2 final rip

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

In our modern civilization, farmers are using chemical products such as fertilizers,

herbicides and pesticides to make our agriculture more productive. Fertilizers are chemical

compounds applied to the soil to promote plant growth. Herbicides and pesticides are chemicals

that are sprayed to the weeds and crops to prevent the growth of weeds and occurrence of pests.

However, these products are very expensive, cause disease to an individual, may bring

unnecessary things that may destroy the environment.

To give solutions to these problems, researchers are trying to find out some alternative

ways which are safe to an individual’s health, cheap and effective in promoting plant growth

without affecting the environment.

Mulching is one way to ease these problems. It is a method in which a layer of material is

placed on the soil surface around the plant. In agriculture, it has proven to enrich the soil, help to

provide better growing crops, prevent the growth of weeds and minimize pest infestation.

This study will be conducted to determine the most effective mulch. Three common

mulching materials namely rice straw (hay), black plastic and white old sack will be compared.

The test plant that will be used in this study is the eggplant which has a variety of Domino F1.

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Statement of the Problem

This research paper generally aimed to compare the three different mulching materials

namely rice straw, black plastic and white old sack as mulch for growing eggplant.

The researchers sought answers to the following specific questions:

1. Which treatment is the most effective mulch for growing eggplant in terms of:

a. Controlling weeds

b. Insect Count

c. Number of damaged and undamaged fruits

d. Weight of damaged and undamaged fruits

2. Is there any significant difference among the treatments in terms of:


b. Insect Count



3. Which treatment is the most effective for growing eggplant in terms of producing

undamaged fruits?

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Hypotheses

1. Treatment 2 (black plastic mulch) was the most effective mulch for growing eggplant

in terms of:


b. Insect Count



2. There was a significant difference among the treatments in terms of:


b. Insect Count



3. Treatment 2 (black plastic mulch) was the most effective mulch for growing eggplant

in terms of producing undamaged fruits.

Significance of the Study

Nowadays, various processes and methods have been considered inorganic farming such

as composting and utilizing animal manure. These methods have been proven in giving excellent

growth and development of plants. One of the techniques in organic farming that have been used

today is mulching, either dry or wet season. It is very effective in conserving soil moisture for

the plants, prevents growth of weeds, can lessen the use of chemicals like insecticides and

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pesticides, keep flowers and fruits from being spattered with mud during rainy days, keeps the

soil cooler during summer and keeps warmer in rainy season.

Numerous recyclable materials are found in our surroundings such as barks, leaves, rice

straw, sacks and plastics that can be used for some agricultural purposes like mulching and these

materials can be used as an organic fertilizer for plants. Furthermore, rice straw, sacks and

plastics has been proven as mulch for plants. If these materials were used properly, it would be a

big benefit to the humanity particularly to the farmers.

It is for this reason that, the researchers thought of exploring the comparison between

rice straw, black plastic and white old sack as mulch for eggplant in terms of number of weeds,

number of insects, number and weight of fruits. Through this, the farmers will have

comprehensive information about the differences between the different mulching materials. In

addition, this study can help the farmers to lessen the use of chemical products and will

contribute to the protection of the environment for not using synthetic fertilizers and pesticides

which could harm our nature but rather the mulching materials that have a minimal cost and

environment friendly. These will also help the country’s aim in harnessing the full potential of its

natural resources.

Scope and Limitations

This study engaged mainly in comparing rice straw, black plastic and white old sack as

mulching materials for growing eggplants. These mulching materials were compared in terms of

controlling weeds, insect count, number of damaged and undamaged fruits and weight of

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damaged and undamaged fruits. Three harvestings were done to gather data for eggplant. The

interval of harvesting was every two weeks.

The experiment was conducted at the vicinity of Lupao, Nueva Ecija in the months of

May to July. There were four treatments in this study and were replicated four times. In

Treatment 1, rice straw was set as mulch. In Treatment 2, black plastic, in Treatment 3, white old

sack was used and Treatment 4 was the control (unmulched). Loam soil was used in this study;

in addition, goat manure was used as the fertilizer. There were fifteen eggplants in each plot. The

variety of eggplant that was used in this study was the Domino which is the most common

variety in the locality and is easy to grow.

Review of Related Literature

Mulch is a layer of material, preferably organic material that is placed on the soil surface

to conserve moisture, hold down weeds, and ultimately improve soil structure and fertility.

There is more to mulch than meets the eye. Be it a fluffy blanket of hay, a rich brown

carpet of cocoa bean shells, or a mantle of sawdust that “topping” for the vegetable patch and

flower bed serves as much more than frosting on the garden cake.

Mulch Acts. It performs in several wondrous ways. It fills a role as protector of the

topsoil conserver of moisture, guardian against weather extremes and comfortable, bruise-saving

cushioner under repining procedure. It prevents weed growth while enriching the soil and all but

eliminates a lot of those time-consuming, back aching jobs like plowing and cultivating always.

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Another important advantage of mulching is that, it tends to be an insulator which means

that during many periods of the year, it moderates the temperature of the soil beneath. In winter a

mulched soil can be warmer than other ground and in summer it can be cooler.

Mulching around trees prevents competition by grass for moisture and nutrients, trees and

in fact most plants need a tremendous amount of moisture during hot weather especially if the

grass and other plants are growing right up to the trunk, they will take the moisture first and

leave less for the tree. Mulching is the easiest and most attractive way for the average gardener to

keep that from happening.

Mulches prevent soil and possible fungi from splashing on the foliage, thus reducing the

possibility of soil-borne diseases. Furthermore, they help maintain more uniform soil

temperature and thus promote the growth of soil microorganisms and earthworms.

Moreover, mulches eliminate the need to mow around trees and shrubs. They also

provide physical barrier that prevents the damage from lawn mowers and used trimmers. A 2-4

inches layer is adequate to prevent most weed seeds from germinating while it should be applied

to a weed-free soil surface by simply covering perennial weeds, such as Bermuda grass of nut

sedge that will prevent their growth. Organic mulched also create breeding grounds for insects

and some fungi. Most are harmless to trees and shrubs but maybe trouble some to gardeners.

Their role is to break down the organic matter to release nutrients.

Mulch can be applied anytime of the year. Many organic materials can be used as mulch

as long as they are weed free, non matting, easy to apply and readily available. Fine-articled

organic mulch will form more complete soil cover than a course; loose material that needs to be

applied thicker in order to achieve the desired amounts of nutrients and organic matter to the soil.

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A lot of different mulching materials can be used. One of which is rice straw. Rice Straw

as a protective cover over seeded areas to reduce erosion and aid in revegetation or over bare

soils that will be landscaped later to reduce erosion. It forms a loose layer when applied over a

loose soil surface. To protect the mulch from wind drifting and being moved by water, it must be

covered with netting such as plastic or punched into the soil with a spade or roller, or by spraying

it with a tacking agent. The mulch should cover the entire seed or bare area (Natural Resources

Conservation Service, 2000).

Plastic mulch is important to prevent soil erosion during rainy seasons. It also keeps the

soil moist during dry season and prevents sudden rises in temperature in the soil when it is hot.

Sack tends to be an insulator which means that during many periods of the year, it

moderates the temperature of the soil beneath.

The test plant that used was eggplant. Eggplant likes hot weather. Plant after the last day

of frost for your region. Plants often are started indoors six to eight weeks before the last frost

date, and transplanted as the weather warms in the spring. A second setting in mid summer is

often started outdoors. For growing eggplants in terms of caring and feeding; add plenty of

compost and manure, as eggplants thrive in rich soil. Keep the soil moist to promote maximum

growth. Apply a general purpose fertilizer in the spring when you till the soil. Add additional

applications every three to four weeks. Mulch around the plants to add nutrients, and for

moisture retention. Keep eggplants weed free, so they do not compete for sunlight and nutrients.

Provide frost protection for the plants both spring and fall. The days to maturity are

approximately 55 to 70 days for most varieties, with some little longer. In harvesting, eggplants

begin to harvest as soon as the first fruit reaches a desirable size. Keep picking them and do not

let them get too big. By continuous harvesting, you will encourage more fruit to set all the way to

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frost. In terms of hardiness, eggplant is a hot weather crop. It is susceptible to cold temperatures

and frost. Delay planting in the spring until nighttime temperatures is in the upper forties. If you

start the season early, use hot caps for cool nights to help the young seedlings get off to a good,

healthy start. If your crop is still producing in the fall, cover them on cold evenings to extend the

harvest. The variety of eggplant that used was Domino F1.

Domino F1 is a very productive and early variety, with sturdy plants that show a very

good tolerance to pests and diseases. The fruits are oblong, medium green in color, striped, with

creamy white color at the blossom-end. Domino has very glossy and firm fruits, with very good

shelf life of up to 7 days, and an excellent shipping quality. Domino is highly tolerant to fruit and

shoot borer. The high yield combined with good fruit quality and very strong plants make this

variety a winner. In eggplant, different kinds of insects may attack whether it’s raining or not.

The different insects attacking eggplant are:

Fruit and shoot borer. The larva bores inside the terminal shoots, resulting in the

withering of the shoots. It also bores into the young fruit and feeds inside which makes the fruits

unmarketable. Several insecticides control this borer, but numerous sprays are needed.

Thrips attack eggplant mostly during the dry season. They cause browning of leaves,

especially on the lower leaf surface, and the scarring of fruit.

Leafhoppers feed mainly on the underside of eggplant leaves, causing yellow patches on

the foliage. Certain species also transmit mycoplasma-like diseases, such as little leaf disease.

Fruit setting is adversely affected by the infestation.

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Aphids feed on the juices within leaves and stems. Black sooty mold develops on the

sugary excretions of the aphid. This sooty mold covers the plants, thereby reducing

photosynthesis and weakening the plant. Aphids occur in the cool dry season.

Epilachna beetles feed voraciously on the leaves and tender parts of eggplant. They

cause serious damage during their larval stage and when they appear in large numbers. As a

result of their feeding, skeletonized patches develop on leaves. Later, the leaves dry away.

Review of Related Studies

“Effect of Rice Straw Mulch and Frequency of Handweeding on the Growth and

Yield of Batanes Onion” is one of the related projects in this study. The study was conducted to

determine the effect of rice straw mulch and frequency of handweeding on the growth and yield

of Batanes Onion. The main treatments used were: A (Mulched), A2 (Unmulched) while the

different sub treatments were the following: B1 (unweeded), B2 (every two weeks), B3 (every

three weeks) B4 (every four weeks) and B5 (every five weeks).

Results of this study showed that plants treated with rice straw mulch gave significant

differences in growth, height, diameter of the bulbs and yield. However, B2 (plot weeded every

two weeks interval) gave the highest significant difference on yield among the different

treatments.

“Evaluation of the Need for Mulching, Weed and Insect Control on Bulb Onion” is

another related experiment in this study. This study was conducted to determine the influence of

mulch, weedicide and insecticide as well as their interaction on the growth and development of

onion plants.

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The treatments used were as follows: Main Plot: unmulched, mulched with rice hull and

mulched with rice straw. Subplot: unweeded, handweeded and use of herbicide. Subplot:

Insecticide, Dursban 158EC, Parapest.

Results indicated that mulching influenced the growth. It was noted that mulch plants

grew better than the unmulched plants. As to bulb formation, the combined influence of mulch

and herbicide apparently gave excellent flavor the normal growth and developments of the

plants. It was observed that plants treated with herbicide and an addition of mulched produced

significantly heavier bulbs than unweeded unmulched plants. The excellent growth and

development of the plants could be attributed to the retentivity of moisture and the absence of

weeds.

Weeds compete with the plants in the absorption of nutrients and water; reduce light

intensity reaching the leaves impairing plant growth and development.

Another related project in this study is the “Dried Papaya Leaves as Organic Mulch

for Tomato Plants”. Mulching in agriculture provides a safe yet equally profitable method of

enriching and fertilizing the soil planted with crops. Most often-used mulches are the organic

composition, such as drying leaves and barks. Unlike synthetic fertilizers and herbicides, these

organic mulches pose no or little damage to the soil and crops.

In this study, effectiveness of dried papaya leaves as organic mulch for tomato was

tested. Papaya mulches in different thickness were applied on plots planted with tomato in three

replications. After the determined of mulch application, the researchers measured the height

increases of tomato plants and the weed density in the plots. It was concluded that papaya mulch

is significantly promoted height increases of tomato plants and inhibited the growth of weeds.

The best mulch was three inches in thickness.

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Definition of Terms

Black Currant - small black berries used in jams and jellies

Cushion- a layer of fine material (as sand, granulated slag, bituminous mastic, or stone

screening) placed on top of a foundation for a block pigment.

Frost- a condition or temperature of the air that causes the freezing of water.

Foliage- the mass of leaves of a plant as produced in nature; a carved representation of leaves,

flowers and branches used for architectural orientation.

Molds- a growth of minute fungi forming on vegetable or animal matter, commonly as a

downy or furry coating, and associated with decay or dampness.

Revegetation- to provide a vegetative cover for (land previously stripped of vegetation).

Research Paradigm

The variables that were observed in this study consist of three major components namely:

independent variable, dependent variable and extraneous variables. The independent variable

include the different mulching material (rice straw, black plastic and white old sack) while the

dependent variable was as mulch for growing eggplants in terms of controlling weeds, insect

count, number of damaged and undamaged fruits and weight of damaged and undamaged fruits.

On the other hand, the extraneous variables were as follows: environmental conditions,

amount of water in watering the eggplants, variety of eggplant, amount of organic fertilizer (goat

manure) and type of soil(loam).

The schematic diagram of interaction is shown below:

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http://www.thefreedictionary.com/black+currant

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Independent Variable

Different Mulching Materials (rice straw, black plastic and

white old sack)

Extraneous Variables

Frequency of watering the test plants Variety of eggplant(Domino F1) Amount of organic fertilizer (goat manure) Type of soil(loam)

Dependent VariableEffectivity in Growing Eggplants in

terms of: controlling weeds insect count number of damaged and

undamaged fruits weight of damaged and

undamaged fruits

METHODOLOGY

Collecting and Sowing of Eggplant Seeds

Three-hundred grams of eggplant seeds were obtained from CLSU Seed Center in

Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. One kilogram of rice hull and three kilograms of goat

manure were mixed together in an improvised seed tray which measures 0.5m by 1.5m. The

seeds were scattered evenly and watered every morning and in the late afternoon using sprinkler.

The eggplant were sown three to four weeks in an improvised seed bed before transplanting into

the prepared plots which measures 117 square meters good enough for 240 plants in this study.

Land Preparation

A well drained soil with an area of 117 square meters was used in this study. The area

was plowed to pulverize the soil using hoe and harrowed with a rake to level the soil and

eliminate the weeds. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design

(RCBD) with each of four treatments replicated in four blocks. There were sixteen plots of 1.5m

by 2.5m each. Each plot was further divided into five rows and three columns wherein five plants

in each row and three plants in each column. Path of one meter wide was provided between

blocks. Three kilograms of goat manure was applied on each plot.

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Preparing and Setting the Mulching Materials

Rice straw, black plastics and white old sacks were used as the different mulching

materials. Before setting the three different mulching materials, the sixteen plots were watered

with six liters of water for each plot. After watering the sixteen plots, the three different

mulching materials were set in four replications in each treatment. Rice straw was set in

Treatment 1 with approximately thickness of four inches. Black plastic was set in Treatment 2

measuring 1.5m by 2.5m. To cover the four plots in Treatment 2 with black plastic, eight pieces

of pointed bamboos were placed on the edges of the black plastic and were hammered in the soil.

The same procedures were followed with the white old sack for Treatment 3. After covering the

treatments with black and white old sack, making holes on the plastics and sacks were done by

using the heated circular shape of the small can with a distance of 50cm by 50cm per hole. The

Treatment 4 was the unmulched (control).

Transplanting of Eggplants on the Prepared Plots

After three to four weeks of sowing the eggplant seeds were ready to be transplanted into

the experimental plots. Before pulling out the seedlings from the improvised seed bed, it was

watered first with six liters of water to easily remove the seedlings.

In each plot, there were fifteen eggplants with a plant distance of 50cm by 50cm. Pointed

bamboo sticks were used to transplant the seedlings into the soil. This was done in Treatment 1.

For Treatment 2 (black plastic), Treatment 3 (white old sack) and in the Treatment 4

(unmulched), the same procedure was done to transplant the seedlings into the soil.

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Data Gathering

The following data were gathered for this study:

1. Controlling Weeds

For gathering the data on weeds, pulling out of grass or hand weeding process was done

every two weeks. The weeds gathered by the researchers were counted manually and were

recorded and analyzed. The mean of weeds in each treatment was obtained by adding the number

of weeds in each replicates and was divided by the number of replicates. The data were analyzed

to determine the difference of the population of weeds among the treatments.

The following formula was used:

x=

Where: x= mean

R1=Replicate 1, R2=Replicate 2, R3=Replicate 3, R4=Replicate 4

2. Insect Count/Number of Insect

Insect count was done using the simple random sampling wherein every plant had an

equal chance to be included in the sample. Out of fifteen plants in each plot, ten plants were

chosen using this process.

Every two weeks each plant was observed if there were insects. Eggplant insects were

counted one by one and were removed away from the plants. The mean of insects was obtained

and tabulated properly.

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R1 + R2+ R3+R4

4

The following formula was used:

x=

Where: x= mean


3. Number and Weight of Damaged and Undamaged Fruits

In getting the yield of eggplants, simple random sampling was done. The harvested fruits

were examined whether it was undamaged or damaged fruits. The fruits were then sorted and

counted. The weight in grams of damaged fruits and undamaged fruits were obtained using a

weighing scale. The data for each treatment were recorded. The data were analyzed to determine

the difference of the number and weight of damaged and undamaged fruits. The average number

of damaged and undamaged fruits and the weight of fruits per treatment were obtained by using

the mean formula.

x =

Where: x= mean


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R1 + R2+ R3+R4

4

R1 + R2+ R3+R4

4

Statistical Analysis

The data were arranged and analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in

Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments and four replications for

Solanum melongena. Comparison among means was done using the Duncan’s Multiple Range

Test (DMRT).

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Figure 1. Flow diagram of the experimental study

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Collecting and Planting of Eggplant Seeds on a Seed Bed

Land Preparation

Preparing and Setting the Mulching Materials

Transplanting of Eggplant on Prepared Plots

Data Gathering

Statistical Analysis

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The following observations were made as result of experiment conducted to determine

the comparison of the three different mulching materials for growing eggplants. All the data

gathered were analyzed following the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Treatment

means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.

Population of weeds

Monitoring and assessment on the population of weeds was done two weeks after

transplanting of eggplant and every two weeks thereafter using hand weeding. Presented in table

1 is the analyzed data of the population of weeds.

Table 1. Population of weeds per plot as affected by different treatments.

TREATMENTSOBSERVATIONS DATES CUMULATIVE

14 DAT 28DAT 42DAT 56DAT 70DAT POPULATION

T1-Rice Straw 8c 41b 66b 55b 54b 224

T2-Black Plastic 31b 12c 41b 42b 35b 161

T3-White Old- sack 34b 51b 67b 53b 51b 256

T4-Control 257a 645a 1574a 1398a 1444a 5318 Means in column having the common letter are not significantDAT- Days after Transplanting

The significantly lower population of weeds was obtained from plot with black plastic

mulch compared to the rest of the treatments. However, plots with rice straw mulch and white

sack mulch were obtained significantly lower population of weeds compared to plots without

mulch. Obviously plots without plastic mulch obtained highest number of weeds.

Results revealed in the Plastic Mulching for Crop Production that the black plastic mulch

can prevent the germination of annual weeds. Another results revealed that that mulching has the

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potential to increase crop production of black currant and can also effectively suppress weeds (L.

Larson).

Population of Insects

Monitoring of insect was done by visual counting three weeks after transplanting and

every two weeks thereafter. There were 10 randomly assigned sample plants in each plot.

Presented in Table 2 is the analyzed data of population of insects.

Table 2. Population of insects based from 10 sample plants per plot as affected by different treatments.

TREATMENTSOBSERVATIONS DATES CUMULATIVE

POPULATION21 DAT 35 DAT 49 DAT

T1-Rice Straw 10b 10b 8b 28

T2-Black Plastic 4c 4c 4c 12

T3-White Old- sack 9b 9b 8b 26

T4-Control 15a 23a 31a 69

Means in column having the common letter are not significant.DAT- Days after Transplanting

The significantly lowest cumulative population of insects was obtained from plot with

black plastic mulch compared to other treatments. Plots with rice straw mulch and white sack

were not significantly different from each other but obtained lower population of insects

compared to plots without mulch.

Number and Weight of Undamaged and Damaged Fruits

The number and weight of undamaged and damaged fruits was done at harvest until three

primings. The weight in grams of undamaged fruits and damaged fruits was obtained using a

weighing scale. Presented in Table 3 is the analyzed data of number and weight of damaged and

undamaged fruits.

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Table 3. Number and weight of damaged and undamaged fruits based from 10 sample plants per plot as affected by different treatments.

TREATMENTSNo. of

Undamaged Fruits

Weight of Undamaged

Fruits

No. of Damaged

Fruits

Weight of Damaged Fruits

T1-Rice Straw 29c 1471b 12a 384b

T2-Black Plastic 56a 2415a 6b 221c

T3-White Old- sack 29b 1225c 14a 561a

T4-Control 21b 986d 15a 630 a

Means in column having the common letter are not significant.DAT- Days after Transplanting

Number of undamaged fruits

The significantly highest number of undamaged fruits was obtained from plot with black

plastic mulch compared to the rest of the treatments (see in Table 3). Moreover, plots with rice

straw mulch and white sack gained higher number of undamaged fruits compared to plot without

mulch.

Weight of undamaged fruit

The heaviest weight of undamaged fruit was obtained from plot with black plastic mulch

compared to rice straw mulch, white sack mulch and plot without mulch (see in Table 3). But

plot with rice straw mulch and white sack mulch obtained heavier weight of undamaged fruit

compared to plot with out plastic mulch.

Number of damaged fruit

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Significantly lower number of damaged fruits was obtained from plots with black plastic

mulch, rice straw mulch, and white sack mulch compared to plot with out mulch (see in Table 3).

Weight of damaged fruit

The weight of damaged fruit gathered from plot with black plastic mulch was

significantly lower compared to other treatments (see in Table 3). There was no significant

difference in the weight of damaged fruit that was observed from plots with rice straw mulch and

white sack mulch but gave significantly lower weight of damaged fruit compared to plot without

mulch.

CONCLUSIONS

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Based on the results obtained in the study, the researchers concluded that:

a. The Treatment 2-Black plastic was the most effective mulch for growing

eggplant in terms of controlling of weeds, insect count, number of undamaged and damaged

fruits and weight of undamaged fruits.

b. Treatment 1-Rice Straw and Treatment 3-White Old Sack were not

significantly different in terms of controlling of weeds, insect count, number of undamaged and

damaged fruits and weight of undamaged fruits.

c. Treatment 2-Black Plastic was the most effective mulch for growing eggplant

in terms of producing undamaged fruits.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The Comparison of Different Mulching Materials for Growing Eggplant (Solanum

melongena L.) made by the researchers is still open for improvements. The proponents would

like to recommend further modifications on the following.

1. Use of other mulching materials such as barks, leaves and sawdust.

2. As much as possible, conduct this study on warm season.

3. Use of other test plants such tomatoes.

4. Since only four kinds of data were gathered, include the data in gathering the soil

moisture.

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LITERATURE CITED

Acayen, M. T. C. (2005-2006). Dried Papaya Leaves as Organic Mulch for Tomato Plants. Bato Balani, 25(1), 16-18.

Chullakaset,V. 1972. “Evaluation of the need for mulching weed and insect control on the bulb Onion,” Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Central Luzon State University.

East-West-Seed Philippines. (n.d.). Domino Eggplant. Retrieved 2005, from http://www.eastwestseed.com/images/productcat_PH.html

Insect Pest Management. Http://www.avrdc.org/LC/eggplant/eprodution/12i.htm

Larson, L.(2010). Evaluation of Mulching in Organically Grown Black Currant (Ribes nigrum) in terms of its Effect on the Crop and the Environment: Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada (OACC). Retrieved 2010 , from http:// www.organicagcentre.ca/ResearchDatabase/res_mulch_blackcurrant.asp

Mulching. 1979. United States. Rodale Press Incorporation.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. (2000). Straw Mulching. Retrieved August2000, from http://74.6.116.140/search/srpcache?ei=UTF8&p=mulching+using+rice+straw&rd=r1&meta=vc%3Dph&fr=yfp-t-955&fp_ip=ph&u=http://cc.bingj.com/cache.aspx?q=mulching+using+rice+straw&d=4821551881848471&mkt=en-US&setlang=en-US&w=f994ad3b,34aadcf&icp=1&.intl=us&sig=lD80crvknL_balvhQdgjVA--

Premier Star Company. (n.d.). The Gardeners Network: how to grow eggplant. Retrieved 1999-2005, from http://www.gardenersnet.com/vegetable/eggplant.htm

Thomas, A. R. 1972. “Effect of rice straw mulch and frequency offhand weeding on the growth and yield of Batanes onion,” Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Central Luzon State University.

Webster's New dictionary (11th ed.). (1997).United States of America: American BookWorks Corporation Production.

Webster's Third New International Dictionary (5th ed.). (1986).United States of America: American BookWorks Corporation Production.

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http://www.gardenersnet.com/vegetable/eggplant.htm

http://www.avrdc.org/LC/eggplant/eprodution/12i.htm

http://www.eastwestseed.com/images/productcat_PH.html

APPENDIX TABLES

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Appendix Table 1. Mean of the Data Gathered in Population of Weeds per Plot.

TREATMENTSFirst Data Gathered

Second Data

Gathered

Third Data Gathered

fourth Data Gathered

Fifth Data Gathered

T1- Rice Straw 7.75 41 66.25 55.25 53.5

T2- Black Plastic 30.75 11.75 41 41.75 34.75

T3- White Old Sack

33.5 51.25 67.25 53.25 51

T4- Control 257.25 645.25 1574.25 1397.5 1444.25

Appendix Table 2. Means of the Data Gathered in Population of Insects based from 10 Sample Plants per Plot.

TREATMENTSFirst Data Gathered

Second Data Gathered

Third Data Gathered

T1- Rice Straw 10 10 7.75

T2- Black Plastic 4.25 3.75 3.5

T3- White Old Sack

9.25 8.75 8

T4- Control 15 22.75 31

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Appendix Table 3. Means for number and weight of damaged and undamaged fruits based from 10 sample plants per plot.

TREATMENTSNumber of

Damaged FruitsNumber of

Undamaged FruitsWeight of

Damaged FruitsWeight of

Undamaged Fruits

T1- Rice Straw 12 28.75 383.75 1471.25

T2- Black Plastic 6.25 55.5 221.25 2415

T3- White Old Sack

13.5 29.25 561.251225

T4- Control 15.25 20.75 630 986.25

Appendix Table 4. ANOVA for the Data Gathered in the Population of Weeds per Plot.

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Date of observation

SOURCE OF VARIATION

df SS MS Fcale

1st gathering of data

Replicates 3 107.1875 35.7292

Treatments 3 164816.1875 54938.7292 1670.08**

Ex. Error 9 296.0625 32.8958

Total 15 165219.4375

2nd gathering of data

Replicates 3 610.6875 203.5625

Treatments 3 1121797.1875 373932.3958 3170.22**

Ex. Error 9 1061.5625 117.9514

Total 15 1123469.4375

3rd gathering of

data

Replicates 3 14448.6875 4816.2292

Treatments 3 6897296.1875 2299098.7292 498.39**

Ex. Error 9 41517.5625 4613.0625

Total 15 6953262.4375

4th gathering of data

Replicates 3 7376.1875 2458.7292

Treatments 3 5447019.6875 1815673.2292 843.23**

Ex. Error 9 19379.0625 2153.2292

Total 15 5473774.9375

5th gathering of data

Replicates 3 5537.2500 1845.7500

Treatments 3 5862643.2500 1954214.4167 1191.17**

Ex. Error 9 14765.2500 1640.5833Total 15 5882945.7500

28

Appendix Table 5. ANOVA for the Data Gathered in the Population of Insects per Plot.

Date of observation

SOURCE OF VARIATION

df SS MS Fcale


Replicates 3 1.2500 35.7292

Treatments 3 232.2500 54938.7292 1670.08**

Ex. Error 9 12.2500 32.8958

Total 15 245.7500


Replicates 3 7.1875 203.5625

Treatments 3 785.1875 373932.3958 3170.22**

Ex. Error 9 19.0625 117.9514

Total 15 811.4375

3rd gathering of

data

Replicates 3 6.6875 4816.2292

Treatments 3 1864.1875 2299098.7292 498.39**

Ex. Error 9 41.0625 4613.0625

Total 15 1911.9375

Appendix Table 6. ANOVA for Number and Weight of damaged and undamaged fruits based from 10 sample plants per plot.

29

Date of observation

SOURCE OF VARIATION

df SS MS Fcale


(no. of damaged)

Replicates 3 5.5000 1.8333

Treatments 3 182.5000 60.8333 15.64**

Ex. Error 9 35.0000 3.8889

Total 15 223.0000

2nd gathering of data(no. of

undamaged)

Replicates 3 15.1875 5.0625

Treatments 3 2748.6875 916.2292 77.75**

Ex. Error 9 106.0625 11.7847

Total 15 2869.9375

1st gathering of

data (weight of damaged)

Replicates 3 5879.6875 1959.8958

Treatments 3 405954.6875 135318.2292 49.05**

Ex. Error 9 24826.5625 2758.5069

Total 15 436660.9375


(weight of undamaged)

Replicates 3 57931.2500 19310.4167

Treatments 3 4700956.2500 1566985.4167 128.79**

Ex. Error 9 109506.2500 12167.3611

Total 15 4868393.7500

30

Land Preparation

32

Preparing and Setting the Mulching Materials(Treatment 1-Rice Straw)

33

Preparing and Setting the Mulching Materials(Treatment 2-Black Plastic)

34

Preparing and Setting the Mulching Materials(Treatment 3-White Old Sack)

35

Preparing and Setting the Mulching Materials(Treatment 4-Control-unmulched)

36

Transplanting of Eggplant on Prepared Plots

37

Gathering of Weeds

38

Data Gathering for Insects

39

Harvesting of Eggplant Fruits per Treatment

40

Weighing of Eggplant Fruits

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: John Brian A. Cali

41

Nickname: BrianAddress: #52 Zone 2 Brgy. Sarroca Licaong Science City of Muñoz Nueva EcijaDate of Birth: April 8, 1994Father: Adonis Q. CaliMother: Myrna A CaliBrother(s): noneSister(s): Jam Bernadette A. CaliHobbies: playing badminton, volleyball, soccer and watching televisionFavorite Subject(s): Research II, English and MathAmbition: to be a successful doctor

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

a. High School

Muñoz National High School

S.Y. 2007- present

b. Elementary

Sto. Tomas Elementary School

S.Y. 2001-2007

c. Pre- Elementary


S.Y. 2000-2001

HONORS/AWARDS RECEIVED

42

High School1st place- Slogan Making ContestS.Y. 2008-2009

1st Year- 3rd HonorS.Y. 2007-2008

ElementaryGrade 6- SalutatorianS.Y. 2006-2007

1st place- Sports Writing FilipinoS.Y. 2006-2007

5th place Finalist- Science Quiz BeeS.Y. 2006-2007

2nd place- Science TrailS.Y. 2006-2007

CURRICULUM VITAE

43

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Mar Jerome C. TomasNickname: JeromeAddress: Mabini St. Pob. East, Science City of Muñoz Nueva EcijaDate of Birth: September 28, 1994Father: Marcelino TomasMother: Josephine TomasBrother(s): Marc Lester Tomas, Jacob TomasSister(s): noneHobbies: watching television,sleepingFavorite Subject(s): Science, Mathematics and EnglishAmbition: to be a successful pilot or astronaut


a. High School


S.Y. 2007- present

b. Elementary

Muñoz Central School

S.Y. 2001-2007

c. Pre- Elementary

Little Lamb Foundational Learning Center

S.Y. 1999-2001


44

High School1st place- Division Population QuizS.Y. 2010-2011

3rd year- 5th honorS.Y. 2009-2010

2nd place- Arnis Likha Anyo Synchronized double baston (Regional Level)S.Y. 2009-2010

2nd place- Arnis Full Contact Flyweight Division (Regional Level)S.Y. 2009-2010

2nd year- 4th HonorS.Y. 2008-2009

3rd place- Arnis Full Contact Flyweight Division (Regional Level)S.Y. 2008-2009

CURRICULUM VITAE

45

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Jeremy P. PaladaNickname: Jeremy, JeAddress: Pob. East Tomas Subd. Science City of Muñoz, Nueva EcijaDate of Birth: February 10, 1994Father: Jaime s. PaladaMother: Ma. Theresa P. PaladaBrother(s): John Adrian P. PaladaSister(s): Jennelyn P. Palada & Jean P. PaladaHobbies: playing basketball, watching televisionFavorite Subject(s): MathematicsAmbition: to be a successful I.T


a. High School


S.Y. 2007- present

b. Elementary

Muñoz Central School

S.Y. 2001-2007

c. Pre- Elementary

United Methodist Church

S.Y. 2000-2001

HONORS/ AWARDS RECEIVED

46

High SchoolSSG President (Division)S.Y. 2010-2011

SSG President (School)S.Y. 2010-2011

Silver Medalist in Anyo Competition in CLRAAS.Y. 2009-2010

SSG Major OfficerS.Y. 2009-2010

SSG 2nd year RepresentativeS.Y. 2008-2009

MTAP EliminationS.Y. 2007-2008

ElementaryGrade 6- 4th Honorable mentionS.Y. 2006-2007

Grade 5- MTAP eliminationS.Y. 2005-2006

Grade 4- MTAP eliminationS.Y. 2004-2005

Grade 1- 3rd HonorS.Y. 2001-2002

CURRICULUM VITAE

47

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Princess R. BelgicaNickname: CessAddress: #399, Zone 6 Brgy. Sto. Tomas San Jose City, Nueva EcijaDate of Birth: October 18, 1994Father: Nilo A. BelgicaMother: Olivia R. BelgicaBrother(s): Patrick R. Belgica, Lester Kenneth R. BelgicaSister(s): Danica Joy R. BelgicaHobbies: watching movies, drawing, surfing the netFavorite Subject(s): Research II, Analytic Geometry, Calculus and EnglishAmbition: to be a successful civil engineer


a. High School


S.Y. 2007- present

b. Elementary


S.Y. 2001-2007

c. Pre- Elementary

Sto. Tomas Elementary School Day Care Center Service

S.Y. 2000-2001


48

High School2nd place- Slogan Making Contest (School Level)S.Y. 2008-2009

Elementary2nd place- Science Quiz Bee (School Level)S.Y. 2006-2007

3rd place- News Writing FilipinoS.Y. 2006-2007

2nd place- Science Trail (District)S.Y. 2006-2007

2nd place- Essay Writing ContestS.Y. 2006-2007

4th place- Editorial Writing (District)S.Y. 2005-2006

Grade 1-6 – 1st Honorable Mention

CURRICULUM VITAE

49

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Rose Anne P. DomingoNickname: AnneAddress: Brgy. Villa Cuizon, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva EcijaDate of Birth: October 14, 1994Father: Rolly DomingoMother: Nora DomingoBrother(s): noneSister(s): Rosalyn Domingo Hobbies: watching television, reading storiesFavorite Subject(s): Research and ScienceAmbition: to be a successful lawyer


a. High School


S.Y. 2007- present

b. Elementary

United Methodist Church Learning Center

S.Y 2001-2007

c. Pre- Elementary

United Methodist Church Learning Center

S.Y 2000-2001


50

High SchoolFilipiniana Club PresidentS.Y. 2010-2011

3rd year- 4th honorS.Y. 2009-2010

2nd year- 3rd honorS.Y. 2008-2009

1st year- 2nd honorS.Y. 2007-2008

ElementaryGrade 6- 4th HonorS.Y. 2006-2007

CURRICULUM VITAE

51

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Glyza M. De GraciaNickname: GlyAddress: 517 Lucio Lopez St., Poblacion North, Science City of Muñoz Nueva EcijaDate of Birth: March 19, 1995Father: Francisco M. De Gracia (D)Mother: Lucena M. De GraciaBrother(s): Frankie M. De GraciaSister(s): noneHobbies: watchiong television, reading booksFavorite Subject(s): Research and EnglishAmbition: to be a Certified Public Accountant


a. High School


S.Y. 2007- present

b. Elementary

Muñoz North Central School

S.Y. 2001-2007

c. Pre- Elementary

Sarat, Lumang Bayan Day Care Center

S.Y. 2000-2001

52

AWARDS & DISTINCTIONS

Champion- Chemistry Quiz Bee (School Level)S.Y. 2009-2010

53

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Sheila Marie NavarroNickname: Shei, ShielaAddress: Brgy. Calisitan, Science City of Muñoz Nueva EcijaDate of Birth: April 19, 1995Father: Rogelio NavarroMother: Norma NavarroBrother(s): Clark Lawrence Navarro, Mark Joseph Navarro, Carl Justine NavarroSister(s): noneHobbies: reading pocketbooksFavorite Subject(s): Research and MathematicsAmbition: to be a successful accountant


a. High School


S.Y 2007-present

b. Elementary

Calisitan Elementary School

S.Y 2001-2007

c. Pre- Elementary

Camia-III Calisitan Day Care Center

S.Y 2000-2001

54


High SchoolMTAP EliminationS.Y. 2008-2009

ElementaryGrade 6- 3rd Honor

55

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name: Irene Joyce MaligayaNickname: Irene, Joyce, JoyAddress: #940 Baloc, Sto. Domingo Nueva ecijaDate of Birth: September 9, 1994Father: Ireneo MaligayaMother: Josephine MaligayaBrother(s): Justine John MaligayaSister(s): Christine Joy Maligaya, Inee Jorene MaligayaHobbies: watching television, listening music, surfing on the internet, sleeping and textingFavorite Subject(s): EnglishAmbition: to be a successful nurse


a. High School


S.Y 2007-present

b. Elementary

Baloc Elementary School

S.Y 2001-2007

c. Pre- Elementary

St. Jerome Learning Center

S.Y 1999-2001

56


High SchoolSSG 1st year RepresentativeS.Y. 2007-2008

ElementaryGirl Scout of the YearS.Y. 2006-2007

Champion- Science Quiz Bee (School Level)S.Y. 2006-2007

2nd place- Copyreading and Headline Writing Filipino (District)S.Y. 2006-2007

57

2 final rip

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