2 lecture cardio

8/3/2019 2 Lecture Cardio

1/46

1

1

Cardiovascular System

Dr. Mohanad R. Alwan


2/46

2

2

Components

Heart pumps blood

Vessels Arteries carryblood away from the heartand veins carry blood backto the heart

Blood fluid that carriesnutrients essential to cellfunction


3/46

Heart Anatomy

Approximately the size of your fist

Location

Superior surface of diaphragm

Left of the midline

Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior tothe sternum


4/46

4

4

Size, Shape and Position

Oblique Position

Located in mediastinum,between lungs

Apex = Left of Midline (5thICS), inferior end, tapers to

point

Base (posterior surface) sitson vertebral column, broadsuperior portion of heart

3.5 in. wide at base, weighs10 oz


5/46

5

Location of Heart in Chest

Superior Right = 3rd CostalCartilage,1right midsternum

Superior Left = 2nd Costal Cartilage,

1 left midsternum

Inferior Right = 6th CostalCartilage,1right midsternum

Inferior Left = 5th Intercostal Space

at Midclavicular line


6/46

Heart Anatomy


7/46

77

Heart

Hollow, muscular organ

300 grams (size of a fist)

4 chambers

found in chest between lungs

surrounded by membrane called Pericardium

Pericardial space is fluid-filled to nourish (nutrient) andprotect the heart.


8/46

I. Anatomy of the Heart

A. Coverings

Pericardium

fibrous pericardium

parietal pericardium visceral pericardium

B. Heart wall layers

1. Epicardium

2. Myocardium

3. Endocardium

8


9/46

99


10/46

Coverings of the Heart: Anatomy

Pericardium a double-walled sac around theheart composed of:

A superficial fibrous pericardium

A deep two-layer serous pericardium

The parietal layer lines the internal surface of thefibrous pericardium

The visceral layer or epicardium lines the surfaceof the heart

They are separated by the fluid-filled pericardialcavity


11/46

Coverings of the Heart

The pericardium:

Protects and anchors the heart

Prevents overfilling of the heart with blood

Allows for the heart to work in a relativelyfriction-free environment


12/46

Pericardial Layers of the Heart


13/46

Heart Wall

Epicardiumvisceral layer of the serous pericardium-

protects heart

Myocardium(middle layer) Cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart

Fibrous skeleton of the heart crisscrossing, interlacinglayer of connective tissue.

Contracts movment

EndocardiumEndothelium connective tissue (CT)

Lines the heart Creates the valves

endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface


14/46

1414

Functions of the Heart

Generates blood pressure

Routes blood

Heart separates pulmonary and systemiccirculation

Ensures one-way blood flow Heart valves ensure one-way flow


15/46

1515

Functions of the Heart

Regulates blood supply Changes in contraction rate and force match

blood delivery to changing metabolic needs

Most healthy people can increase cardiacoutput by 300500%

Heart failure is the inability of the heart toprovide enough blood flow to maintain normalmetabolism

H A


16/46

1616

Heart Anatomy

Heart Supplies

oxygenated blood to allcells in the body!!

The heart pumps about

100,000 times and moves7200 liters (1900 gallons)of blood every day.


17/46

1717

Heart Anatomy

The heart has four chambers. Two atriums act as

collecting reservoirs.

Two ventricles act as pumps.

The heart has four valves for:

Pumping action of the

heart. Maintaining unidirectional

blood flow.


18/46

1818


19/46

1919

Chambers, Vessels, and Valves

1. Four chambers upper chambersright and left atria

Collects blood

lower chambersright and left ventricle

pumps blood from heart

2. Arteries

Carry blood away from heart

3. Veins

Blood toward heart


20/46

Atria of the Heart

Atria are the receiving chambers of the heart

Each atrium has a protruding auricle (smallconical pouch that projects from each atrium of

the heart )Pectinate muscles mark atrial walls

Blood enters right atria from superior and inferior

venae cavae and coronary sinusBlood enters left atria from pulmonary veins


21/46

Figure 18.4b

(b)

Brachiocephalictrunk

Superiorvena cava

Rightpulmonary artery

Ascendingaorta

Pulmonary trunk

Right

pulmonary veinsRight atrium

Right coronaryartery (in coronarysulcus)Anteriorcardiac veinRight ventricle

Marginal artery

Small cardiac vein

Inferiorvena cava

Left commoncarotid arteryLeftsubclavian arteryAortic arch

Ligamentumarteriosum

Left pulmonary artery

Left atrium

AuricleCircumflexarteryLeft coronaryartery (in coronarysulcus)

Anteriorinterventricular artery(in anteriorinterventricular sulcus)

Great cardiac vein

Apex

Left pulmonary veins

Left ventricle


22/46

Ventricles of the Heart

Ventricles are the discharging chambers of theheart

Papillary muscles and trabeculae carneae muscles

mark ventricular walls Right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary

trunk

Left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta


23/46

2323

Heart Chambers


24/46

2424

Heart Chambers and Valves


25/46

2525

Right Heart Chambers

Right Atrium (forms most of posterior of heart)

Receives O2-poor blood from body via vena cava (IVC,SVC, ) ->

The sinoatrial node sends an impulse that causesthe cardiac muscle tissue of the atrium to contract ina coordinated, wave-like manner.

The tricuspid valve, which separates the rightatrium from the right ventricle, opens to allow thede-oxygenated blood collected in the right atrium toflow into the right ventricle.

Structure ofRight Atrium

Ventral wall = rough Pectinate muscle

Fossa Ovalis- on interatrial septum, remnant of

Foramen Ovale


26/46

2626

Right Ventricle

The right ventricle receives de-oxygenated blood from the

right atrium (contracts). The pulmonary valve leading into the pulmonary artery isclosed, allowing the ventricle to fill with blood.

Once the ventricles are full, they contract. As the rightventricle contracts, the tricuspid valve closes and the

pulmonary valve opens.

The closure of the tricuspid valve prevents blood frombacking into the right atrium and the opening of the

pulmonary valve allows the blood to flow into the pulmonaryartery toward the lungs.

Pumps blood to lungs via Pulmonary Semilunar Valve inpulmonary trunk


27/46

2727

Right Heart Chamber

Structure of Right Ventricle

Trabeculae Carnae alongventral surface

Papillary Muscle-cone-shaped muscle to whichchordae tendinae areanchored

Moderator Band-muscularband connecting anteriorpapillary muscle tointerventricular septum


28/46

2828

Left Heart Chambers: Systemic Circuit

Left Atrium

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from thelungs through the pulmonary vein.

As the contraction triggered by the sinoatrial nodeprogresses through the atria, the blood passesthrough the mitral valve into the left ventricle.

Pectinate Muscles line only auricle

L f V i l


29/46

2929

Left Ventricle

Left Ventricle (forms apex of heart)

The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood as the leftatrium contracts via bicuspid valve.

The blood passes through the mitral valve into the leftventricle.

Once the ventricles are full, they contract, the mitral valvecloses and the aortic valve opens than Pumps blood intoaorta via Aortic Semilunar Valve to body.

The closure of the mitral valve prevents blood from backinginto the left atrium and the opening of the aortic valve allowsthe blood to flow into the aorta and flow throughout the body.


30/46

3030

Left Ventricle

Same structures as RtVentricle:

Trabeculae carnae,

Papillary muscles,

Chordae tendinae

No Moderator Band


31/46

Gross Anatomy of Heart: Frontal Section

Figure 18.4e


32/46

3232

The Heart Valve


33/46

3333

The Cardiovascular System (The Heart valve)

The Heart valve:

Bicuspid (mitral) valve.

Tricuspid valve.

Pulmonary valve.

Aortic valve.

Heart valves ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart


34/46

3434

Valves of the Heart

R Atrioventricular

Tricuspid

Heart sounds

Pulmonary Semilunar

Heart sounds

L Atrioventricular

Mitral

Heart sounds

Aortic Semilunar

Heart sounds

H t V l L b* D b**


35/46

3535

Heart Valves: Lub*-Dub**

*Tricuspid Valve: RightAV valve

3 Cusps (flaps) made ofendocardium and CT

Cusps anchored in Rt.Ventricle by ChordaeTendinae

Chordae Tendinae preventinversion of cusps intoatrium

Flow of blood pushes cusps

open When ventricle in diastole

(relaxed), cusps hang limpin ventricle

Ventricular contraction

increases pressure andforces cusps closed

This is the tricuspid valve. The leaflets,thin and delicate. Just like the mitralvalve, the leaflets have thin chordaetendineae that attach the leafletmargins to the papillary muscles ofthe ventricular wall below.


36/46

3636

Heart Valves: Lub*-Dub**

*Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve: Left AV valve

2 cusps anchored in Lft. Ventricle by chordae tendinae Functions same as Rt. AV valve

**Semilunar valves: prevents backflow in largearteries Pulmonary Semilunar Valve: Rt Ventricle and

Pulmonary Trunk

Aortic Semilunar Valve: Left Ventricle and Aorta

3 cusps: blood rushes past theyre flattened, as it settles

theyre pushed down (valve closed)


37/46

3737

a normal tricuspid aortic valve


38/46

3838


39/46

3939


40/46

4040

Operation of Atrioventricular Valves


41/46

4141

Operation of Semilunar Valves


42/46

4242

E t l H t M j V l f th H t


43/46

Vessels returning blood to the heart include:

Superior and inferior venae cavae

Right and left pulmonary veins

Vessels conveying blood away from the heartinclude:

Pulmonary trunk, which splits into right and leftpulmonary arteries

Ascending aorta (three branches)brachiocephalic, leftcommon carotid, and subclavian arteries

External Heart: Major Vessels of the Heart(Anterior View)


44/46

Vessels returning blood to the heart include:

Right and left pulmonary veins

Superior and inferior venae cavae.

Vessels conveying blood away from the heartinclude:

Aorta Right and left pulmonary arteries

External Heart: Major Vessels of the Heart(Posterior View)

L ft


45/46

Figure 18.4b

(b)

Brachiocephalictrunk

Superiorvena cava

Rightpulmonary artery

Ascendingaorta

Pulmonary trunk

Right

pulmonary veinsRight atrium

Right coronaryartery (in coronarysulcus)Anteriorcardiac vein

Right ventricleMarginal artery

Small cardiac vein

Inferiorvena cava

Left commoncarotid arteryLeftsubclavian arteryAortic arch

Ligamentumarteriosum

Left pulmonary artery

Left atrium

AuricleCircumflexarteryLeft coronaryartery (in coronarysulcus)

Anteriorinterventricular artery(in anteriorinterventricular sulcus)

Great cardiac vein

Apex

Left pulmonary veins

Left ventricle


46/46

46

46

2 lecture cardio

Documents