2 courtney rogge aste 527 fall 2010 lss air revitalization system food: storage and waste waste...
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Earth Station: Global ISS Marketing
Future of Human Spaceflight
ASTE 527 Space Exploration Architectures Concept Synthesis StudioTeam Project, Fall 2010, Astronautical Engineering Department, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California
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2
Life Support Systems
Courtney RoggeASTE 527Fall 2010
The Heartbeat of Human Spaceflight
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Life Support Systems
• LSS copies the natural functions of Earth’s atmosphere
• LSS provides direct support to crew – Survival, Health, & Comfort
• LSS are interactive during operation
LSS
Air Revitalization
System
Food: Storage and Waste
Waste processing /
Hygiene
Water Regen VATCS Vehicle Active
Thermal Control
Fire Detection & Suppression
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Types of Systems• Open loop systems
– All supplies stored or resupplied– Wastes expelled
• Closed loop systems– Supplies regenerated
Examples• Completely Open Loop
– Apollo (1968-1972): 3 crew, 14 days– Shuttle (1981-present): 4-7 crew, 14 days
• Partially Closed Loop– Skylab (1973-1974): 3 crew, 28-84 days– Orion: 4 crew, 21 days active time (lunar mission)
Life Support Systems at a Glance
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Current Systems• ISS (2000-present)
– Supports 6 crew, 6 months– Initially open loop– Now partially “Very” closed loop – In use as a test bed to develop closed loop life
support systems
Life Support Systems at a Glance
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• Early spacecraft used open loop systems– Small crews– Short mission
• Space Stations implemented partially closed loop systems– Small crews– Longer missions
• Current direction for LSS– Trending towards closed loop– Larger crews– Longer exploration missions
Life Support Systems at a Glance
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Life Support Systems at a GlanceISS Current System
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• LSS development testson Earth– Marshall Space Flight
Center– Johnson Space Center
• Further testing &development done inspace on board ISS
MSFC ECLSS Test Facility
Life Support Systems: Test Beds
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Sabatier System Basics• Test Article flown Oct 2010• Recycles CO2 and H2
CO2 + 4H2 ⇒ CH4 + 2H2O– Current System In Development
• Recycles H2O
• Vents CH4 (methane)
Trace Contaminate Control – Current Activated Carbon
Cartridges – Requires resupply
International Space Station, Sabatier installation
International Space Station, TCCS Volatile Removal Assembly
Life Support : Air Revitalization Status
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• Part I: Closed-Loop Sabatier System– Recycle all products– H2O recycled to Oxygen & Water Systems
– CH4 recycled to station-keeping thrusters
• Part II: Trace Contaminate System – Condense Methane (CH4) and Ammonia (NH3)
• Part III: Natural Aromas– Enhance crew morale
Propose: Closed-Loop Air Revitalization
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11
Oxy GenAssembly
Trace Contaminate
ControlHEPA Filter
Crew Cabin
CDRA CO2
Molecular SieveTo Thermal
Control SystemH2
Water Processing Assembly
Food Prep & Storage
Sabatier Test Unit
CH4 to Thrusters
Aroma Therapy
H2O
Bread Maker
Propose: Closed-Loop System Development
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CDRAMolecular Sieve
Oxygen Generation Assembly
Sabatier SystemCO2 + 4H2 ⇒ CH4 + 2H2O
MethaneRocket Control System
(Station Keeping) Water Recovery System
Instead of ventingCO2 & H2,
use them as inputs into a closed-loop Sabatier System
H2O
CO2
CH4
H2
Part I: Closed-Loop Sabatier System
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Air System removes humidity
[ H2O, andcondensed CH4 & NH3 ]
Separation Unit
CH4H2O & NH3
Water System for further processing
Rocket Engines
Part II: Condense Methane and Ammonia out of Air
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Sp
acec
raft
In
teri
or
Heat Exchanger
Mirror Surface covers Exterior
Black Surface covers Interior
Deep Space-157 ⁰C (-250 ⁰F)
Condensation Points- CH4: -162 C (-259 ⁰F)⁰
- NH3: -35 C (-31 F)⁰ ⁰
Air system passes through external heat exchanger to lower temperatures below CH4 and NH3 condensation points.
Part II: Condense Methane and Ammonia out of Air
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Air Revitalization
Oxy GenAssembly Trace
ContaminateControl
HEPA Filter
CDRA CO2
Molecular Sieve
O2/N2 Storage
High PressO2/N2
CO2
H2
Sabatier Test Unit
CH4
Methane to Rocket Control System H2O
Methane Ammonia
Condenser
OxygenNitrogen to cabin
Methane AmmoniaSeparator
Ammonia to vent
From Cabin
To Thermal Control System
Part II: Condense Methane and Ammonia out of Air
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• Develop Bread Maker for Station– Benefits of bread as an aroma
• Crew morale boost• Improved morale = improved crew efficiency
– Development Needs• Package dough to allow escape of heated gas,
water vapor
– Critical failures • Not a critical system
Breadman Automatic Bread Maker
Part III: Bread Maker for Aroma Therapy
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• Redundancy for Crew Vehicle– Three System approach
• Each system capable of ½ the LSS capacity
– Carry critical parts as spares
• Reduce complexity– Design components for long operational life– Define components around ease-of-maintenance
• Crew comfort is critical, under-rated component– Reduce stress levels– Improve morale and performance
Development Needs for Long Missions
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• Robustness & Simplicity– Reduce Sensitivity to Particulates – Reduce moving parts– Design for in-flight repair
• Reduce Resource Requirements– Self-contained systems
• Require less stowed supplies
– Toxic agents used on ISS for biocides can be reduced significantly
Development Needs for Long Missions
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• Regenerative Water System– http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20090033097_2009032866.pdf
• ECLSS– http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2006/30oct_eclss/
• ECLSS System Engineering Workshop: Life Sciences Dept.– ISU SSP 2009; Ames Research Center, USA
• Methane Blast: Methane Rocket Tests– http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2007/04may_methaneblast/
• Use of Natural Aromas as an Architectural Design Element in Lunar Habitats– James D. Burke – The Planetary Society, USA, [email protected] – Madhu Thangavelu – University of Southern California, USA, [email protected]
• Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS System Engineering Workshop Life Sciences Department– L. Peterson
• International Space Station -- Environmental Control and Life Support System– www.nasa.gov
• Six-Person Station Crew Completes First Workweek– Published by Klaus Schmidt on Sat Oct 16, 2010 8:02 am via: NASA – http://spacefellowship.com/news/art23195/six-person-station-crew-completes-first-workweek.html
• Preliminary Considerations for Wearable Computing in Support of Astronaut Extravehicular Activity– C. Carr, S. Schwartz, D. Newman– Published by MIT Dept of Aeronautics and Astronautics, MIT Media Library
References