INTRODUCTION TO ONCOLOGYNURSING

CANCER IN MALAYSIAThe incidence of cancer is on the rise in Malaysia. It can strike anyone regardless of colour, creed or status.

The Cancer Incidence in Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 report, published by the National Cancer Registry (NCR) the total 67,792 new cases were diagnosed among 29,596 males (43.7 per cent) and 38,196 females (56.3 per cent). The annual crude rate for males was 100.2 per cent per 100,000 population, and 132.1 per cent per 100,000 for females.

CANCER IN MALAYSIAThe most common cancer in Malaysian males is lung cancer followed by nasopharynx cancer

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in females followed by cervical cancer

Colorectal cancer is increasing in incidence in both sexes

WHAT IS ONCOLOGY NURSINGEveryday we hear pts dying from cancer

MR Har died of Lung CancerMRS Mira has been diagnosed with Breast CancerMR Tom is in the terminal stage of Liver Cancer

When an individual is diagnosed with CANCER Am I going to die????? Why me????? What sin did I do????? How am I going to cope disease & RX?????

WHAT IS ONCOLOGY NURSINGON deals with patients suffering from CANCER a destructive and deadly disease which has serious side effects on physical, social and psychological well being of patients

CANCER is a life threatening disease

CANCER contributes to No 1 cause of death ------ among various races in the world ------ man & woman, young & old, rich, poor, famous, dark, fair, beautiful, ugly. ------ doesnt even spare children

WHAT IS ONCOLOGY NURSINGBeing an Oncology nurse & To care for care patients: You need to UNDERSTAND

What is Cancer, Causes, S & S, Pathophysiology, Staging of cancer, Screening & Preventionthe VARIOUS RX available,PHYSICAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS of cancer RXin depth the SUFFERINGS of cancer ptslearn how to meet the needs of an individual with Coping STRATEGIES Role of SUPPORT GROUP, PALLIATIVE RX, CAM

WHAT IS ONCOLOGY NURSINGBeing an Oncology nurse & CARING for a cancer patient:

You not only:

deal with the EMOTIONS of the individual itself BUT Also of FAMILY MEMBERS & RELATIVES

Patients need to be cared PHYSICALLY, MENTALLY & EMOTIONALLY

As Cancer RX is painful & suffers from poor QOL

WHAT IS CANCER?

WHAT IS CANCER Cancer is a disease of the cells (as it begins in the cell)

Cancer is a disorder whereby normal body cells undergo changes at the molecular level thus causing the NCell to lose its normal cell regulation, characteristics and functions.

Changes (mutation) occurs at the LEVEL OF GENES in the DNA of the cell

WHAT IS CANCER

WHAT IS CELL MUTATION All cells has DNA (a genetic material).

What is a DNA? A substance that directs or takes control of the cell activities. Genes in a cell are responsible for controlling the growth of cells or cell behaviour

When the DNA becomes damaged, the cell either dies or the cells repairs the DNA. SOMETIMESDue to severe damage, the DNA cannot be repaired, mutations occur & this affects normal cell growth and division. When cells do not die as they should, it continues to grow to form new cells (abnormal cells).

WHAT IS CELL MUTATION

HOW CANCER DEVELOPS

When mutation occurs NCells regulation & function is altered severely, thus they transform into ACells resulting them to acquire special capabilities, --------- they over rule the normal cells.

This ACells has a different appearance or looks (undifferentiated) compared to NCells

ACells continues to grow & divide without following the rules & regulation and slowly form a mass of tissue called TUMOUR/NEOPLASM.

WHAT IS NEOPLASIA NEOPLASIA means

Growth of new cells (ACells)

New cells (ACells) are not required for any replacement of damaged cells

Possess special characteristics: ------- uncontrolled functioning ------- unregulated division ------- uncontrolled growth ------- abnormal motility

CONCEPTS OF NEOPLASIA All ACell growth is referred as NEOPLASIA

SPECIAL FEATURES OF NEOPLASMS

DO NOT OBEY the laws of normal tissue growth

HARMFUL to the host as they compete for space & essential nutrients Grows beyond the boundaries

CONCEPTS OF NEOPLASIA Neoplasms undergo all the phases of cell division in the same way as NCells Cell replication - mitosis Cell differentiation

But during the process of cell differentiation, they lose most of the normal cell characteristics and acquire new characteristics

CELL DIFFERENTIATIONCell differentiation means the ability of cells to maintain their shape, functional abilities and characteristics as they divide or proliferate.

Well-differentiated is used when CCells resembles NCells closely in shape and characteristics.

Undifferentiated CCells has lost its shape and does not resemble much of the normal cell.

### The more undifferentiated it is, the most vigorous or violent it is

CLASSIFICATION OF NEOPLASIA

Abnormal cell growth can be classified as NONNEOPLASTIC & NEOPLASTIC

NonNeoplastic C have different growth patterns:HYPERTROPHY, HYPERPLASIA, METAPLASIA & DYSPLASIA

NEOPLASTIC cell growth can be divided into : BENIGN or MALIGNANT NEOPLASIA

EXAMPLES OF NEOPLASIA

Examples of BENIGN NEOPLASMS: PAPILLOMAS OR WARTS

Examples of MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS : SOLID TUMOURS LEUKAEMIA

## MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS --- have the ability to destroy the host

## MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS are known as CANCER

NEOPLASM Tumor

Both Benign or Malignant neoplasm (Cancer cells) all arises from normal differentiated cells

BUT ONLY

Benign neoplasm retain the characteristics of NCell

BENIGN GROWTH - CHARACTERISTICS

Benign cells are morphologically and functionally similar and looks the same as where they come from. Therefore, it can be easily identified as where they belong to.

Benign cells continue to perform the parents cell function

Benign cells do not migrate. OR invade surrounding tissue and are not capable of metastases. BUT Benign tumors can cause physiologic dysfunction and death Eg. BTumor at trachea

MALIGNANT GROWTH - CHARACTERISTICS

C. Cells undergo mitosis when there is no need of it & have no purpose

C. Cells are not governed by any controlled mechanism, so it proliferates controllably

However, after several divisions they lose the normal cell characteristics and acquire new characteristics

C. Cells spread to other parts of the body

CANCER CELL CHARACTERISTICS

As Cancer cell progresses (or continuously undergo mitosis) it slowly loses its identity or appearance until they no longer resemble the parent tissue.

Has a rapid growth rate & grows in a proliferative manner

Capable of compressing blood vessels, rob normal tissues of nutrients, destroying normal tissue

Ability to survive & live in less favorable conditions

INTRODUCTION TO ONCOLOGY NURSING THANK YOU