2. history of english

8/19/2019 2. History of English

1/19

A Brief History of

English...or why this language is so dicult to

master...


2/19

Overview of English InuencesPre-History-!"" A.#.

$.%.A.&.'.

$elts (Brythons and )aels* u+ to ,, B.$.

%oman $onuest ,, B.$. - !/ A.#.

Anglo-0a1on Period !/ A.#. - /2/ A.#.

&i3ing Invasions /2/ A.#. - !"" A.#.

'oman $onuest 4egins in !"" A.#.


3/19

56he $ommon

0ource7 Sir William Jones- a British 8udge stationed in India in/2! discovers that 0ans3rit 4ears a stri3ing resem4lance to9atin and )ree3.

Indo-Euro+ean 5the common source7 (languages now

s+o3en 4y :; of the human race include 9atin< =rench<0+anish< 0lavic language< %ussian< the $eltic languages<Irish< 0cots )aelic< and the o>shoots of )erman- #utchand English.

?aco4 )rimm< one of the famous Brothers )rimm<esta4lished that the )erman vater (and English father* hasthe same root as the 0ans3rit:9atin pitar/pater . @ords suchas me< new< seven< and mother were also found to sharecommon ancestry.

I'#O-E%OPEA' I0 6HE $OO' 0O%$E O= 9A')A)E


4/19

Indo-Euro+ean

languages


5/19

6he Anglo-0a1onPeriod

!-/2/ A.#.


6/19

Anglo-0a1ons-?utes


7/19

Im+ortant Events in the (=irst*Anglo-0a1on Period

!-,! Angles and 0a1ons invade fromBaltic shores of )ermany< and ?utesinvade from ?utland +eninsula in #enmar3<thus driving out the $elts.

'ine Anglo-0a1on Cingdoms eventually'ine Anglo-0a1on Cingdoms eventually

4ecome the Anglo-0a1on he+tarchy4ecome the Anglo-0a1on he+tarchy

(England not uniDed* or 50even 0overeign(England not uniDed* or 50even 0overeign

Cingdoms7.Cingdoms7.

Cing Alfred 5the )reat7 managed +eaceCing Alfred 5the )reat7 managed +eace

against the #anes for a4out a generation


8/19

Anglo-0a1on

9iterature)ermanic ethos that cele4rated the warrior and his e1+loits.

ost storytelling was oral.

Old English Poetry 4ecame distinctive...

1. Alliteration- re+etition of consonant sounds

2. Kenning- a meta+hor e1+ressed as a com+ound noun -5whale-+ath7 for the sea$aesura- a 4rea3 or +ause in +oetry

3. Caesura- a 4rea3 or +ause in +oetry

%'E0 Anglo-0a1on al+ha4et:O9# E')9I0H. %unes were +ro4a4ly4rought to Britain in the ,th century 4y the Angles< 0a1ons< ?utesand =risians< and were used until a4out the th century. %unicinscri+tion are mostly found on 8ewelry< wea+ons< stones andother o48ects. &ery few e1am+les of %unic writing on manuscri+tshave survived.


9/19

Anglo-0a1on Poetry and %iddles 6he Boo3 of E1eter

$ontains more than ;! +oems and F!riddles.

@ritten down 4y mon3s in a4out F/,< our+rimary source of Anglo-0a1on +oetry

#ominant mood in +oetry is elegiac< ormournful

#ominant tone of riddles is light andsomewhat 4awdy (for entertainment+ur+oses- thin3 0'9*.


10/19

Beowulf... 6he ma8or te1t we will read from this +eriod is the EPI$ Beowulf.It is the story of a 0candinavian ()EA6* warrior or 3night+ro4a4ly in the si1th century< who comes to hel+ a neigh4oringtri4e< the #anes< who are 4eing attac3ed 4y a monster.

@e study English history to understand the $O'6EG6 of Beowulf<and we study Beowulf to understand the world which was O9#E')9I0H.

$onsider the Dghting< hunting< farming and loving Anglo-0a1onheritage. 6he 'on-$hristians only ho+e was for fame andcommemoration in +oetry.

Beowulf is considered the shining star of Old English literature.

6he Boo3 of E1eter is the largest surviving collection of +oetry.


11/19

&i3ing Invasion

6he &i3ings were sea-faring< e1+lorers<traders and warriors< 0candinavians

during the 2th-th centuries.

E1+editions that +lundered and ended inconuest and settlements of Britain.

Cing Alfred 5the )reat7 in 2/ was a4le touse the language to a++eal the Englishand his e>orts saved the language.


12/19

Im+ortance of the &i3ingInvasions

Politically and $ulturally- there was no central government orchurch B6 6he Anglo-0a1on $ode is evident in Beowulf.

9inguistically

Old English is 4orn- mainly )ermanic (although even )ermaniclanguages are derived from a theoretical Proto-Indo-Euro+eanlanguage< the grand+arent of classical languages such as)ree3< 0ans3rit< 9atin and )erman*.

9O60 of dialects of Old English- 4ecause there are severalse+arate Cingdoms< many founded 4y essentially Dve or si1

di>erent cultures Anlges< 0a1ons< =risians< ?utes< #anes and0wedes.

Cing Alfred 5the )reat7 (ruled a++ro1. 2/-2FF A.#.* was oneof the Drst Anglo-0a1on 3ings to +ush &i3ings 4ac3 in fact< hewas one of the Drst 3ings consolidating +ower< unifying Anglo-

0a1on 3ingdoms.


13/19

'orman InvasionIn !"" at the Battle of Hastings< the 'ormans (+owerful'orthern =renchmen* defeat the English and start a century-long conuest of England.

@illiam (#u3e of 'ormandy* crowns himself the ruler ofEngland (!""* and esta4lishes a social system =eudalism- a

hierarchy of rulers under one lord individuals gave militaryand other services to their overlords in return for +rotectionand land.

$ultural:Political:9iterature Inuence

=rench 4ecomes ocial language of +olitics and +owerand e1erts enormous inuence on Old English< which4ecomes o4solete.

@illiam maintains ecient system of government ofAnglo-0a1ons< 4ut re+laces the English no4ility with'ormans< and creates a great class division that

o++ressed the Anglo-0a1ons.


14/19

A Brief )lim+se of the History ofEnglish from 5Our =ather7

O9#E')9I0H

!!-!""

Beowulf

=Jder ure Ku Ke eart on heofonumsi Kin nama gehalgod to4ecume Kin rice gewurKe Kinwilla on eorMan swa swa on heofonumurne gedJghwamlican hlaf syle us to dJgand forgyf us ure gyltas swa swa we forgyfaM urumgyltendumand ne gelJd Ku us on costnunge ac alys us of yfelesoKlice.

iddleEnglish

!""-2,

$haucer

Oure fadir þat art in heuenes halwid be þi name;

þi reume or kyngdom come to be. Be þi wille don in herþe as itis doun in heuene.

yeue to us today oure eche dayes bred.

And foryeue to us oure dettis þat is oure synnys as we foryeuen

to oure dettouris þat is to men þat han synned in us.

And lede us not into temptacion but delyuere us from euyl.

Early

odernEnglish

2,-2!!

0ha3es-+eare

Our father which art in heauen, hallowed be thy name.Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth as it is inheauen.

Giue us this day our daily bread.And forgiue us our debts as we forgiue our debters.And lead us not into temptation, but deliuer us from euill.Amen.

odern

English

2!!-

+resent

Austen E1tra $reditN @rite 56he Our =ather7 in odernEnglish.


15/19

a8or +eo+le

?ulius $aesar

0t. Augustine

Cing Ethel4ert of CentCing Alfred 5the great7

@illiam the $onueror@illiam< #u3e of 'ormandy


16/19

@hat I really need to 3now a4out 5the

ma3ing of the English language7a8or cultural:linguistic inuences

$eltic

%oman

Anglo-0a1on

&i3ing

'orman


17/19

III. Periods in History of the

English 9anguage .Old English (,-th centuries*

Beowulf Q.iddle English(!!-,!!*

6he $anter4ury 6ales 4y ).$haucer

;.odern English(,!!-*

0ha3es+eare


18/19

I&. Periods in History ofEnglish 9iterature

.iddle Ages(,th century-2,*

Q.6he %enaissance(late ,th-early /th century*

;.6he /th $entury

.6he Enlightenment(late /th Rmiddle 2th century*

,.%omanticism(/F2-2;Q*

".%ealism(2;!s-F2*

/.odernism(F2-F,*

2.6he $ontem+orary Period(F,-*


19/19

@rite Sour 'ame in %unes at 'ova

%unes were used 4y early )ermanic tri4es ondocuments in stone< wood and metal. 6hey relied onthese sym4ols not only for writing 4ut also to tellfortunes< cast s+ells< and +rovide +rotection.

6he runic al+ha4et< or =uthar3< gets its name fromthe Drst si1 sounds< much li3e our al+ha4et 5A

2. history of english

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