2

Function is to: Provide support & framework for the bodyProtect internal organsMakes movement possibleStorage site for mineralsProduces blood cells

3

Are comprised mostly of phosphorous and calcium & vitamin DAre surrounded by the periosteum

thick layer of connective tissue that covers bone

Oxygen and nutrients are carried by blood vessels through the periosteum to the bone

osteo- means ?

4

Bone marrow is contained within bone cavities

yellow bone marrow comprised mainly of fat cells

red bone marrowfunctions to produce red blood cells, some white blood cells and platelets

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Axial skeletonSkull: cranium/ faceVertebral columnThorax: ribs/ sternum

Appendicular skeletonUpper Extremities

• Shoulder girdle, arms, handsLower Extremities

• Hip girdle, legs, feet

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Bones are attached together by joints

acts similar to a door hingesome allow movement, while others do not

movement is dependent upon type of joint1. immovable2. slightly moveable3. freely movable

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Called fixed joints-- SYNARTHROSISAllow for NO movementAre held together by connective tissue, or are fused together

Example: bones in the skull are immovable

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Provide for restricted movement-- AMPHIARTHROSISBones are separated from each other

Example: joint between two bones in the lower leg (tibia and fibula)

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Allow for movement in one or more directions-- DIARTHROSISAre grouped by type of movement allowed

ball-and-socket- allow for circular movementhinge- permit back and forth movementpivot- allow one bone to rotate around anothersaddle- permits a bone to slide in two directions

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Ball-and-socket

Hinge

Pivot

Saddle

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Saddle joint

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Are bands of connective tissue connecting bones to bonesAre covered with the synovial membrane

Are bands of connective tissue connecting muscles to bonesTendon sheaths wrap around tendons that incur a great deal of friction

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Types of FracturesGreenstick: bone is bent and splits; incompleteDepressed: broken piece moves inward; skullCompound: ruptures through the skinSpiral: twisting; results in 1 or more breaksImpacted: bones jam togetherSimple/ closed: complete break with no damage to skinComminuted: fragments; breaks in more than 1 piece

Reduction: Putting a body part back into proper alignment

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greenstick

comminuted

depressed

compound

closedspiral

impacted

Physicians and Health Care Professionals

Orthopedist- medical doctor who treat disorders of the musculoskeletal system

Osteopath- physician who combines traditional treatment with manipulative procedures. (hands)

Rheumatologist- physician who treat disorders of the joints

Podiatrist- medical specialist who treat disorders of the foot

Chiropractor- manipulate the spine to treat certain ailments

Laboratory TestsRheumatoid factor- blood test to confirm rheumatoid

arthritisSerum Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)- high

levels appear in some disorders: Brain, muscle tissue or heart damage

Serum calcium and serum phosphorus- blood test to determine the body’s calcium and phosphorous levels: Liver disease, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis

Uric acid- high levels lead to gout

Tests and Diagnostic Procedures

X-rays- show if bones are broken or not

CT Scan- show bone, joint or connective tissue disease

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)- used to detect musculoskeletal system, especially of the soft tissue.

Bone Scan -used to detect various bone issues, i.e. tumors Areas that absorb little or no amount of tracer appear as dark or "cold" spots. This could show a lack of blood supply to the bone or certain types of cancer.Areas of fast bone growth or repair absorb more tracer and show up as bright or "hot" spots in the pictures. Hot spots may point to problems such as arthritis, a tumor, a fracture, or an infection

Diagnostic Procedures cont.Diskography -exam of the disks by injection, a contrast medium and

using radiography.

Myelography -radiography of the spinal cord to identify spinal cord conditions.

Electromyogram -graphic image of the electrical activity of the muscles.

Goniometer -used to measure motion in the joints

Densitometer -uses light and x-ray images to measure the density of the bones.

Arthrocentesissurgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint

ArthroscopyExamination with an instrument that explores the

interior of a joint.

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Diseases of the Skeletal SystemScoliosis: side to side curvature of the backSprain: tearing of a ligament; twistingBursitis: inflammation of fluid- filled sacs around jointsOsteomyelitis: inflammation of the bone or bone marrow; pathogenic organism Arthritis: inflammation of jointsOsteoporosis: weakening of bone, caused by hormone deficiency or lack of calcium over a long period of timeHerniated Disc: intervertebral disc protrusionDislocation: bone displaced from joint Kyphosis: curving of the spine which leads to hunchback

Osteoporosis

Bunion / Bunionectomy

Bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of your big toe.

Osteosarcoma

Kyphosis

Lordosis

Scoliosis

Herniated Disc

GoutArthritis

Dislocation

Comminuted

Lordosis

Spiral Fracture

Herniated Disc

Osteomyelitis

CT Scan

DislocationOsteopathy

Scoliosis

Axial

Greenstick

Arthroscopy

Bursitis

Kyphosis

X-Ray

Arthritis

Bunionectomy

Osteoporosis

Appendicular

Ball & Socket

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