2. homeostasis for student

7/21/2019 2. Homeostasis for Student

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HOMEOSTASISC UNICATI

N

Prof. Hardi Darmawan, MD, MPH&TM.,FRSTM

Department of Physiology & Biophysic


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DEFINITION OF PHYSIOLOGY

Physiology is the stuy o! ho" thi#gs "o$%

&ASIC P'INCIPLE OF

PHYSIOLOGY

Ho(eost)sis is the *)si+ ,$i#+i,le

o! ,hysiology

Ho(eost)sis is the ()i#te#)#+eo! ) +o#st)#t e#-i$o#(e#t


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COMPONENT OF A

HOMEOSTASIS SYSTEM

'egul)te -)$i)*le is ) -)$i)*le to *e%e,t +o#st)#t/

Set ,oi#t is the esi$e -)lue o! the

$egul)te -)$i)*le/ Se#so$s )ssess +u$$e#t st)tus o! the

$egul)te -)$i)*le/

Fee*)+% +o#t$olle$ +o(,)$es +u$$e#t+o#itio#s "ith the set ,oi#t/

E!!e+to$ *$i#gs +u$$e#t st)tus o!$egul)te -)$i)*le i#to li#e "ith the set

,oi#t/


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CHA'ACTE'ISTICS OF

HOMEOSTASIS E!!e+to$s ()y h)-e o,,osi#g

)+tio#s/

Neg)ti-e !ee*)+% is the,$o+ess th)t ,$e-e#t +h)#ge/

Positi-e !ee*)+% is the ,$o+ess

th)t ,e$,etu)tes +h)#ge/

Fee !o$")$ +o#t$ol is outsie

sti(uli th)t )lte$ the #o$()l

!ee*)+% $es,o#se/


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COMMUNICATON IS AN

ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF A

HOMEOSTATIC SYSTEMTwo languages of communication are

chemical and electrical.

Characteristics of communication aredistance, speed, distribution.

The sensor has to communicate with thefeedback controller and the feedback

controller has to communicate with theeector. There are essentially twolanguages of communication. One ischemical and the other is electrical.These will be developed in later chapters.


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Co((u#i+)tio# h)s se-e$)l+h)$)+te$isti+s 4

1/ Dist)#+e 4 sho$t -s lo#g

2/ S,ee 4 !)st -s slo"

./ Dist$i*utio# 4 !o+use -s i!!use


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Co((u#i+)tio# o++u$s o-e$ist)#+e )s sho$t )s the

e#-i$o#(e#t su$$ou#i#g ) si#gle

+ell/ Cells +)# sti(ul)te

the(sel-es6 +)lle )uto+$i#e

sti(ul)tio#6o$ thei$ #eigh*o$6

+)lle ,)$)+$i#e sti(ul)tio#

th$ough the $ele)se o! +he(i+)l)ge#ts/


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Co((u#i+)tio# +)# )lso o++u$

o-e$ lo#g ist)#+e6 su+h )s )

#e$-e +ell lo+)te i# the s,i#)l+o$ se#i#g ) ,$o+ess out to

the e# o! the !i#ge$ to

sti(ul)te ) (us+le +ell/


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Co((u#i+)tio# +)# *e !)st6 )g)i#

li%e #e$-e sti(ul)tio# o! ) (us+le

+ell o$ the ele+t$i+)l +o((u#i+)tio#

*et"ee# +ells u$i#g the he)$t*e)t/

A# it +)# *e slo"/ Slo"

+o((u#i+)tio# o++u$s "he# thet$)#s(issio# o! the +he(i+)l is

ete$(i#e *y its ist$i*utio# i# the

*loo/ The $es,o#se to ) ho$(o#e isi#t$i#si+)lly slo"e$ th)# th)t to

#e$-e sti(ul)tio#/


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Fi#)lly6 +o((u#i+)tio# +)# *e -e$y!o+use6 su+h )s the )+ti-)tio# o!

si#gle (us+le +ells i# the eye i# o$e$

to !o+us o# )# o*9e+t/ A# it +)# *e

i!!use6 su+h )s "he# e,i#e,h$i#e6$ele)se !$o( the )$e#)l (eull)

"he# *loo ,$essu$e !)lls6 )+ts o# the

he)$t )# the -)s+ul)tu$e th$oughout

the "hole *oy/


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COMMUNICATION &ET:EEN

CELLS ; !igu$e 1/2

Cells +o((u#i+)te "ith e)+h othe$*y (e+h)#is(s "hi+h i#+lue

e#o+$i#e6 ,)$)+$i#e )# #eu$o+$i#e)+tio#s/

E#o+$i#e +o((u#i+)tio# is th$ough

se+$etio# o! +he(i+)ls o$ ho$(o#esi#to the *loo st$e)( "hi+h the#+i$+ul)tes to +ells o! t)$get o$g)#s/


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P)$)+$i#e is ) +ell to +ell o$ lo+)l+o((u#i+)tio# *y )9)+e#t +ells -i)se+$etio#s "hi+h i!!use i#to thei#te$stiti)l !lui/ This is (ei)te *y$e+e,to$s/

I# #eu$o+$i#e o$ sy#),ti+ +o((u#i+)tio#6the t$)#s(itte$ $ele)se )t ) #e$-ee#i#g ,)sses th$ough ) sy#),se to the+o((u#i+)ti#g o$ ,ost


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I#te$+ellul)$ Co((u#i+)tio#Type Description !eans of

!essageTransmission

"ocal or

#eneral

$%amples

&utocrine

'rocess bywhich cell

producessubtance thatregulates thatcell orneighboring

cells of sametype

(ydiusion in

interstitial)uid

"ocallydiuse

'rostaglandin

e released byuterine tissueinducecontractionsof uterine

smoothmuscle

'rostaglandins released bybronchiolarsmooth


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$ndocrine

'rocess bywhich cell

secretesregulatorysubstancedirectly intoblood

stream,whichaects cellsthat maybesomedistanceaway

(ycirculating

blood

#eneral

&nterior pituitarysecretes prolactin,

which travels viabloodstream tomammary glandsto stimulate milksynthesis.

'ancreatic cells inislets of "angerhanssecrete glucagon,insulin,somatostatin, and

pancreaticpolypeptide*pancreas has bothe%ocrine andendocrine function+


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$%ocrine

'rocess bywhich celldeliversregulatory

substancesto anepithelialsurface

sually viaa duct

"ocal 'ancreatic acinarcells secrete digestiveen%ymes *eg,carbo%ypeptidase,

pancreatic lipase,ribonuclease *trypsin+into pancreatic duct of-irsung which oinscommon bile duct to

form ampulla of /aterDucts sweat andsalivary glands

0eural*1ynapt

ic+

'rocess bywhich

neuronsreleaseneurotransmitter acrosssynaptic cleft

topostynsaptic

&crosssysnaptic

cleft

"ocal &t neuromuscularunction, motor nerve

releases &ch whichincreases 0a2and 32conductance ofmuscle membrane

This action causes

in)u%0a 2and roduces


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Neu$o+$i

#e

P$o+ess *y

"hi+h #eu$o#$ele)ses

$egul)to$y

su*st)#+es

i#to *loo

st$e)( to)!!e+t ist)#t

+ells

A=o#)l

t$)#s,o$tto

*loost$e)

(

Ge#e$

)l

Hy,oth)l)(us

$ele)ses)#tiiu$eti+

ho$(o#e i#to

*loost$e)(

P)$)+$i#

e

P$o+ess *y

"hi+h +ell

se+$etes

$egul)to$ysu*st)#+e

th)t i!!uses

i#to ECF to

)!!e+t #e)$*y

+ells th)t )$ei!!e$e#t !$o(

*y i!!usio#

i#

i#te$stiti)l

!lui?

Lo+)ll

y

i!!use

Hist)(i#e

$ele)se !$o(

+ells i# ")ll o!

sto()+hsti(ul)tes HCL

se+$etio# *y

,)$iet)l +ells o!

g)st$i+ gl)#/


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P$o+ess o! I#t$)+ellul)$

Co((u#i+)tio#

Se@ue#+e A+tio#1 Ago#ist *i#s (e(*$)#e $e+e,to$

2 G ,$otei# is )+ti-)te *y *i#i#g GTP

A(,li!i+)tio# )llo"s o#e )go#ist +o(,le= to

)+ti-)te hu#$es o! e!!e+to$s. A+ti-)te G ,$otei# i#te$)+ts "ith e!!e+to$

,$otei#s to )lte$ thei$ )+ti-ities

E!!e+to$s i#+lue e#y(es6 io# +h)##els6 )#

,hos,holi,)ses

0 E!!e+to$ ,$otei#s )!!e+t )+ti-ities o! se+o#(esse#ge$s B+AMP6 +GMP6 DAG6 IP.?


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A+ti-ity o! se+o# (esse#ge$ )lte$s )+ti-ity

o! se+o# (esse#ge$


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I#t$)+ellul)$ Mei)to$s

ype !escription " E#ample

1econd!essenger

Cyclic0ucleotides

*c&!',c#!'+

/ision depends on c#!'5gated 0a2 channels

present in plasmamembranes of rods

-hen rhodopsin *receptor+is activated by light

*stimulus+, rhodopsininteracts with the #

protein transducin

&ctivated transducin


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IP. )# DAGG ,$otei# )+ti-)tes )go#ist ;$e+e,to$

+o(,le=6 "hi+h the# +le)-es

,hos,h)tiyli#ositol 06


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P$otei# i#)ses

P$otei# i#)se E#y(e )+ti-)te *y se+o# (esse#ge$

th)t

,hos,ho$yl)tes ,$otei#s o# se$i#e o$

th$eo#i#e

$esiues B,$otei# ,hos,h)t)se is e#y(e

th)t

e,hos,ho$yl)tes ,$otei#s?/

+AMP


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'roteinTyrosine3inase

!embrane receptors thatare themselves

protein kinases

-hen agonist bindsreceptor, protein

tyrosine kinase

phosphorylates proteinsubstrates on tyrosine

residues

6eceptors for insulin andthose for growth

factors *epidermalgrowth factor, colony5

stimulating factor,


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# 'roteins

8eterotrimeri

c

0ucleotide regulatory protein

that aids intranslation of signals betweencells and helps

modulate intracellularconcentrations of second

messengers.

9n active state, acts as #T'ase,hydroly4ing #T'

to#D'&denylyl cyclase *en4yme thataids synthesis of

c&!'+ and c#!'

phosphodiesterase *en4yme thatbreaks down c#!' are


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Mo#o(e$i+ S()ll G ,$otei# i#-ol-e i# ,$otei#

sy#thesis6 +ell,$oli!e$)tio#6 #eo,l)sti+ +ell

t$)#s!o$()tio# )#

-esi+le t$)#s,o$t/

')s li%e G ,$otei# $egul)te +ell g$o"th)#

i!!e$e#ti)tio#

')*


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'es,o#se to ")te$ e,$i-)tio#


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'es,o#se to ")te$ i#t)%e


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2. homeostasis for student

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