2. Biomass

Biomass • Biomass can be defined as any material that is

derived from the biological processes.–Plants–Trees–Crops –Animal dung,etc

• Biomass has many applications which include food and fuel for our direct consumption, fodder for the consumption by animals, fertilizers for supplying essential nutrients to the soil and feedstock for power generation.

Biomass can mainly be dived into three categories

• Woody biomass: biomass in the form of trees; trees from forest, from farms, commerical plantations,etc.– used for making furniture, shelter, agricultural

tools,etc.– fuelwood for cooking – charcoal-an upgraded form of woody biomass –

used for cooking

Typesof Biomass (Cont...)

• Crop residues: crops and plant residues produced in the field.Eg . Husk, bagasse, cereal straw, nut shells, etc.– Used for livestock feeding, as manure together with

animal dung as sources of nutrients for soil• Animal waste: animal waste and poultry manure

come in this category– Used as a fertilizer– Animal dung for cooking either directly by burning or

converting it into biogas, which is then burned to cook food. Thus, animals also fulfill our energy needs.

What is Cooking?

“in developing countries”

Is it difficult to design a very efficient improved Cookstove for

Ethiopia?

GTP- envisages adding 9 million improved stoves by 2015

• With those pots in hand and armed with the information on cooking conditions, the Berkeley Lab scientists modified the pot supports and handles of the Berkeley-Darfur Stove and made a second trip in January, bringing three different prototypes with them for women to evaluate.On that trip, they made another important discovery: that households in Ethiopia take pride in their clean bare-earth floors—what a Westerner might call a “dirt floor.”

Berkeley Lab Makes Cookstoves For Ethiopiaby Staff Writers

Berkeley CA (SPX) Jul 06, 2010

“For a Westerner, it was never in our mind to worry about getting their dirt floors dirty,” says Adam Rausch, a graduate student in civil environmental engineering who traveled to Ethiopia in January. But in fact, one woman became rather agitated when the ash from a test stove created a small mess in her house.

Berkeley Lab Makes Cookstoves For Ethiopiaby Staff WritersBerkeley CA (SPX) Jul 06, 2010

Content

• Introduction• Design Principles for wood Burning

Cookstoves• Water Boiling Test (WBT)• Controlled Cook Test (CCT)• Kitchen Performance Test (KPT)• Indoor Air Pollution (IAP)• Saving in carbon dioxide

What is Cooking?

• “Extensive world press coverage attended the speech by US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on Septemeber 21, 2010 announcing the Global Alliance of Clean Cookstoves. .....

• “....singed up to the goal of providing 100 million clean cookstoves by 2020”

...What is cooking?Are there biomass stoves....

a. that are clean enough to have major benefits to health and climate compared to traditonal practices

b. that are affordable by the population at risk, the world’s poorest half

c. with an affordability limit of about $ 10, no such device is available today

It is estimated that in Ethiopia 56,460 people die each year (i.e. More than 150 deaths per day )that are directly attributtable to IAP from the burning of solid fuels. Over 90% are children under five years of age (WHO,2007).

JournalWhat’s Cooking? A Brief Update

Energy for Sustainable Development14 (2010) 251-252

What is an Improved Cookstove?

• Defining an improved stove, generally regarded as a relative concept, depends on several factors:– type of traditional stove considered– aim of the design improvement– affordability issues

• an improved stove can be designed to – improve energy efficiency – lessen smoke from the indoor living space– lessen the drudgery of cooking duties.

Distribution of Improved Cookstoves(millions of stoves)

Types of Improved Cookstoves

Types of Improved Cookstoves

MOVE TO A NEW SLIDE!

CCT, KPT & IAP in Ethiopia

• StoveTec• Cook

Stove

Envirofit G-3300 Cook Stove

Berkley –Ethiopia Cook Stove (B-ES)

Tikikil Cook Stove

Emission Reduction Potential• Estimated annual fire wood savings and

emission reduction based on– Total no. HHs = 2,266– Fire wood consumption based on Longit.,CCT, KPT

and average of the three.– 97% of HHs use fire wood (Survey result)– NCV of wood = 0.015 TJ/ton (IPCC default value)– Emitted CO2 for biomass = 109.6 tCO2 emitted/TJ

(IPCC default value for Biomass)

Emission Reduction Potential (Cont...)

No. Type of Improved Cook Stove

Fuel Wood Saving (FWS)

Potential (%)

Current Household Use (kg/day/stove)

Annual Savings (kg)

Calculated - avoided CO2

(tCO2/year/stove)

1 Berkeley-Ethiopia Stove (B-ES) 49

Long. 5.53 959.37 1.64KPT 4.27 740.78 1.27Avg. 4.90 850.07 1.45

2 StoveTec Stove 47Long. 5.53 920.21 1.57KPT 4.27 710.54 1.21Avg. 4.90 815.38 1.39

3 Tikikil Stove 42Long. 5.53 822.32 1.41KPT 4.27 634.95 1.09Avg. 4.90 728.63 1.25

4 Envirofit Stove 37Long. 5.53 724.42 1.24KPT 4.27 559.36 0.96Avg. 4.90 641.89 1.10

Summary

• Efficiency could be determined by WBT,CCT and KPT.

• Use of improved cookstove brings both health and environmental benefit.

• Through carbon trading the cost of improved cookstoves could be subdized.

• Improve the livelyhood of the population in using energy efficient stoves.