2 ice storage permanently reduces peak demand building a/c is the big demand problem 80 million...
TRANSCRIPT
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Ice Storage Permanently Reduces Peak Demand
Building A/C is the big demand problem
80 Million installed, 7+ Million units shipped last year
Source: PG&E Program Advisory Group for Energy Efficiency: HVAC PAG White Paper, Proctor Engineering
~10% of building annual kW-hours, 45% of building peak demand
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50Demand (GW)
Market Transformation with Ice Storage Air Conditioning
Storing Wind Power
6 a.m. 12 noon 6 p.m.
“Ice Energy Summer Day” Load Profile
Base load
Commercial Lighting
Commercial A/C
Residential A/C
Slashing A/C demand by 35%, every day
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Ice Storage Creates a Market for Off-Peak Wind Power
Wind Power Generation
On-Shore wind rarely blows on hot summer days• 95% is off-peak
Air conditioning load shift is a direct off-set for fossil fueled peakers• Shifts daytime fossil fuel and its
emissions to nighttime wind
Typical Summer Day
Source: 2006 California Energy Commission report
midnight. noon
System Demand
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Building Peak Demand and Intermittent Solar PV
kilo
wat
t hou
rs p
er d
ay
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Example - Demand ProfileLarge Box Retail with 250kW PV + 150kW Ice Energy Storage
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time of Day
kW D
eman
d
kW demand
250kW PV
Net Demand w/o storage
Ice Storage Can Cover the Demand Shortfall of Solar PV
A/C Storage
Demand2007 Average Installed
CostEnergy
(250) KW Solar PV $2,500,000 375 MW-hr/year
150 KW Ice Energy $330,000 180 MW-hr/year
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~ 56% lower NOx emission rate during off-peak
~ 40% lower CO2 greenhouse gas emissions
Reduced Smog Potential on 2% days
Source for Carbon Credits
Ice Storage Heals the Planet
Peak vs. Off-peak CO2 Emission Rate* (Tons/MWh)
Heavy AC Use
*Southern California Edison Data
Source & Site Energy Savings
Reduced GreenhouseGas Emissions
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Widespread Applicability: All Buildings Under 3 Stories
• Office• Retail• Restaurant
• Residential
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Cooling capacity is created during the night by freezing water
o Off-the-shelf product, over the counter permito Best electric condensing unit efficiencyo Efficiency, not curtailment
Stored cooling energy is delivered during the peak of the day
o Electric condenser “locked out”o Superior cooling comfort and dehumidificationo The water never leaves the tank o 300 watts on-peak vs. 10,000 watts (300 EER on-peak)o 6 hour storage, 60 kW-hro 20+ year life, unlimited deep cycles
Ice Energy’s Zero Loss Storage Breakthrough
Ice Energy Storage Module
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A/C Energy Intensity Increases as Temperatures Rise
Standard A/C Energy Demand Soars
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A/C Energy Efficiency Increases as Temperatures Drop
Store Distributed Energy Efficiently at Night
Average difference between daily high & low is ~22° F
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Temperature Change and CO2 Concentration
We are experiencing a warming trend
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Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
Friday
Saturday SundayMonday
Peak Shift
Peak Shift
Peak Shift
Peak Shift
Peak Shift
Peak Shift
Peak Shift
July 2006Peak Shift
Actual Performance During the July 2006 Heat Storm
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12:00 AM 6:00 AM 12:00 PM 6:00 PM
Time of Day
KW
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24 Hour Total TDV "Cost" = 72
Air Conditioning Energy Demand Sets Market Prices
Highest Cost Energy
Conventional AC Energy Consumption
Real TimeEnergy Cost
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Ice Storage A/C KW vs. TDV "total cost"
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12:00 AM 6:00 AM 12:00 PM 6:00 PM
Time of Day
KW
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24 Hour Total TDV "Cost" = 55(24% savings)
Storage Transforms the Market = True Ratepayer Relief
Lowest Cost Energy
Real TimeEnergy Cost
Ice Energy AC Energy Consumption
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Title 24 Standard A/C On & Off Peak Energy Use
8760 Hours of the Year
TD
V W
eig
hte
d E
nerg
y U
se
OF
F P
eak
O
N P
eak
Demand Response versus Permanent Load Reduction
January June December
Significant On-Peak Cost
Demand ResponseA/C Cycling
TDV = time dependent value of energy; for additional information search: TDV cookbook
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Storage A/C Eliminates the On-Peak Energy Problem
Title 24 Ice Storage A/COn & Off Peak Energy Use
8760 Hours of the Year
TD
V W
eig
hte
d E
nerg
y U
se
OF
F P
eak
O
N P
eak
January June December
Insignificant On-Peak Cost
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#1 Smart Grid Appliance for Energy Arbitrage
Energy efficient storage breaks the dependencybetween comfort and high cost energy
Low price signalstores energy
Emergency &high price signal
uses stored energy
Peak hour AC comfort at low cost
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New Peaking Capacity is Very Expensive Anaheim Public Utilities
Thermal Energy Storage Program (TES) Application
Anaheim Public Utilities
Thermal Energy Storage Program (TES) Application
Anaheim Public Utilities
Thermal Energy Storage Program (TES)
45 MW1 Energy Distributed Energy Storage Plant versus 50 MW Peaker (Muni)
Assumptions: 15 years, 7.5 kW peak demand reduction/unit, 6,000 units, 2,000 buildings
Annual Peak Energy
Reduction
MW-hr 2
Public Utilities
Contribution $400/kW for 5
years
Utility Program
Management Overhead & Marketing
Costs
Annual Energy Cost
Savings 3
Tons of CO2 Emissions Avoided Annually
50 MW Plant Peak Power
Plant @ $1000/kW all-in development
costs
Estimated Fixed & Variable Plant
Operating Costs, NO Fuel Cost w/3%
annual increase
Cost of Natural Gas @ 9,000
heat rate
Cost of Natural Gas/MMBTU
34,830 $18,000,000 $180,000 $6,000,000 8,533 $50,000,000 $483,026 $2,194,290 $734,830 $18,000,000 $180,000 $6,000,000 8,533 $497,517 $2,194,290 $734,830 $18,000,000 $90,000 $6,000,000 8,533 $512,442 $2,194,290 $734,830 $18,000,000 $90,000 $6,000,000 8,533 $527,815 $2,194,290 $734,830 $18,000,000 $90,000 $6,000,000 8,533 $543,650 $2,194,290 $734,830 $6,000,000 8,533 $559,959 $2,507,760 $834,830 $6,000,000 8,533 $576,758 $2,507,760 $834,830 $6,000,000 8,533 $594,061 $2,507,760 $834,830 $6,000,000 8,533 $611,883 $2,507,760 $834,830 $6,000,000 8,533 $630,239 $2,507,760 $834,830 $6,000,000 8,533 $649,146 $2,821,230 $934,830 $6,000,000 8,533 $668,621 $2,821,230 $934,830 $6,000,000 8,533 $688,679 $2,821,230 $934,830 $6,000,000 8,533 $709,340 $2,821,230 $934,830 $6,000,000 8,533 $730,620 $2,821,230 $9
522,450 $90,000,000 $630,000 $90,000,000 128,000 $50,000,000 $8,983,756 37,616,400$
Cost of Energy Storage Plant $90,630,000 Cost of Peaking Power Plant $58,983,756
Energy Cost Savings $90,000,000 Additional Cost of Natural Gas $37,616,400Cost of Utility Owned Generation $96,600,156
Notes:1. Average peak day transmission and distribution line losses are 9%, equivalent peaking plant size is adjusted upward2. Based on 6 hour on-peak period, Monday - Friday, May - October3. Average savings from TOU differential rate analysis for load shifting peak to off-peak energy is ~ $1,000 per unit per year
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Strong Alignment with Public Policy Goals
Permanently reduce peak demand 1% per year for 10 Years
Savings on energy & capacity
Savings on T&D line losses and expenditures
Savings on greenhouse gas emissions
Improve grid reliability; relieve thermal stress on distribution circuit substations, wires, and building transformers
Insulation against the impact of 1 in 10 heat driven events
Create a market for off-peak renewable wind energy
Improve the value of intermittent Solar PV
Applicable to majority of utility customer base
Local economic development
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Asks
Decouple Utility Profits from KW-hr sales
Put utilities in the energy efficiency and demand reduction business
Mandate the use of cost effective Demand Side Resources
Integrated Resource Plan includes Energy Efficiency and Demand Reduction
Allow preferential rates of return for distributed energy storage
Distribution asset equivalent or better rate of return (rate base storage)
Valued on an equal footing with new peaking capacity, energy, and emissions
Reduce the emphasis on silo “programs”
Increase building end use efficiency and reduce peak demand
Adopt 8760 hourly energy usage models (search TDV Cookbook)
Develop tariffs and customer incentives that support the use of storage
4-hour on-peak demand periods, higher off-peak energy differential
Contact your U.S. Representatives and Senators
Support accelerated depreciation and investment tax credit status for energy storage assisted air conditioning (e-mail [email protected])
