w henw e get 300permanent subscribei s of this book, So the Colleges, Librariesand seholars,w how ish tohave acopyof this importantVedicwork should get registered their names.

it. fifh ffiqaqa—text in Devanagari characters,edited w ith anintroduction

,notes, extracts fromthe

commentaryand list ofmantras etc. by D r, IV. Galand,

M,A . , P h, D . (Inthe P ress).

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BR IH ASP AT I’

307 1“Now the B r ihaspati S IN /n.

Now Brihaspatifi the Preceptor, expounds toIndiathe W hole S ubstance of Policv

I ( P E RSONAL CONDU CT )1 S elf’mastery is thequality ofaking.

2 Asminister he should appoint onemaster ofhimself.3 H is sole science is the Administratima of

Punishment Government] .4 Even right he should not practise when

d isapproved by the world .

9 S hould he practise it, it should be after

recommend ing it by persons of intelligence.6 H e is tobe served by h is like.

P .

J W ith women childrenor the aged, he shou ld

not discussmeasures of right and policv.8 H e shou ld not engage in magic show s

[indmj dlw9 In incantations mantras however

,

festivities;10Alsoincounteracting diseases and poisonings ,

1 1 Not smearing w ith ashes [like anascetic]

”‘Concerning Brihaspat i as founder of the Science of

Policy see the Introduction.

3 On the question of the king’s sciences see

Arthcwhastra,c. 1 .

6 On this question of choice of ministers etc.

Arthashu tm,cc. 4—5; also80infra.

10 Onpoisonin the palace see Arthad iaetm,c. 1 7.

( 9 )

Alsonot sacr ifice Vedas-reading,and so

13 Not processions tosacred places .

Alsonot service ofaking .

Nor service of women.

H e shou ld not drink intox icants .

1 7 Nor slay aBrahman.

1 8 Nor practise theft.1 9 Normuch indulge ingarlands and unguents.

20 H e should not be dejected .

2 1 Nor over-w rathful .

22 W hat is called non-givmg Is greed onaw rongoccaswn.

23 Ina(true ) field he should have seed sown.

24 EG iving should be practised .

25 Aversiontherefromis greed .

26 T heft is alsogreed.

27 Pleasure is acause of expenditure ofmeans.28 A w ill tohurt gurus, gods, w isemen, kings,

and so'

forth is anger,29 And it is asmiting of one’

s ownhead .

30 Anenemy equal in forces and so forth he

should slay inwar;31 O ther adversaries [or If attacking others,

then] by conciliation, gifts, dissension, pretended

ignoring,and soon.

32 H e should not have sordid dress.

22 Text and translation uncertain. More intel ligible

wou ld bemishaye ‘

g iving on a w rong occasion is

called non-giving .

’

31 I translate ( nyabhiyodhinch.

32 So. he should never be indeshabille.

( 3 )

33 And he should not practise over-indulgenceinhunting.

34 F romover attachment to women ill-repute

grows;

35 And vital ity wastes.36 inassociationw ith those gu ilty of gaming,

provoking others, abusingothers, the w eaknesses ofothers are exposed)along w ith the words ofmantrasinlearned or frivolous play (2)37 Taking ofmedicine, evacuation of urine and

faeces,bathing, teeth-cleaning,enjoyment ofcopulat ion,

worship of d ivini ties,—these al so are to be done in

pr ivate .

38 A shamprofessor of virtue he should not trust;39 Norcens ure either

.

40 Nor uponseeingmad or s tupid persons, andsoforth, should he laugh at them.

4 1 H is sport inprivate should be w ith those of

likecharacterand age.

42 E lephant and horse sports inpublic;not w ith

creatures of two(d ifferent) kinds.

43 And he should not harmliving beingsof hisown kind.

44 D esire shoul d be felt for superiority to prede

36 R endering conj ectural . Are themantras quasi oaths40 Soalso in the S hakra—ni'i In. 230 Themi serable

,

the blind, the dwarf,and the dumb are never tohe laughed at. ’42 Contests of dissimilar animals are here, it s eems

,

denounced . Or w emight take rahasye from4 1 and, reading

tadzfimlirtam, render ‘E lephant and horse Sports in private;in publ ic those w i th other species.

’ This is less likely .

( 4 )

cessors and successors inrespect of w ealth, popularity,

nobility,andmagnanimity .

45 T raditional right, goodw ill of dependents,andcouncillors, relatives , friends, kinsmen,

he shouldallalikeconsider;

46 In respect of dependents, punishment andlargesse, w ithinand w ithout;47 Inrespect of councillors , conciliation, disse

ns ion,and largesse;

48 Inrespect of relatives, allotments of incomefor the sake of conci liation

,dissension, largesse.

49 Toevenanunwelcome speech he shou ld listen.

50 Inbad w eather,w henthe planets are hostile,

at the art/cabanaof three birthdays,and w henserious

business presents itself he should not attend tofestivities

.

51 H e should attach tohimselfaw ife of the samecountry , of the same form,and of noble birth .

52 H e shou ld cause especially dissensions (amongthe w ives); excessive conciliation, excessive largesse arenot tobe practised,

nor punishment tobe used. towardswomen

,nor pretended inobservance.

50 Among themhe should not saymuch .

54 Among village petitioners, paneg yrists, bards,minstrels, actors, dancing—women,instructors, liars,

boys, pimps, traders herdsmen, harlots,meankings,

he is tobe ad dressedmpompous untruths .

46 ‘W ithinand w ithou t’ so. the capital .

50 ‘Three birthday s'

perhaps his own,that of his

father,and that of his grandfather .

51 ‘Of the same; form’ (ekarup 'ini ) r perhaps .

Of the same caste’ (.ekaeama)

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( 6 )

70 AmeanBrahmannot w ith a shake of the

head, evenif he brings apresent;71 A like prince or emperor w ith W elcome

,w ith

aseat,w ith ashake of the head

,w ith gift of betel

and w ith jocular talk;72 M enof the three castes w ith asmile, w ith

welcome,and audience (Q);

73 Shudras not w ith aglance or smile nor w ithw elcomes

74 Children, the aged,and soforth,w ith giving

of something w h ich they like;75 Low -caste Foreign people and heretics

not evenw ith anutterance

76 Ow ing toimportance of business hemay haverecourse tothem

77 Let himsay l ittle, how ever, and assign the

employment78 Le t himnot accept fine gold [or receivemen

of the (3)castes] in private.

79 W ith workmen,even in his employ, let him

not deliberate uponthe task .

80 W ith his friends let himchoose a like friendas councillor;

8 1 But if low -born,hemust be one having not

low -borncaste.

82 Low-bornpersons have thecharacteristicofnotmentioning their ownobjects and of executingorders.83 Sohe should not over-che1 ish them.8 4 Nor againshould he trust them.72 I

‘Audience’ :1 translated

asthanend,b ut the text iscorrupt.78 Varnika-parigmimR ead varnika-parigrahaP

79 ‘Eveninhis employ ’sotranslate yoginah P

85 Know ing all, he need not. act.8 6 S ecrecy inregard to right, secrecy inregard

tohome and going ab road, secrecy inregard tomeasures, secrecy inregard toenmities; in failure of prestigehe should deny eventhe truth .

87 Physicians,astrologers, soothsayers he should

entertain, if possessed of conduct and character,

88 Eventhe tru th,ifcausing grief ormisfortune,

he should not speak .

89 U p totwenty-five years he should passionately

practise the study of sport,9-3 T henceforward acqu is itionof w ealth .

9 1 H e shou ld keep h imself free fromindebtedness .

92 Indebted he becomes by threemeans, pleasure,anger, and greed .

93 And he should continually guard his person94 H e should not neglect the regular rites .

95 If there is apopu lar clamour, hemay omitaminor rite.

96 U ponalost cause let himnot stand;97 Far tobe avoided thenis evenaseriousmatter

of sovereignty,98 H e shou ldnot favour new commanders whoare

K usumdnta-s.

99 A slight loss is tobe borne.

109 As w ith familes of elephants, bandits ,noxiousserpents,and tigers living inforest or cemetery among

98 K usumantts t: ll l3 word, w hich recurs in sutmIS qu i tem) sterious (fir P all ..u ,

0: p . H :.w,i e “is:

99 T hemeaning seems tohe that a comma.ndeg M ld

not be dismissed for aalight f . i luro.

100 T he ido. seems tobe that of ih nursery rhyme

those who in comparison therew ith are inoffens ivefeuds of kinsmenare not tobe engaged in

101 Like dogs w ith one pieceof flesh is that estateof sovereignty, w henthe Sovereignty is introuble.

102 Policy‘

truly is like atree onariver’s bank.

103 Sohe is net todesire it,

101 K zesmndntes and so forth are inimical toallcreatures

105 Prestige, vigour, vital ity, greatness -these

are destroyed by excessive cultivat ionof K ummantas .

106 D esire, anger, conceit, j ealousy, hypocricy,and soforth he should not encourage .

107 Anenemy of good character is afriend108 Among friendsoneof goodcharacter isanenemy.109 Betweenmoonand sunthere is hostility byreason of their commonbrightness (tastes)1 10 W ere it.not so, they would both stand fast.

1 1 1 W here there is feud among relatives, those

w e families perish tothe root.

1 1 2 W hose abandons the science of award ing

punishment, helpless he likeamoth enters"

the flameallunw ittingly,

S ) speaks the holy Preceptor, guru of the chief ofthe Gods.

Sointhe B r ihaspati S ittrathe F irst Chapter,

Let dOgs del ight 8mW i th the reading okzde we shou ld rende r‘he dwel ls as it were ina

101 ‘d ig’

p robab lymu n;mn'

e exactly‘

pack ofof. aslave and Panini IV . 2 . 48 .

1 10W emight tr us late ‘l t

'

betw een sunandmoonthere w ere hosti lity they would not continue

‘

.

1 1 (DU T IES AND PR INCIPLES )1 Sovereignty belongs toone possessingadvantages.

2 T here is advantage of know ledge ,advantage

of weal th,

’

3and advantage ofiomrades3 G rat ification of his own family also and

protectionof usage;4 Agriculture,cattle-rearing, trade.

the Kapalikaas regards attainment offirhatainregard toright.

8 T he Lokayata is not really profitable the

advantagequ ickly perishes .

9 Sothe Kapalika, the A rhata,and the Bauddha.

10 Onthese relying, he is like themothand the fire1 1 T he fruits are like ear-water [or water in

the ear ?l,

1 Gunais here u sed in an untechnical S ense (‘st i eng

4 T he Arthashastramentions c. 1 the same threematters (kri ski, pashupalya, and banij ya)as the components ofearth ,or business,one of the studies of ak ing .

5 T he Lokayatadoctrine, along w ith Sankhyaand Yoga,makes up the triad of phi losophy inthe Arthashastmc. l ) .

6 E lsewhere the Kapal ikas are aShaivasect see the S t

P etersburg lexiconand refi.

8—35 These S utras,which seemat variance w ith the

preceding,and which betray a strong sectarian bias,may besuspected of being aninterpolation. No. 36 joinsonw el l toN

1 1 Ear-Water is this a. synonymof ‘slry

-fiower,

‘nonentity’ or ‘

water inthe ear ’ 1 so. not inthemouth oronly heard of

( 10 )

1 2 W henone characterized by ignorance desiresinamatter connected w ith right to effect ahumanobject, thenhe is aheret icentitled Laukayatika.

13 W henaCandala is desirous of enjoy ing finedrink, flesh,

and soforth,thenhe is aheretic entitled

Kapalika.

1 4 When abandoning tw ilight worship and so

forth, sacrifice and soforth,he desires the duty of non

killing, thenhe is aK shapanakaheretic,

y

1 5 When,abandoning the rites described intheVeda,and know ledge of them, alsoShiva, the Lord ofA ll

,Vishnu ,

and Shri,aman declares that all is void,thenhe is ahereticentitled Bauddha.

1 6 W henhe declares right tobe vain,ameans togain, he is aLaukayatika; and he declares that the

p inata; and soonare theft.

1 7 H e does all for proht-sacrifice,tw ilight prayer,and soforth ,

1 8 To'

conceal his failing, one affl icted w ith desire

studies the Veda;

1 9 H e performs saCrifices and soforth

20 H e does it w ith aview todrinking w ine,withaview tointercourse w ith women.

2 1 H e saysVishnu.and the othersarew ine-drinkersr—se the Kapalika.

1 4 K shu pandka: z Jaina15 ‘Knew ledge

’: read karmajatam‘mass of rites’?

P inata: the reference seems tobe to the food ofieredto the dead : the Customwas ridiculed by the fol low ers of

Brihaspati,as ap pears fromthe Carvaka,or Lokayata,chapterinthe S erra-darshana-3c:mgraha.

( 1 1

2-2 The K shapanaka,aiming at right, speaks ofright as depending onthe bearing of rags and broom

3 H e speaks of S hivaand so .OH ,-SO the

K shapa‘naka.

24 W ith aview to abuse (of others he studies

Veda, S /zdstm, right and soforth ’

25 H e reproaches all26 EvenMaheshvara,

"Vishnuand soforth;

27 H e slsospeaks of right w ith aView to eating;28 For the sake of discussionhe praises others

this is the Bauddha.

29 The Laukayatika, when dead, is adenizen of

hell,externtoprofit, pleasure, right,and l iberaton.

~30 And the same applies to his family thatfamily perishes w ithinthe period of sonsand grandsons.

31 T he Kapaltabandoned by his village,household,and relatives, becomes adenizenof hell, denounced byall people32 And at that very t ime his family perishes .

33 T he K shapanakaisdenouncedcby his family ,,andthose w holive inthevillage,

and three families perish .

34 T he Bauddhabecomesavery detested denizenof hell;and his existing family perishes. or in the time35 Connect ionw ith hereticsof this sort ;he should

not have, even inthought.

.36 Evenby one w hosecounsels are y ell ordered,

22 T he“broom” is the brush of tw igs w hich the Jainascaics earr -y inorder tob rush away insects .

334 T heSanskrit sentence i shere confused z,bu t themean

ing is clean36 fNot] w emay , if w e prefer, re. .d This

S utraconnects w ell w ith No. 7 .

( 1 2 )

w hodiscerns the w eak points of othersand whois

[not amanof virtue, sovereigntycannot be preserved .

37 One infatuated w ith the conceitofpow er, filled

w ith greed and pride, loses w hat has beenacqu ired .

* 8 W hoso, after reflecting upon hismeasures,

enjoys himself, he achieves the highest success .

39 H emust sodothat by his action he is not

knownby the world as‘know ing what todo, bent upon

profit, or as amanof righteousness ’

40 L ike Ishvara, like Moonand Sun.

4 1 Counsel is the action of effecting unity of

opiniononthe part of personsconforming toamaster’smind,

42 A councillormust speak ofmeasures, regardlessof hismaster’s preference .

43 T he fru it of policy is attainment of right,advantage,and plesu

44 Pleasure and advantage are to be tested by

right45 R ight by right46 Advantage by advantage

47 Pleasure by pleasure48 Liberat ionof the soul by l iberation,

49 Injunctionof a guru is to be executed, even

w henat variance w ith right, as themarriage of thePandavas,Arjuna

’

s asceticism, Vyasa’s intercourse w ithaw idow ,

the begetting of Kama, Rama’s punishmentof amother and soon.

40 ‘Like Ishvara’ hismotivesmust be inscrutable .

49 T he references a‘

re to w ell-known stories in the

Mahabharata.

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( 1 4 )

62 W hose loves his ownw ife and intaming h imself has capacity, is w ithou t equal ,

6 3 A goodmanturns not aside through fear,6 4 W hat at that time is proper isnot tobe spoken

by friends not conversant w ithmatters of speech .

6 5 One of arrogant heart, lost torespect for right,not self-controlled, he could not admonish .

6 6 whenexhausted w ith frightfu l acts,“

sunk in

the sleep of ignorance, he should enlighten the fool

w i th thecool airs of righteous speeches .

6 7 Among badmenagoodmanshines forth l ike

6 8 Those committed tounrighteousness he shouldcheck by proper conduct,

6 9 In unrighteousness he should not involve

70 Inill-repute he shou ld not involve h imself.71 H e should not slay,

72 L et afool be restrained, likeanelephant,withthe hookof r ighteous read ing.

73 A guru’

s Word is not tobe transgressed ,if {in

accordance w i th reason.

74 Evenaguru,if not equ ipped W ith pol icy ,

he

Shoul d disregard.

75 A guru say s it .

Sointhe B r ihaspati Sfltmthe Second Chapter.

times, countries, conciliations,natures, strengths, exercises,ages know ledge is to be

4 Alsoendurance of fasting and soforth5 H e shouldmake treasures w ith fragrances and

robes.

6 A long conversation he shoul d hold 0nly ifagracious one.

9—1 6 Againapparently asectof. ad II . 8

, III. 33.arianinserton

( 1 6 )

1 6 -H aviugmarké d this; let h im'

have r ecourse to

1 7 L et himc’i’crmark i th'

easpect of . the lordof

l ights themoon1 8 And let himdefend the orderof four castes.

1 9 And let h immake use ofmedicinesp

20 T hese Wh ich fort ify '

strength, complexion,energy, self-esteem, intelligence, courage; compassion,and reduce the faulty humours .

2 1 L et him’procure success by gifts, honours, orn.

aments,and sciences .

22 L et himwatch the eighteenT im/ms23 T im/ms are the s ix constituents of royalty,

alsoenemy , friend,and neutral24 A lsointestine enemy, intestine friend ,

intestiue

neutral; and these are dependents, companions,andfriends .

’5 Also. w ives, sons,and kinsmen.

26 O thers also to be watched are temples,places for dances and

27 sacrifices, tw ilight; pools,cross-roads, hereticabodes, shops, scho>ls for the young, parade-grounds,fields

,new -mo.1 1 etc. festivals,harlots

’

houses, the sea

shore, presence of ascetics, frontiers, places for sale of

liquor, serais for travellers .

22 Jt rthz atechnical termin the Science of Pol icyfor the important personal ities inthe kingdom. The use is somewhat pecul iarm23

23 T he constituents p rakriti as usual ly enumerated,are king,minister,country, fortress, treasury ,army,and friend:see Arthcshastra, c. 93,and Formichi, op . cit

, p . 92

27 ‘Tw ilightp ools’would be

‘places.

for p erformingtwilight Worship.

( 1 7 )

28 L et himhave festive attire .

2 9 A t the ci ty gate let there beageneral stoppage.

30 H ow ever,let himnot exclude all.

31 L et himhonour Itifii sas and P urdues32 And expos itions thereof33 And the S /zd/cta. scriptures34 And the Vaikfidzmsd scriptures35 And the Sdn/ckya.

And the S baim.37 As regards al l these, let himperformand

require the due study.38 A Brahmanlet himnot slay

,even if infected

w ith faults.39 To the unmerciful no mercy should be

shown.

40 Let himshow respect tovillage headmen4 1 Alsotocitymagnates42 L et himcenciliate eventhe w eak.43 By largessemuch44 Not alsow ith little,

45 Inthe case of excellent persons not in theo1d er of the plenitude of theirmerits

46 L et himplay w ith dice47 Also Or let h imnot play at all .48 Serpents and soforth let himslay.

32 ‘Expositions’ T he word paka would seemtobea

synonymfor pakti inj anapakti , lokapakti ‘teaching the people’r

see Shatapatha-B rahmanaXI. 5. 7 . 1 .

33—7 These sutraaare perhaps againaninsertion see

Introduction and'

ad II. 8,III. 9 .

39 Or“nomercy (adaya).

( 1 6 )

49 H igh Bri hmans, perfected by variousmantrasand rich inknow ledge, let h imhonour .

50 Brahmansofothercountries,1 1

'

s/zatr iy eaprinces,feudatories ,and soforth let himw elcome as if theyw ere himself w ith viands

,clothing,and soforth .

51 A refugeefithoughqual ified by all crimes, lethimprotect ,

Let himcheck the badAnd protect the learned.

L et h imnot-oppress avillageOr acityOr temples .

57 L et h immake useof fermented liquors58 Not. inexcess, how ever

A lsoflesh food .

60 Compassion. tolifemust be shown

6 1 T he Bauddhaway and soforth not .

Nor as regards imperceptible creatures

Gay ladies are tobe used .

T he earth has ameasu re of fifty krores of

And it has sevencontinents .

~

6 6 And is girt w ith sevenseas .

6 7 Karma, B /zoga, Atibhega, Darya, S l ut /

hydra,

6 1 T he Buddhists and Jains esp ecial ly denouncekil linginsacrifize .

32 ‘Imparceptible ’ apparently areference totheJaimprecautions against killing smal l creatures.

6 7 These names,as appl ied tothe seven dr ip 73, donot

seemtooccur elsewhere but t rataV( rshais karma-bhumi inthe-Vishnu-p u rane, II. 3. 2 .

( 1 9 )

S iddhaand Kaivalye are‘ the designations of the

continents.

6 8 T hemidmost is the Lanrl of Action (Karma)6 9 W hat is inthe 1 1 1 itl t

’

lTe thereof,as far as the

Jambu tree, belongs toMeru .

70 T hereintothe north is H imrat.

71 Onthe south of that is land of nine thousand

(yoj anas)72 T hereintothe sou th is BhartaK handa.

73 T here the fru its of righteousness and unrighteousness have their visible effict.

74 Inrelation thertois the administration ofpunishment.75 It is to. be studied by the people

of Bharata,

pas t, fu ture,and present and byme‘

ii‘

e f the fourcastes .

76 By administrationof punishment the holy Sunis king77 And W ind and all the gods78 ~

Andmortalcreatures.

79 F romBadarikato [Rama’s ] Bridge is a.d istance of one thousand yoja-nas .

80F romD varkd' as faras P urushottamaand thep

70 ‘Onthe north’ This cannotmean on the north ofMomor of Jambudvipa, which would be contrary to the ordinary View itmust

, therefore,mean ‘

starting w ith the north’of India.

71 ‘N ine thousand ’T he usual estimate

,as - in the

79 ‘One thousand ’ The same estimate is '

giy enby theVagas P urana: seeWi lson’snote inVishnu-R ied

80 The P urushottama-Iwhetmis in Orissa,and the

( 20 )

Shelagrafnai s aidistance of sevenhundred fiqfanaa

8 1 Inthisareaalsoare the sevenGreatMountains,Rai

‘

vataka,Vindhya, Sahya, K umara

,

'Malaya, Shripar

Vata, Pariyatra.

82 And the G reat R ivers,Ganga; Sarasvati, Kal

ind'

i , Godavari, Kaveri, Tamraparn’

i,Ghritamala.

83 And eighteencountries .

8 1 E ighteenare themaritime kings85 And eighteenthe hill kings.

8 6'

‘T he’

creationof Ramaconsists of one hundredand forty yqjanac onthe south and north, as far

as the Sahyatw elve that of Vishvamitraeleven,

87 Nepal one hundred and four,

88 Ontheshore of the easternsea.

T romVarunatothe seais a space of eight g/Ojanas;

shalagrama-ksh. ,i s supposed to be onthe river Gandak see

W ilson’s Vishnu-P . (index).

82 ‘G reat ivers’ T he word l u la

s

-azadi does not seemtoOccur el sewhere. Onthe vai ious lists of the chief rivers see!

W ilson’s nete,§Yiehnu-P . II pp. 131 -2 . T he Ghritamalais,donbt

less,W ilson’

s K r itamala.86 ‘T he C reation of . Rama’ and .

‘the Creation ofVishvamitra’ zThe Epic_

story ofVishvamitra’s attempt atarivalcreation is w el l known; but the phrase Vishvamitra-srishtidoes not seemtooccur inthe literature. Inthe traditionof thepandits the idea1 8 qu ite familiar

,Vtahvamitra being credited

(like Ahrimanamong the Iranians) w ith the authorship of 21 11faulty ormisshapenandmisbegottenthingS , such as themirage.

C

T he appl icationof the numbers 1nthis w i re is obscure.

Is -‘as far as the Sahya’=

‘inbreadth’

88 T he site of the Varund-tirtha does not appear tobe known.

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105 T he Yadavacountry and Kanci are of one

hundred and forty ,

T hese areminor countries .

T he sevenR unkans are of one hundred and

four,and

108 T hes e are onthe water .

109 Onmount Sabayaare four hill countries1 10 OnS hriparvatatwo

1 1 1 OnRaivatakaone

Onthe Vindhyafive

1 13 OnK umaraone1 1 4 OnMahendrathree

1 1 5 OnPariyatrathree1 1 6 A ll are equal, fromsou th to north of fifty,

fromeast tow est of five ycytmas .

1 1 7 Inthe M leccharmgionare Yavanacountries,mountainous .

1 1 8 T he countries are adorned w ith villages,cities, gardens,and soforth

,and w ith holy domains

and soforth .

1 1 9 E ight are the Vaishnavadomains1 20 Badarika

, Shalgrama,P urnshettama,Dvaraka,B ilvacala,Ananta, S imha, Shriranga,

1 21 E ight the Shaiva1 22 Avimuktaka

, Ganga-dvara, Shiva-kshetra,

105 Yadavas: P erhaps thoseof Devagiri .

107 For the ‘seven’ Konkans

,seeVVilson’

s Vishnu pun-ma

(ed . H al l 1 1 . p . 1 78, n.

1 1 9 —1 27 Againan insertion

1 20 Bilvacala S imha P erhaps the Bilvadri and

Simhacalaof whichmahatmyas exist.

Rame-Yamuna Shivae sarasvati,Mavya,-S lv.ardt1la,

and Gajakshetras .

1 23 T he Shaiktaare alsoeight1 24 OghghinaJala, P firna, Kama, Kolla, S hri

shaila, Kanci ,Mahendra.

1 25 T hese are the great domains1 26 An' l effective ofal l attainment1 27 Alsoineffective or tobe worshipped 1

1 28 On the Vindhya (lW el ls perpetually D urga,and Bhadrakali

1 29 OnK umaraK umaradwells perpetually130 OnSahyaGanapati131 OnR t ivatakathe T eacher ;132 OnMahendraGaruda1 OnPariyatraK shetrapal134 Inthe Land of Action

,w ich is Bharata

,the

godsaremany times as numerous as themen.

135 Gods,D emons, Yakshas, Rakshasas, Bhutas,

Pretas, Vinayakas, Koshmandas, those w i th distortedfeatures :

136 W hat they carry and their dress are deters

minate137 F r iendly or T errifying, is and 1 11 171703;

they,assuming forms at w ill

,consort incountless

numbers w ithmankind .

138 And bymen theymay be protected.

1 39 Inthat [Bharatacount ry ]areambros ial herbs.1 22 Avimuktaka Benares .

1 24 Oghghina U j jain

131 T he Teacher133 K shetrap sla Shiva.

( 24 )

1 40 At this point the number of the ages, theK ’r itd

,T rem. D vdpara,and

1 4 1 Inthe K yoto[the creatures are ] possessed of

knowledge

1 42 And versed inthe administration of punishment;1 43 Inthe T rent they are active and skilled in

pol icy1 44 In the 015d they are follow ers of

Tdntr i lras and of strong tastes;1 45 And versed inpolicy

1 46 Inthe T ie/ay e quarter menare strong inknow ledge and action, and versed intheadministrationof punishment

1 47 After that they are of d iverse rightfulness,colour,and dress, and void of the admimstrationofpunishment,

1 48 And the peoples behold, intent upon false

speaking. T hus says the Preceptor.

Sointhe B r ihaspati S lit/Tl the third chapter,

1 40 T he Mahabharataalsonames the T ishya as the

IV Omens and CounselI A t the Brahmahour the rising f roms leep .

2 L et himconsider right and interest,3 T he cry of the cock Is auspicious4 Alsothe sight of anelephant and soforth ;5 Alsothe sound of elephants, the chanting -of

auspicious praises,and Veda~ reci tation6 Alsoholy talk of divinities7 Alsorecollectionof nob lesAlsoeye

-collyrium9 Alsolooking inamirror.

1 9 L et himadorn himself 11 1 Alsochew ing of betel1 2 Alsocamphor, sandal, incense of agallochum:13 Conchs, K

'

cihalas,horns, cut reeds, gu itais ,

harps, drums, kettle-drums .

And noises of trumpets1 5 Alsos eeing of d ivine Women1 6 Alsothe interrupted first note of theminst

rel

1 7 Alsothe"sound of the idtimelody or ‘

thecryof birth

1 8 W hite flowers inliqu id butter.1 9 F ire satisfied w ith melamine becomes of one

hundred flames,and attended w ith smoke having the

S ing ef Vishnu,

20 T henthe spectacle of oxenis inau spicious

I T he B rahma,muhur tais the earlymorning : see W eber

Indische S fu i iem, X . p . 296,and Ai tarcya, B rahmanaII. 1 5.

4 T he G reek w riterszmcntionthe earlymorning salut

ationof anIndianking b y anelephant (Aelian,XIII . c.

1 2 Or ‘incense oi camphor, sandal,andagal lochum’ .

( 26 )

2” Alsoat ivilight blaze23 A lso

i

th'

c‘

cry ofquarrelli’

ng jackals .

i

24 Or the sound ofcarmvorous beasts is heard atthe gate of Villageorcitv.

25 W here alsosw eating of images of gods is perceived,

there ( lepartnre to anothor p lace is the only“

appeasement there is noremedy .

26‘

U navoidablyf

tobeobservedare“

these acts.

27 Victorv i s rooted incounsel .28 M enare of three k inds

,bes t,wors

’

t afidmiddle.

2 9 Incounsel also is the same triplicity0: T hat action is best w hich is undertaken in

company w i th connections,k insmen,

friends, the

1 And,w hen right i s doubtf ul

,devotion to a

g uru ,

-32 H e is best w ho: sets toafter tak ing, counselwi thmenintent onadvantage.

33, If,after think ing out good and bad resu lts, he

se ts to. through bei

’

ng‘ overcome by folly

, he is the

worst,

34 T hat counsel is . best w hich is taken unanimously, under the gu idance of policy,by

”

W ise councillors .

35‘

W here,at first of d ivers opinions,‘

they areafterward s unanimous, that is themiddle.

25 ‘veatingof. imag es ’ zi flf. H arsha-carita, trans pr1 47,alsoVergil

’s ctmaestufmi ll szcrtmat temp lis ebur aeragrae sudant

(G em-g , and M i lton’s

.

‘And the chi llmarb le seems tosw eat‘W hile each pecu l iar pow er forgoes his wanted seat

'.

2 7 )

36 W here there is broiling and reproach, onebeing for right, one for interest

,along w ith women.

children,and the age d, tears onthe one part,anger on

theother, that is the worst.

”

37 F irst themeasure is introduced by themaster.

38 T henw ith voice,action

,mind

, Salutation, andrigid prostrationlet theminorder of digni ty bemade‘

to salute themaster.39 L et himsalute himwhose food Vaishravana

or Vacaspati w henold refuses n,t,toeat

40 For the rest the opinionof each in order is tobe heard .

4 1 Themeasure is tobe considcred after placatingthemaster

,

42 H aving first extolled themaster’

s strong points,and thenw e

'

ghed hismas ters w eak points, the . w eak

points of the adversar and the w eak points of the

netural, let h imag ‘

i in " lay-

stress upont he master’

s

strong points.

43 H aving againdescribed themeasures and the

means,and having placated themaster, he is to consider themeasure.

44 W ith careless, assailed,mfib rtnnate persons

ivarlike enterprises donot succeed .

38 ‘R igid prostration’ ' T he word clandap ranama

‘

prostrationw ith the body str . . ight as a st ick ’ occurs in the

Dashakumara-czr i ta see the S t . peterstnrg lexicon.

39 Vaisravunaand Vacaspati are apparently n. .med astypes of k ing and Brahman. Note the negat ive verb abhu

-njate .

42 Gang‘

and dash} are 11030untcchnical Lf. l l . 1 .

( 28i

)

45 Against-anot careless, right-know ing person,

amaster of his senses, aconqueror, one angry againstthe pow erful, and har d to assail warlike enterprise is

not tobe undertaken,

46 One know ing the Sfidetms, how does he notunders tandmeasures? solet himnot say .

47 T hose w ho,

conquer the strongest enemies,pleasure and soforth,

they conquer all foes .

48 L et himnotmake the first advance in render

ing services49 Alsolet himcertainly render service50 As regards an unavoidable d isaster, having

d iscerned it inadvance, let himprovide remedy for thedisaster .

51 Sosays the G uru .

Sointhe B r ihaspati S fitmthe Fourth Chapter,

46 I . e . let himnot claimp ractical infal libility onthe

ground of‘learning .

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( 30 1a

“t au

ret s ofmantrasand sciences not toact w ithout good

22 A herois notqu ickly known by the

intellig ownmatter .

23

24 Acomposed personnot .

29 T he fickle are not tobe h ighly honoured .

30 Sosays the Preceptor Brihaspati,so

‘

inthe B rihaspati saw-athe F ifth Chapter.

k

Theatext is here corr upt,

‘

some proverbial expression

apparently being involved . T he import ‘

seems ‘

tobe that counsel ,study,and secrets

,alsomisfortunes, should not be incau tiously

eras e

jAccusatiVeafter ei-slwas,as inI . 38 .

1225 R eading s ire? ~sharaih sahasan'aj inayatch26 ‘Conceal ’wi-vrimay , it appears,sometimes have thissensc.27 R eadingnayayuktc‘m. T hemeaning is,however,not clear .

1 H e should get tok

place and time, alsopolicy and impolicy2 Not w hat iscontrar

vingf by their

intellect.6 W hosocandesignevenanunwelcomemeasure,

heis tobe employed incounsel .7 L et himacquier w ealth,

8 W hosohas store of w ealth, has friends and

10 -Inriches is rooted '

the world .

1 1 And thereinare all things .

1 2 Amanw ithout riches is adeadman and a13 Likew ise let himacqu ire know ledge, the root

of righteousness .

1 4 Inknow ledge is rooted the world .

1 5 K now ledge againis all .

1 6 Sosays the Guru .

Sointhe Ba'z'

lzawati Sfitmthe S ixth Chapter.

6 Reading r pi karyamin place ofmfkamm. The sensewould seemtobe that one w howou ld employ his intelligence inmeasu res w hich 110personal i .‘ disliked wou ld be a trustworthycouncil lor .

F . W . TH OMAS .

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